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'''Ilithian''' (''gľaudhiſſká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avishviya]] (''Awiſſwigá''), inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.


{{Infobox language
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|nativename = jľoudhišká dažvá
|pronunciation =
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
}}
 
'''Ilithian''' or '''Ileithian''' in older sources (''jľoudhišká dažvá'') is a classical language in Russia and Central Asia in [[Verse:Unbegotten]], spoken by the Ilithians (referred to as Ἰλείθοι ''Ileíthoi'' or Ἰλεύθοι ''Ileúthoi'' in Ancient Greek sources). It is inspired by Czech, Sanskrit and Proto-Celtic. It is close to both Greek and Indo-Iranian but shares many features with Balto-Slavic.
 
gájati = to sing
 
vrýž = king
 
lígma (leyg-mn) = game
 
Jsužen = name cognate to Eugene, Owen (> Siżan)
 
šu = with


Switch everything to Brethren spelling
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Line 38: Line 14:
|
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| [ŋ]
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
|-
Line 46: Line 22:
| '''t''' /t/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''ť, ti''' /c/
| '''ť''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/  
| '''k''' /k/  
|
|
Line 54: Line 30:
| '''d''' /d/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''ď, di''' /ɟ/
| '''ď''' /ɟ/
| '''g''' /g/
|  
|
|
|-
|-
Line 70: Line 46:
| [f]
| [f]
| '''s''' /s/  
| '''s''' /s/  
| '''š''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ ||  
| '''ſſ''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ ||  
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| '''w''' /v/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''j''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
!colspan="2"| Liquid
Line 80: Line 56:
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ľ, li''' /ʎ/
| '''ľ''' /ʎ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
|}
|}


Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.


d dh t n l + i í pronounced as if written ď ďh ť ň ľ + i í; ý is non-palatalizing í
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids


Vowels: a e i u á é í/ý ú ů ej ou áj áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = ɯ, ɯː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids
PIE oey > eg
 
PIE oey, ōy > ej


Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
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ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í


all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"


mýs, mýnes- 'month'
mjs, mjnes- 'month'


ja > je?
ja > je?
=== Iotation ===
=== Iotation ===
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > č dž džh ť ď ďh pj bj bhj vj mň(+no CL) ň ľ ř š
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š


This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Iotation causes compensatory lengthening: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňōə'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I show'.
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
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! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''oušta'' (n.) = mouth
! colspan=3| ''důra'' (n.) = gift
|-
|-
!
!
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|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' || ''ouštá''
|''důra''||''důré'' || ''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkou'' ||''vrkou''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou''
|''loušnech''|| ''loušnou'' ||''loušnou''
|''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou''
|''ouštaš''|| ''ouštou'' ||''ouštou''
|''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštej'' ||''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštabh''
|''důrej'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnech''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnouch''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' ||''ouštá''
|''důra''||''důré'' ||''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštách'' ||''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštabh''
|''důrách'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí''  ||''vrkéch''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí''  ||''vrkéch''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''ouštý'' || ''ouštabhí'' ||''ouštéch''
|''důrý'' || ''důrabhí'' ||''důréch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkou'' ||''vrkéš''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš''
|''loušné''||''loušnou''  ||''loušnáš''
|''loušné''||''loušnáu''  ||''loušnáš''
|''oušté'' || ''ouštou'' ||''ouštéš''
|''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!''
|''oušte!'' || ''oušté!'' ||''ouštá!''
|''důre!'' || ''důré!'' ||''důrá!''
|}
|}


