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m (Big romanisation update) |
(Indicative and optative renamed to realis and irrealis) |
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====Stems==== | ====Stems==== | ||
Each verb has a set of primary stems formed more or less predictably from a combination of affixes. The first stem, the stative (or active, if there is no stative) | Each verb has a set of primary stems formed more or less predictably from a combination of affixes. The first stem, the stative (or active, if there is no stative) realis, is used as the lemma when citing words, such as {{ash|oa}} "to shine", also a good example of the versatile morphophonology: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! Terminative | ! Terminative | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Realis | ||
| {{ash|'''oa'''}} | | {{ash|'''oa'''}} | ||
| {{ash|oahda}} | | {{ash|oahda}} | ||
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| {{ash|oasda}} | | {{ash|oasda}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Irrealis | ||
| {{ash|oae}} | | {{ash|oae}} | ||
| {{ash|oadse}} | | {{ash|oadse}} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas yo}} | |phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas yo}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=TOP:CRESC Ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ. | |gloss=PROX-POSS-head=TOP:CRESC Ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ=DECL | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>hh</u>ea ga}} | |phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>hh</u>ea ga}} | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT. | |gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP | ||
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog | |translation=Ao is looking at the dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga}} | |phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga}} | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT. | |gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP | ||
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | |translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ẻhheas yo}} | |phrase={{ash|ẻhheas yo}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT. | |gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.RLS-CONJ=DECL | ||
|translation=I am looking at them | |translation=I am looking at them | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ẻsseas e}} | |phrase={{ash|ẻsseas e}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT. | |gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.RLS-CONJ=EXP | ||
|translation=they are looking at me | |translation=they are looking at me | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảesa͠as yo}} | |phrase={{ash|oadnah ảesa͠as yo}} | ||
|gloss=shine.INCH. | |gloss=shine.INCH.RLS-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS-CONJ=DECL | ||
|translation=I wash in the morning | |translation=I wash in the morning | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảo ga ảesa͠a ma}} | |phrase={{ash|oadnah ảo ga ảesa͠a ma}} | ||
|gloss=shine.INCH. | |gloss=shine.INCH.RLS-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS=NEG | ||
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | |translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảhbadsas yo}} | |phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảhbadsas yo}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ. | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ=DECL | ||
|translation=you are braiding my hair | |translation=you are braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ẻobadsas yo}} | |phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ẻobadsas yo}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ. | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ=DECL | ||
|translation=I am braiding my hair | |translation=I am braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga}} | |phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga}} | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS. | |gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP | ||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba meh<u>da</u> odsoyya ga}} | |phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba meh<u>da</u> odsoyya ga}} | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS. | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP | ||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah ẻsseaŋas yo]<sub>2}}</sub> | |phrase={{ash|[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah ẻsseaŋas yo]<sub>2}}</sub> | ||
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT. | |gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.RLS-CVB:DUR dog=TOP:ACT DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.RLS]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.RLS-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.RLS-CONJ=DECL]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | |translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|osya bahba go ẻsseaŋas no}} | |phrase={{ash|osya bahba go ẻsseaŋas no}} | ||
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT. | |gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.RLS PROX-INV-see.INCH.RLS-CONJ=Q | ||
|translation=have you seen the white dog? | |translation=have you seen the white dog? | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas}} | |phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ. | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.RLS-CONJ | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba go onda egoa e}} | |phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba go onda egoa e}} | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT. | |gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.RLS=EXP | ||
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there | |translation=Ao and the dog are over there | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ảo sas sa͠a}} | |phrase={{ash|ảo sas sa͠a}} | ||
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT. | |gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS | ||
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea | |translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ảo sas laa}} | |phrase={{ash|ảo sas laa}} | ||
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT. | |gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.RLS | ||
|translation=(be) by the sea | |translation=(be) by the sea | ||
}} | }} | ||
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===Modality=== | ===Modality=== | ||
Wants, needs, desires and possibilities are often just expressed through morphological means in Ash, such as | Wants, needs, desires and possibilities are often just expressed through morphological means in Ash, such as irrealis forms, potentials and interrogatives. | ||
{| | {| | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses}} | |phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT. | |gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.IRR-CONJ | ||
|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry | |translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses no}} | |phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses no}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT. | |gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.IRR-CONJ=Q | ||
|translation=perhaps I should eat something | |translation=perhaps I should eat something | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|bahba go ẻhhodse no}} | |phrase={{ash|bahba go ẻhhodse no}} | ||
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT. | |gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.IRR=Q | ||
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry | |translation=maybe the dog is hungry | ||
}} | }} |
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