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'''Albionian''' (''та албенщина'' /ˈtʰə aɫəbɪnɕɪnə/ or ''тет иезык албенски'' /ˈtʰɪh 'jiəzɨk 'aɫəbɪnskəɪ/) is the only surviving Slavic language in its timeline. It is the main spoken language in Albion (''Албень'' /aɫəbɪɲ/, genitive ''Албни'', Latin ''Albio''; our Great Britain, excluding Northern Ireland) and in our Southern United States, the Caribbean, and Central and northern South America. In Albion itself it is usually called '''Slowienian''' slə-WEE-niən (''та Словиенщина'' /tʰə ˈslɔβiənɕɪnə/) to acknowledge non-Slavic languages native to Albion. Compared to our Slavic, Albionian has many grammatical features that resulted from contact with Celtic, such as definite articles, compound tense forms, and head-initial VSO syntax.
Dialectal differences are immense within Albion. In fact there is more phonological and lexical variation than in the whole of our timeline's Slavic; thus a common joke saying goes that foreign languages are simply dialects of Albionian that one does not understand. The standard language is distinguished by a set of sound changes collectively known as the South Albionian Shifts, such as
*Common Slavic ť/c, ď/dz > th, ð
*PS tone > vowel length
*Umlaut of o and long /a:/ to /œ(:)/
*y merges with i, ý > ej, ú > au (later œj), similar to Common Czech
Albionian is inspired by many different Slavic languages, and especially Czech (both Literary and Common) and Slovak. Non-Slavic inspirations include Welsh, Irish, Old English, Vietnamese, Danish and Portuguese.
Anthem: ''Ты наша зем(yat) предавна'' (?)
Names for the language in our Slavlangs:
*cs: ''Albenština''
*pl: ''Język ałbeński''
*ru: о́лобенский язык?
==Todo==
American Albionian has initial stress; British Albionian has penult stress?
*soft yer unconditionally causes umlaut (unless analogized away or blocked by /w/) and umlaut caused by i/j is stress dependent (o and lengthened á get umlaut if unstressed)
*the big Celtic things are: unaspirated-aspirated with some preaspiration, θ ð corresponding pretty much 1-1 to Polish c dz, lack of metathesis and some Irish-inspired things you see like how ċelweac is pronounced /tʃʰɛləβɪhk/; articles
*sv, zv > scw, zgw
*Initial stress, vowel reduction of short vowels, some umlaut to get ở, no yer-deletion if syllable is initial
*Changes found in other Slavic languages like vowel length and relative lack of palatalization from Czech (especially Common Czech), PSlav v > /w/, as well as some /l/ > /w/ as in Ukrainian; some /g/ > /ɣ/, also reminiscent of Czech
*the b~β~w allophony
*Made some weird choices in verb forms, like generalizing the PSlav 1st person *-xǔ in imperfect and aorist to all past forms, getting 1sg -ns in present from -m azǔ/-ǫ azǔ
*''Goworins o tỷ milơsti al o tỷ nenởwisti.''
*''Ċi charnỉṡ ty to dlamnie?''
*''Miluêm my jei, toġ ċtỉm my jeo prỉchod.''
*Sort out -e vs -ia vs -iả
**''a'' after soft > ''e'' or ''ia''?
**''ĭja'' > ''ia'' or ''iả''?
==History==
Slavic speakers are known to have lived in the British Isles since the 7th century; they were among the peoples who fled the Riphic Invasion of the 6th century that swept continental Europe. The first surviving complete sentence in Albionian is {{biggentium|Ze pomoȝom as ti neſt tam to bermiem}} "Let me help you carry the load there", from the 13th century, which shows the retention of nasal vowels and the lenition of Proto-Slavic /g/ ("pomogom" < pomogǫ) characteristic of Albionian.