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|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''maťech''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''matěch''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňou''  ||''agňou''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňáu''  ||''agňou''
|''maťéch'' || ''maťou'' ||''maťou''
|''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařou'' ||''mařou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agňej'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňebh''
|''agněj'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťáj'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťebh''
|''maťáj'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařébhou'' ||''mařebh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''maťech''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéch'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňebh''
|''agňéch'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťéch'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťebh''
|''maťéch'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařébhou'' ||''mařebh''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' || ''agňébhí'' ||''agňéch''
|''agní'' || ''agněbhí'' ||''agňéch''
|''matijá'' || ''maťébhí'' ||''maťábhi''
|''matijá'' || ''matěbhí'' ||''matěbhi''
|''maří'' || ''mařébhí'' || ''mařéch''
|''maří'' || ''mařebhí'' || ''mařéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' || ''agňou'' ||''agníš''
|''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťou'' ||''matíš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařou'' ||''maříš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agňe!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''maťi!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''maťech!''
|''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patních'' || ''patnijou''  ||''patnijou''
|''patních'' || ''patnijáu''  ||''patnijou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijou'' ||''patníš''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
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|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=3| ''výju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''výju'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjavé''
|''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''výjouš'' || ''výjavou'' ||''výjavou''
|''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštavou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''výjavej'' || ''výjubhou'' ||''výjubh''
|''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''výjú'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjúch''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''výjouch'' || ''výjubhí'' ||''výjubh''
|''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh''
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh''
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''výjú'' || ''výjubhí'' ||''výjubhi''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''výjáu'' || ''výjavou'' ||''výjúš''
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš''
|''žouštáu'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštúš''
|''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš''
|''medháu'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhúš''
|''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''výjou!'' || ''výjavů!'' ||''výjavé!''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''žoustavech!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|}
|}


=== n-stems ===
=== n-stems ===
=== Irregular nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenou'' ||''žmenou''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenou'' ||''žmenaš''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|}
|}
=== ma-stems ===
=== ma-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenou'' ||''vnamenou''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenou'' ||''vnamenaš''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesou'' ||''andhesou''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesou'' ||''andhesaš''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 441: Line 417:


=== -ýr nouns ===
=== -ýr nouns ===
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesýr, sún, duhatýr''
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr''
 
==== Masculine ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patreš''|| ''patrou'' ||''patrou''
|''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
Line 463: Line 439:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patŕch''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
Line 472: Line 448:
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patrou'' ||''patrš''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!''  ||''pateré!''
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!''  ||''pateré!''
|}
==== Feminine ====
=== Irregulars ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''gů'' (f.) = cow
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''gů''||''gavé''||''gavech''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''gaváj'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''gou, gavou'' ||''gavé''||''gůch, gavech''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''gouch'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''gavá, gůjá'' ||''gůbhí'' ||''gůbhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''gů!'' || ''gavé!''||''gavech!''
|}
|}


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
=== Personal ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive
Line 488: Line 503:
|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
| ''mý, me'' || ''tý, te'' || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý, se''
| ''jmý'' (stressed), ''me'' (unstressed) || ''tý'' (stressed), ''te'' (unstressed) || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý'' (stressed), ''se'' (unstressed)
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''maná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná''
| ''jmaná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná''
|-
! poss.
| ''jmák, jmanák'' || ''tvák, tvanák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''svák, svanák''
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
| ''meži'', ''mé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé''
| ''jmeži'', ''jmé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé''
|-
|-
! abl.
! abl.
| ''mežách'', ''mách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách''
| ''jmežách'', ''jmách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách''
|-
|-
! ins.
! ins.
| ''mají'' (m), ''majá'' (f) || ''tvají'' (m), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svají'' (m), ''svajá'' (f)
| ''jmaný'' (m), ''jmajá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f)
|-
|-
! loc.
! loc.
| ''maji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji''
| ''jmaji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji''
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du.  
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du.  
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|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''tů'' || ''té'' || ''té''  
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''sů'' || ''sé'' || ''té''  
|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
| ''nou'' || ''vou'' || ''tů'' || ''té'' || ''té''
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''tů'' || ''té'' || ''té''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''nájou'' || ''jújou'' || ''tou'' || ''tou'' || ''tou''
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu''
|-
! poss.
| ''náják'' || ''júják'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
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|-
|-
! loc.
! loc.
| ''nájou'' || ''jújou'' || ''tou'' || ''tou'' || ''tou''
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu''
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.  
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.  
Line 538: Line 559:
|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
| ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''tech'' || ''tá''
| ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''touch'' || ''tá''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''nasmou'' || ''jusmou'' || ''téšou'' || ''tášou'' || ''téšou''
| ''nasmou'' || ''jušmou'' || ''téšou'' || ''tášou'' || ''téšou''
|-
! poss.
| ''nasmák'' || ''jušmák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''  
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
| ''nabh, nasmabh'' || ''jubh, jusmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''  
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''  
|-
|-
! abl.
! abl.
| ''nabh, nasmabh'' || ''jubh, jusmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''  
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''  
|-
|-
! ins.
! ins.
| ''nabhi, nasmabhi'' || ''jubhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''  
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''  
|-
|-
! loc.
! loc.
| ''nasméš'' || ''jusméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''  
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''  
|}
|}
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šich (distance-neutral)
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.


