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Kunesian: Difference between revisions
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====Creaky voice==== | ====Creaky voice==== | ||
All vowels distinguish modal and creaky voice. | All vowels distinguish modal and creaky voice. | ||
==Noun phrases== | |||
===Plural=== | |||
Plural can be marked using the particles ''ti ... tai'', which function like some kind of circumfix just like the French negation ''ne ... pas''. It is however not necessary to mark plurals and it is usually only done to stress the plurality or as a collective. | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = ti potrai tai | |||
| IPA = /tʰí pʌʈáɨ̯ tʰɨ/ | |||
| gloss = PL house PL | |||
| translation = houses, a group of houses, a village | |||
}} | |||
===Relational particles=== | |||
To indicate a noun's relationship to another one, Kunesian uses relational particles. Some of the most important relational particles and their uses are: | |||
* ''li'': possession, focus on possessed rather than possessor. | |||
** ''potrai mela li'': the man's house | |||
* ''du'': possession, focus on possessor rather than possessed. | |||
** ''mela potrai du'': the man who has a house | |||
* ''me'': the last noun is an important part of the first one. | |||
** ''potrai nipit me'': house with books = library | |||
* ''to'': the last thing is located inside the first one. | |||
** ''mure rente to'': a forest with monkeys | |||
* ''kim'': the first thing is inside the last. | |||
** ''rente mura kim'': a monkey in the forest | |||
* ''anku'': the two nouns refer to the same. | |||
** ''mela kusto anku'': the man who is a liar | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Adjectives precede their nouns. In complex noun phrases with multiple nouns, an adjective may refer to a single noun or to several nouns. To indicate where the adjective "ends", one of the particles ''ni'', ''koi'' and ''sufi'' may be used, which have a positive, a negative, and a neutral connotation respectively. Compare these phrases: | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = nipu gilipo sufi pinokas me | |||
| IPA = /ɲýpu ɟíʎpo súçᶣɨ p͡çᶣý̰kɐs mʲé/ | |||
| gloss = red shop ADJ.END.NEUTRAL banana of | |||
| translation = a red shops which sells bananas | |||
}} | |||
{{Gloss | |||
| phrase = nipu gilipo pinokas me koi | |||
| IPA = /ɲýpu ɟíʎpo p͡çᶣý̰kɐs mʲé qʰí/ | |||
| gloss = red shop banana of ADJ.END.BAD | |||
| translation = a red shop which sells red bananas | |||
}} | |||
In the first of these two sentences, the adjective ''nipu'' "red" applies to the shop only, so nothing is said about the color of the bananas. In the second sentence however, the adjective applies to both nouns, thus making both the shop and the bananas it sells red. Note also the use of ''koi'' in the second sentence. | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||