One of the most influential texts in the literary language is the Brỷntow Bible (''ta Bỉble Brỷntowscả''), a 16th century Protestant Bible translation from the original languages, originally titled {{biggentium|Ta Bi<sup>¿</sup>ble ſquynta<sup>¿</sup>, riêca<sup>¿</sup>nth tet Testament Starây a tet Nowây}} (modern spelling ''Ta Bỉble Scwyntả, riêcảnth tet Testament Starỷ a tet Nowỷ'' [tɐ ˈpeɪblɪ ˈskwɨntʰɔː, ˈriəkʰɔːnθ tʰɪ ˈzɔ:βɪh ˈstarɪj ɨ tʰɪ ˈnɔβɪj] 'The Holy Bible, that is to say the Old and New Testaments'). Poet Alexandr Galesescỷ was the second major influence of early Modern Albionian. Later writers were also important in establishing the norms of literary Albionian.
Albionian vocabulary is about as purist as German; however, over the years, Albionian has absorbed loans from Latin, Greek, Brythonic, Irish and [[Judeo-Gaelic]], and recently English (which is not a British Isles language in this timeline).
==Worldbuilding==
The official name of Albion is the '''Republic of Albion''' (''ta Respublica Albenscả'').
===Religion===
Though Albionian culture is traditionally Protestant, today's Albion is one of the world's least religious societies.
In Albionian-speaking America, religiosity inversely correlates with social class and racial/ethnic hierarchy and religion thus remains a thorny political problem for left-of-center politics.
==British phonology==
===Consonants===
Standard Albionian in Albion has a slightly larger-than-average consonant inventory of about 27 consonants.
(Albionian orthography is fairly deep; the orthographic values in the table shouldn't be taken completely at face value.)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| → PoA<br/>↓ Manner!! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''м''' /m/
| '''н''' /n/
|
| '''нь''' /ɲ/
| '''нг''' /ŋ/
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Plosive
!<small>unaspirated</small>
| '''б''' /p/
| '''д''' /t/
| ('''дж''' /tʃ/)
| '''дь''' /c/
| '''г''' /k/
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''п''' /pʰ/
| '''т''' /tʰ/
| '''ч''' /tʃʰ/
| '''ть''' /cʰ/
| '''к''' /kʰ/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| [b]
| [d]
| [dʒ]
| [ɟ]
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Spirant
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| '''ф''' /f/
| '''ѳ''' /θ/
|
|
| '''х''' /χ/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''в''' /β/
| '''ѕ''' /ð/
|
|
| [ɣ]
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Non-spirant
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| 
| '''c''' /s/
| '''ш''' /ʃ/ || '''щ''' /ɕː/ || || '''-т''' ''etc.'' /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|
| '''з''' /z/ || '''ж, зж''' /ʒ/ || ||  ||
|-
!colspan="2"| Resonant
| '''-в, -г''' ''etc.'' /w/
| '''л''' /l/
| '''р''' /ɾ/
| '''й, -й, -г''' ''etc.'' /j/
| [ɤ̃ˤʶ]
|
|}
* Voiced and voiceless stops have shifted to unaspirated and aspirated, as in Icelandic
** preaspiration of postvocalic aspirated stops in coda or before a consonant; in natural speech, ''-t'' weakens all the way to [h] in this environment, as in ''scweatlo'' [ˈskwɛːh(t)ɫʊ~ˈskwɛːɬˠːʊ] 'light'. Thus some analyze /h/ as a phonemic consonant appearing in clusters such as /hp hl/ and word-finally. However, the 2nd person plural verb ending ''-t'' is always pronounced as [tʰ].
**  Word-final ''c'' is never preaspirated.
**Consonant assimilations:
***unaspirated stops voice before or after any voiced sound (vowel, resonant or voiced fricative)
* ''c h/ch g w ng'' = /kʰ χ k b~β~w ŋ/
**''w'' has many allophones:
*** [w] or [ʍ] when it follows a consonant, according as whether the consonant is aspirated or not: ''scweat'' [skwɛ:h] 'world', ''cweat'' [kʰʍɛ:h] 'flower'.
*** [w] when not before a vowel: e.g. ''staw'' [staw] '(flowery) state, condition', ''o wṡich wảs'' [ɔwˈʃɪχʍɔ:s] 'about all of you'. However, between words it may still be dropped: ''o wṡich wảs'' [ɔˈʃɪχʍɔ:s].