Interrogative (determiner and pronoun): či, čí, čich
=== Demonstrative ===
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)


Relative: ja, já, jach
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach


==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
=== o-stem adjectives ===
=== o-stem adjectives ===
==== Hard ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jsúrt'' 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós 'well-ordered')
|+ Declension of ''jsúrt'' 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós 'well-ordered')
Line 584: Line 610:
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtech''|| ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
Line 599: Line 625:
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
Line 613: Line 639:
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtou''  ||''jsúrtáš''
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu''  ||''jsúrtáš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 622: Line 648:
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|}
|}
==== Soft ====


=== u-stem adjectives ===
=== u-stem adjectives ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jvesu'' 'happy' (from *h₁wésus)
|+ Declension of ''jvesu'' 'solemn, holy (of objects, places and occasions)' (from *h₁wésus)
|-
|-
!
!
Line 649: Line 677:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jvesouch''|| ''jvesavou'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijou'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesouch''|| ''jvesavou'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
Line 659: Line 687:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesavů''||''jvesúch''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé'' ||''jvesích''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé'' ||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jsúrté'' ||''jvesú''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' ||''jvesú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''jvesouch'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesích'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesích'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesouch'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesubhí''  ||''jvesubhi''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesubhí''  ||''jvesubhi''
|''jvesijá'' ||''jvesíbhí'' ||''jvesíbhi''
|''jvesijá'' ||''jvesíbhí'' ||''jvesíbhi''
|''jvesú'' || ''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesibhi''
|''jvesú'' || ''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesavou'' ||''jvesúš''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijou''  ||''jvesíš''
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu''  ||''jvesíš''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesavou'' ||''jvesúš''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesavá''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|}
|}
 
=== Participles ===
==Verbs==
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
===Affixes===
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing'
TODO: optative endings
 
Infinitive ''-ti'' from -tey, like in Balto-Slavic
{{col-begin}}
{{col-n}}
Primary endings
 
Indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| masc.
!colspan="3"| Passive
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''-ů, -m, -mi'' || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-é'' || ''-vahé'' || ''-mahé''
|''jsas''||''jsantů''||''jsanté''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''-š, -si'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-sé'' || ''-tahé'' || ''-hvé''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou''
|''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
| ''-t'' || ''-tou'' || ''-nt'' || ''-té'' || ''-touhé'' || ''-nté''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantí''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
|}
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
{{col-n}}
|''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech''
Secondary endings
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
 
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
Indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jsantích''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|-
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí''||''jsantéch''
! 1st
|''jsantijá''||''jsantíbhí''||''jsantíbhi''
| -á- > -ou, -(e)je > -í, -je > -ji || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-má'' || ''-vaha'' || ''-maha''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí'' || ''jsantéch''
|-
! 2nd
| ''-ch'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-tá'' || ''-taha'' || ''-hva''
|-
! 3rd
| ''-Ø'' || ''-tou'' || ''-n'' || ''-ta'' || ''-touha'' || ''-anta''
|-
|}
{{col-n}}
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-''
|-
! 2nd
| ''-Ø, -dhi'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-se'' || ''-tá'' || ''-hvá''
|-
! 3rd
| ''-tu'' || ''-tou'' || ''-ntu'' || ''-tá'' || ''-toudhá'' || ''-antá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš''
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}


===Verb classes===
==Verbs==
Past perfective comes from PIE perfects or root aorists
{{main|Ilithian/Verbs}}
==== Nasal infix class ====
Infinitive: ''jugti'' = to join, to connect
 
Gerundive: ''jugtí (jest)''
 
Participles:
*''jungas, junganť'' = pres. active participle
*''jungamin'' = passive participle
*''jungšas, jungšanť'' = future active ptcp.
 
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jungů'' || ''jungava'' || ''jungame'' || ''jungé'' || ''jungavahé'' || ''jungamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jundžeš'' || ''jundžeta'' || ''jundžete'' || ''jundžesé'' || ''jundžetahé'' || ''jundžehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jundžet'' || ''jundžetou'' || ''jungant'' || ''jundžeté'' || ''jundžetouhé'' || ''junganté''
|-
|}
 
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jejugou'' || ''jejugava'' || ''jejugame'' || ''jejugamá'' || ''jejugavaha'' || ''jejugamaha''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jejudžech'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jejudže'' || ''jejudžetou'' || ''jejugan'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžetouha'' || ''jejuganta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jungšů'' || ''jungšava'' || ''jungšame'' || ''jungšé'' || ''jungšavahé'' || ''jungšamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jungšaš'' || ''jungšata'' || ''jungšate'' || ''jungšasé'' || ''jungšatahé'' || ''jungšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jungšat'' || ''jungšatou'' || ''jungšant'' || ''jungšaté'' || ''jungšatouhé'' || ''jungšanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''jungava!'' || ''jungame!'' || ''-'' || ''jungavá!'' || ''jungamahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jundže! jundžedhi!'' || ''jundžeta!'' || ''jundžete!'' || ''jundžese!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jundžetu!'' || ''jundžetou!'' || ''jungantu!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžetouhá!'' || ''jungantá!''
|-
|}
 
==== ''-áti'' verbs ====
Infinitive: ''šventáti'' = to worship
 
Gerundive: ''šventátí (jest)''
 
Participles:
*''šventous, šventánť'' = pres. active participle
*''šventámin'' = passive participle
*''šventášas, šventášanť'' = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''šventám'' || ''šventáva'' || ''šventáme'' || ''šventé'' || ''šventávahé'' || ''šventámahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''šventáš'' || ''šventáta'' || ''šventáte'' || ''šventásé'' || ''šventátahé'' || ''šventáhvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''šventát'' || ''šventátou'' || ''šventánt'' || ''šventáté'' || ''šventátouhé'' || ''šventánté''
|-
|}
 
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''ješventou'' || ''ješventáva'' || ''ješventáme'' || ''ješventámá'' || ''ješventávaha'' || ''ješventámaha''
|-
! 2nd
| ''ješventách'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventáte'' || ''ješventášá'' || ''ješventátaha'' || ''ješventáhvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''ješventá'' || ''ješventátou'' || ''ješventán'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventátouha'' || ''ješventánta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''šventášů'' || ''šventášava'' || ''šventášame'' || ''šventášé'' || ''šventášavahé'' || ''šventášamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''šventášaš'' || ''šventášata'' || ''šventášate'' || ''šventášasé'' || ''šventášatahé'' || ''šventášahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''šventášat'' || ''šventášatou'' || ''šventášant'' || ''šventášaté'' || ''šventášatouhé'' || ''šventášanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''šventáva!'' || ''šventáme!'' || ''-'' || ''šventává!'' || ''šventámahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''šventá! šventádhi!'' || ''šventáta!'' || ''šventáte!'' || ''šventáse!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventáhvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''šventátu!'' || ''šventátou!'' || ''šventántu!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventátouhá!'' || ''šventántá!''
|-
|}
 
==== -ejeti ====
Infinitive: ''harejeti'' = to anger
 
Gerundive: ''harejetí (jest)''
 
Participles:
*''harejas, harejanť'' = pres. active participle
*''harejamin'' = passive participle
*''haréšas, haréšanť'' = future active ptcp.
 
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''harejů'' || ''harejava'' || ''harejame'' || ''harejé'' || ''harejavahé'' || ''harejamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''hareješ'' || ''harejeta'' || ''harejete'' || ''harejesé'' || ''harejetahé'' || ''harejehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''harejet'' || ''harejetou'' || ''harejant'' || ''harejeté'' || ''harejetouhé'' || ''harejanté''
|-
|}
 
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jejugou'' || ''jejugava'' || ''jejugame'' || ''jejugamá'' || ''jejugavaha'' || ''jejugamaha''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jejudžech'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jejudže'' || ''jejudžetou'' || ''jejugan'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžetouha'' || ''jejuganta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jungšů'' || ''jungšava'' || ''jungšame'' || ''jungšé'' || ''jungšavahé'' || ''jungšamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jungšaš'' || ''jungšata'' || ''jungšate'' || ''jungšasé'' || ''jungšatahé'' || ''jungšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jungšat'' || ''jungšatou'' || ''jungšant'' || ''jungšaté'' || ''jungšatouhé'' || ''jungšanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''jungava!'' || ''jungame!'' || ''-'' || ''jungavá!'' || ''jungamahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jundže! jundžedhi!'' || ''jundžeta!'' || ''jundžete!'' || ''jundžese!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jundžetu!'' || ''jundžetou!'' || ''jungantu!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžetouhá!'' || ''jungantá!''
|-
|}
 
==== -jeti ====
Infinitive: ''ašoušeti'' = to hear
 
Gerundive: ''ašoušetí (jest)''
 
Participles:
* ašoušís, ašoušenť = pres. active participle
* ašoušemin = passive participle
* ašouššas, ašouššanť = future active ptcp.
 