*** [b] word-initially before a vowel and after /n/: ''weċer'' [ˈbɛtʃʰɪɾ] 'evening', ''invenċia'' [ˈɪmbɨntʃə] 'invention (musical form)'. 
*** When not after a vowel but before a consonant, it becomes [χʷ], [ʍ] or silent: ''wċera'' /χʷtʃɛrə~ʍtʃɛɾə~tʃɛɾə/ 'yesterday'.
***''w'' as [v~f] is a feature of some dialects, which may be transcribed as ''vv'', ''vf'', or ''ff'' in eye dialects.
**{{ast}}/nk/ assimilates to /ŋk/ (cf. Czech).
**Medial ''g'' (when it is not ''ng'') lenites and has complex pronunciation rules, similar to rules for writing the hamza in Arabic. These rules are listed in the order of decreasing priority (i.e. attempt to apply a rule if the conditions for the rules above it are not met):
**#After /j/ or /w/, ''g'' is always silent: ''sảg'' [saw] 'ledge', ''tauga'' [tʰœjə] 'honey' (term of affection for spouse; a doublet of ''tônga'' [tʰuəŋə] 'desire').
**#After /r/ or /l/, ''g'' vocalizes to [ʊ] when non-prevocalic, and is pronounced [w] when prevocalic: ''dảrga'' /ˈtawɾwə/ 'a road'; ''dảrg'' /ˈtawɾʊ/ 'of roads'.
**#After other consonants, ''g'' is pronounced /k/ and devoices a preceding fricative: ''mozg'' /mɔsk/ 'brain'.
**#Unstressed ''go'' is pronounced /w/: ''jagoda'' 'berry' = [jawdə].
**#Before the past tense affix ''-l-'', it is silent: ''beagl'' [pjɛ:ɤ̃ˤ], ''beagla'' ['pjɛ:ɫə], ''beagli'' ['pjɛ:lɪ] 'he/she/they ran (ipfv)'.
**#After back monophthongs, it is [w] and after front monophthongs, it is [j]. For example: ''rog'' [ɾɔw] 'horn; corner', ''beag'' [pjɛːj] 'running; race course', ''nogy'' [nɔwɪ] 'legs'.
**#After ''a'' and diphthongs ''ê ô'':
**#*If the ''g'' is not prevocalic or precedes /a ə a:/, it is silent and a preceding /a/ is lengthened to /a:/: ''sarchag'' /saɾəχə/ 'coffin'. In the case of ''ga'', the following schwa /ə/ is dropped as well: ''braga'' [pɾa:] 'yeast'.
**#*If the ''g'' precedes a front unrounded vowel /ɛ ɪ/, it is pronounced /j/: ''bragy'' [pɾajɪ] 'yeast (gen. sg. or nom. pl.)'
**#*If the ''g'' precedes a front rounded vowel /œ ʏ/, it is pronounced /β/: ''sarchagum'' [saɾəχəβʏm] 'coffins (dat. pl.)'
**#*If the ''g'' precedes a back vowel /ɔ ʊ/, it is pronounced /w/: ''brago'' [prawʊ] 'yeast (voc. sg.)'
**#*If the ''g'' precedes an unreduced /a/, then it is pronounced [ʕ]: ''prebiêgả'' ['pʰɾɛbiəʕa] 'it is in progress'.
* The letter ''ṙ'' for formerly palatalized /r/ was used inconsistently in Early Modern Albionian and quickly fell out of use. It corresponds to the Czech ''ř'' sound, voiceless /r/ or trilled /r/ in dialects.
* th ð = /θ ð/ in Standard Albionian. Nonstandard accents of Standard Albionian have various realizations for these sounds, such as [f v], [ts dz], slit fricatives or retroflexes: ''se nơth'' 'tonight' [sɨ'nœf~sɨ'nœθ&#800;~sɨ'nœʂ~sɨ'nœts].
* /l/ is velarized before back vowels. It is vocalized to a nasalized pharyngealized uvular approximant in coda: ''postel'' 'bed' [pʰɔstɤ̃ˤʶ].