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''ašoušem'' || ''ašouševa'' || ''ašoušeme'' || ''ašoušé'' || ''ašouševahé'' || ''ašoušemahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''ašoušeš'' || ''ašoušeta'' || ''ašoušete'' || ''ašoušesé'' || ''ašoušetahé'' || ''ašoušehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''ašoušet'' || ''ašoušetou'' || ''ašoušent'' || ''ašoušeté'' || ''ašoušetouhé'' || ''ašoušenté''
|-
|}
 
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jášouší'' || ''jášouševa'' || ''jášoušeme'' || ''jášoušemá'' || ''jášouševaha'' || ''jášoušemaha''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jášoušech'' || ''jášoušeta'' || ''jášoušete'' || ''jášoušešá'' || ''jášoušetaha'' || ''jášoušehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jášouše'' || ''jášoušetou'' || ''jášoušen'' || ''jášoušeta'' || ''jášoušetouha'' || ''jášoušenta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''ašouššů'' || ''ašouššava'' || ''ašouššame'' || ''ašouššé'' || ''ašouššavahé'' || ''ašouššamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''ašouššaš'' || ''ašouššata'' || ''ašouššate'' || ''ašouššasé'' || ''ašouššatahé'' || ''ašouššahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''ašouššat'' || ''ašouššatou'' || ''ašouššant'' || ''ašouššaté'' || ''ašouššatouhé'' || ''ašouššanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''ašouševa!'' || ''ašoušeme!'' || ''-'' || ''ašouševá!'' || ''ašoušemahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''ašouše! ašoušedhi!'' || ''ašoušeta!'' || ''ašoušete!'' || ''ašoušese!'' || ''ašoušetá!'' || ''ašoušehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''ašoušetu!'' || ''ašoušetou!'' || ''ašoušentu!'' || ''ašoušetá!'' || ''ašoušetouhá!'' || ''ašoušentá!''
|-
|}
 
==== Thematic root class ====
Infinitive: ''bensti'' = to bind
 
Gerundive: ''benstí (jest)''
 
Participles:
*''bendhas, bendhanť'' = pres. active participle
*''bandhamin'' = passive participle
*''benšas, benšanť'' = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''bendhů'' || ''bendhava'' || ''bendhame'' || ''bendhé'' || ''bendhavahé'' || ''bendhamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bendheš'' || ''bendheta'' || ''bendhete'' || ''bendhesé'' || ''bendhetahé'' || ''bendhehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bendhet'' || ''bendhetou'' || ''bendhant'' || ''bendheté'' || ''bendhetouhé'' || ''bendhanté''
|-
|}
 
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jebendhou'' || ''jebendhava'' || ''jebendhame'' || ''jebendhamá'' || ''jebendhavaha'' || ''jebendhamaha''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jebendhech'' || ''jebendheta'' || ''jebendhete'' || ''jebendhešá'' || ''jebendhetaha'' || ''jebendhehva''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jebendhe'' || ''jebendhetou'' || ''jebendhan'' || ''jebendheta'' || ''jebendhetouha'' || ''jebendhanta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''benšů'' || ''benšava'' || ''benšame'' || ''benšé'' || ''benšavahé'' || ''benšamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''benšaš'' || ''benšata'' || ''benšate'' || ''benšasé'' || ''benšatahé'' || ''benšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''benšat'' || ''benšatou'' || ''benšant'' || ''benšaté'' || ''benšatouhé'' || ''benšanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''bendhava!'' || ''bendhame!'' || ''-'' || ''bendhavá!'' || ''bendhamahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bendhe!'' || ''bendheta!'' || ''bendhete!'' || ''bendhese!'' || ''bendhetá!'' || ''bendhehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bendhetu!'' || ''bendhetou!'' || ''bendhantu!'' || ''bendhetá!'' || ''bendhetouhá!'' || ''bendhantá!''
|-
|}
 
==== Root athematic ====
*důti (to give): dedům, dedůš, dedůt, ..., dedůnt
*státi (to stand): sestám, sestáš, sestát, ..., sestánt
*dhýti (to do): dedhým, dedhýš, dedhýt, ..., dedhýnt
*bháti (to say): bebhám, bebháš, bebhát, ..., bebhánt
* ''anešti'' (to get): ''anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, aneštou, anešme, anešte, anešant
 
==== ''bhúti'' 'to be' ====
Infinitive: ''bhúti''
 
Gerundive: ''bhútí (jest)''
 
Participles:
*present ''jsas'' (m), ''jsanť'' (f)
*future ''bhúšas, bhúšanť''
 
Present
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jesmi'' || ''jsva'' || ''jsme''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jesi'' || ''jsta'' || ''jste''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jest'' || ''jstou'' || ''jsant''
|-
|}
Forms beginning with ''js-'' are pronounced with [çs-] if not after a vowel. (The ''j'' is a reflex of PIE h₁.)
 
Future
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''bhúšů'' || ''bhúšava'' || ''bhúšame''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bhúšaš'' || ''bhúšata'' || ''bhúšate''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bhúšat'' || ''bhúšatou'' || ''bhúšant''
|-
|}
 
Past ipfv.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jebhúm'' || ''jebhúva'' || ''jebhúme''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jebhúch'' || ''jebhúta'' || ''jebhúte''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jebhú'' || ''jebhútou'' || ''jebhún''
|-
|}
 
Optative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''bhújám'' || ''bhújáva'' || ''bhújáme''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bhújáš'' || ''bhújáta'' || ''bhújáte''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bhúját'' || ''bhújátou'' || ''bhújánt''
|-
|}
 
Imperative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''bhúva!'' || ''bhúme!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bhú! bhúdhi!'' || ''bhúta!'' || ''bhúte!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bhútu!'' || ''bhútou!'' || ''bhúntu!''
|-
|}


== Numerals ==
== Numerals ==
<poem>
<poem>
jév, jévá, jéva (m/f/n) = 1
géw, géwá, géwa (m/f/n) = 1
dvů, dvé, dvé (m/f/n) = 2
dwů, dwé, dwé (m/f/n) = 2
tři, třis, tří (m/f/n) = 3
třj, třis, třj (m/f/n) = 3
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5
šeš = 6
ſſeſſ = 6
septa - 7
septa - 7
aštů = 8
aſſtů = 8
jneva = 9
gnewa = 9
deša = 10
deſſa = 10
jévurdeša = 11
géwurdeſſa = 11
dvůrdeša = 12
dwůrdeſſa = 12
třijurdeša = 13
třjrdeſſa = 13
četurdeša = 14
četurdeſſa = 14
penčurdeša = 15
penčurdeſſa = 15
šešurdeša = 16
ſſeſſurdeſſa = 16
septurdeša = 17
septurdeſſa = 17
aštůrdeša = 18
aſſtůrdeſſa = 18
jnevurdeša = 19
gnewurdeſſa = 19
vížati = 20
wjžati = 20
jévurvížati = 21
géwurwjžati = 21
třížat = 30
třjžat = 30
četuržat = 40
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
pendžat = 50
šeššat = 60
ſſežžat = 60
septažat = 70
septažat = 70
aštůžat = 80
aſſtůžat = 80
jnevažat = 90
gnewažat = 90
šata = 100
ſſata = 100
žílí = 1000
žílj = 1000
</poem>
</poem>


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená ŋágma ŋáget''. (Using ''ŋágma'' 'song' as an object of ''ŋágeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''ŋáget''.)


Ilithian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
Ilithian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''džená ŋágma ŋáget'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''ŋágma ŋáget džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''žmenau dwů gstau'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
*''tam ſſwů gest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later forms of Ilithian.
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.


==Sample text==
==Sample text==
=== UDHR ===
''Wiſſvé žmené swapátěbhi ženigánté; téſſau gsutwrtitáť andauſſijéče líŋé gsant.''
=== Ilithian textbook ===
=== Ilithian textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš vnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouhaľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhaľech pať jest, Ouhaľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tíbha tří dhýná jsant, súnů duhatýrče.''
''Sſi wjr gest. Wjr Gsužen rekté, taſſ gnama Gſſužen gest. Sſjč džená gest. Džená Auháľá rekté. Gsužen Auhálěch pať gest, Auháľáč Gsuženaſſ patnj. Žmátů gstau. Tébhau třj dhýná gsant, súnů dhwatýrče.''
 
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouhaľá. Jsužen is Ouhaľá's husband, Ouhaľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.


===Schleicher's Fable===
===Schleicher's Fable===
'''Avi ješvéč'''
'''Awi geſſwéče'''


''Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouch: jéva tangu važa vežanti, jévač maža bhara, jévač žmena ašu bheranti.''
''Awi, kasmáj wlná nébhú, widat geſſwauch: jéwa táŋu waha wehanti, jéwače maha bhara, jéwače žmena aſſu bheranti.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]


=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' ===
=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Ilithian'''
'''Ilithian'''


JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýs jaha tasmej ajavej, jasmi se žmenišáj maťáj vištím jenter jsúrtami vlkamič bháňeti vjážet, meš vídas jaha vištítá stámená, rťechče, pravekouchče, rbhíchče, jebhi žmené anadedhánté, ambebhát meži ka nepavá dousá bhúját, ka se jsu, šu kají žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.
''GÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Ŋeŋrýſſ gaha tasmeg agaweg, kasmi se žmeniſſkág maťág wiſſtjm ater gsúrtami wlkamič bháněti wgážet, wjdas gaha wiſſtjtá ater žmenéſſ stámená rtěchče prawekauchče rbhjchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté gmeži nepawá bhúti dauſſá, ga se gsu, ku kaný žmenau ſſtidhý se andůgau, meš am kaga praweka džjwatau anadůtj bhúgát, maťágmi.''


MAŤECH LÍGIŠATÁŤ.
{{col-break}}
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)


REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work.
REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work.


FICKLENESS OF MIND. After spending much time and thought on this problem, and having earnestly considered it, I finally decided to live with the least amount of trouble and labor with the greatest degree of comfort, peace, and good cheer.
However, I found it difficult to discover which profession this might be. Moreover, I did not know with whom to take proper counsel about the matter. For I was unwilling to ask the advice of just anyone, presuming that each would naturally praise his own calling. On the other hand, I was loath to undertake anything in a hurry for fear of erring.
Nevertheless, I confess that I secretly attempted to take up now one, then another or a third thing, but soon dropped them all again, perceiving (as I thought) difficulties and trivialities in all of them. Meantime, I feared that my fickleness might bring me into derision; accordingly, I knew not what to do.
After much inward struggle and hesitation, it finally occurred to me to investigate first all human affairs under the sun, and after I had intelligently compared them one with another, to choose the profession that would enable me to live pleasantly and peacefully. The longer I thought of this plan, the better I liked it.
{{col-break}}
'''Czech original''' (Komenský)
'''Czech original''' (Komenský)


O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.
''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.''
 
VRTKAVOST MYSLI. Na kterouž věc mnoho a často pomýšleje a s rozumem svým pilně se radě, na tom mi se ustanovala mysl, abych sobě takový života způsob, v kterémž by co nejméně starostí a kvaltování, co nejvíc pak pohodlí, pokoje a dobré mysli bylo, oblíbil.
 
Než tu mi se opět nesnadné zdálo, které a jaké by to takové povolání bylo, poznati; a s kým se o to dostatečně poraditi, nevěděl sem; aniž mi se hrubě chtělo s někým se raditi, mysle, že mi každý svou věc chváliti bude. Sám také kvapně k něčemu sáhnouti, abych nepřebral, boje se, nesměl sem.
 
Ač, přiznám se, jednoho, druhého i třetího tajně chytati sem se počal, ale každé hned zase pustil; proto, že sem při každé věci i nesnadnosti i marnosti (jakž mi se zdálo) něco znamenal. Mezitím bál sem se, aby mi má neustavičnost hanby nepřinesla: i nevěděl sem co dělati.


Až natrápě a navrtě se dosti sám v sobě, na toto sem přišel, abych nejdříve všecky lidské věci, co jich pod sluncem jest, prohlédl, a teprv jedno s druhým rozumně srovnávaje, jistý sobě stav vyvolil a své sobě věci k užívání pokojného na světě života pěkně nějak spořádal. Načež čím sem myslil více, tím mi se ta cesta líbila lépe.
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