*Voiced fricatives are not devoiced at ends of words.
'''h q v x ph''' are used in Latin and Greek loanwords; they're pronounced the same as native '''ch cw w cs f'''. For example: ''humanismus, qualita, variant, existowaṫ, philosophia'' [ˈχʊmənʲɪsmʏs, ˈkʰwalɪtʰə, ˈbaɾjənt, ˈɛksɪstoʊhtʲ, ˈfɪɫosofɪjə].
====Pleophony====
CVrC, CVlC is pronounced as CVrəC, CVləC; cf. Irish and Russian. e.g. ''смырт'' 'death' = /ˈsmɪɾəh/, ''галва'' 'head' = /ˈkaɫəβə/, ''дерво'' 'tree' = /ˈtɛɾəβo/, ''велкы'' 'big' = /ˈbɛɫəkʰej/.
-w in word-final -rw and -lw is vocalized to [ʏ] and -g in word-final -rg and -lg becomes [ʊ]. For example: ''поздарв'' [ˈpʰɔzdərʏ] 'greeting; regards (when signing a letter)'; ''дарг'' /ˈtaːɾʊ/ 'of roads'.
===Vowels===
Counting length and diphthongs but not counting vowels with final glides, Standard Albionian has 17 vowels.
а/я е/є ы/и о у ơ аг а: е: ѣ и: о:/ог ơ:/уе у: ау ые/ие уо ео ио ы. ы:/ей/еу = (unreduced) /a ɛ ɪ ɔ u œ  aː aw ɛː jɛː iː ow øː uː yː œj iə uə ɛw~əw ɪw iː ɛj/
*''cy gy'' are prono
*In standard Albionian, ''(yat)'' is pronounced as palatalizing long /ɛː/ when not reduced: ''eat wy'' [ˈjɛːtʰ ʍɪ] 'y'all (familiar) eat'. After alveolar sibilants /θ ð s z ʃ ʒ/ it becomes /ɛː/.
*/ɛː/ shifts to /iː/ in basilectal southern accents.
*Initial ji jỉ jê > i ỉ ê in casual speech. For example, ''jêzyc'' /'jiəzɪk/ 'tongue; language' is pronounced ['iəzɪk].
*In noninitial syllables, short vowels are reduced and longs are shortened.
**/a/ reduces to /ə/
**/ɛ e/ reduces to non-palatalizing /ɨ/
**/jɛː ɪ/ reduces to palatalizing /ɪ/
**/ɔ o/ reduces to /o/
***''slowo'' [sɫɔβo] 'a word'
**/œ ʊ/ reduces to /ʏ/
***''steam deatum'' 'with the children' [scɪm ˈcɛːtʰʏm]
***''mơġnơst'' 'possibility' [ˈmœʒnʏst]
*/ɛɪ/ reduces to /ɪj/
===Stress and tone===
Stress is always initial. Long vowels have two possible registers: stød and no stød. Stød is marked in dictionaries using the underdot.
===Intonation===
Similar to Danish or Hiberno-English
==American phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| → PoA<br/>↓ Manner!! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
| '''ṅ, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ng''' /ŋ:/
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosive
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| ('''dġ''' /dʐ/)
| '''ḋ, di''' /dʑ/
| '''g''' /g/
|
|-
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''ċ''' /tʂ/
| '''ṫ, ti''' /tɕ/
| '''c''' /k/
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Spirant
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| '''f, ph''' /f/
| '''th''' /θ/
|
|
|
| '''ch, (h)''' /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''w, (v)''' /w/
| '''ð''' /ð/
|
|
| [ɣ]
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Non-spirant
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| 
| '''s''' /s/
| '''ṡ''' /ʂ/ || '''sċ''' /ɕː/ || ||
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|
| '''z''' /z/ || '''ġ, zġ''' /ʐ/ || ||  ||
|-
!colspan="2"| Resonant
| '''-g, -l''' /w/
| '''l''' /ɫ~l/
| '''r''' /ɾ/
| '''j, -i, -g''' ''etc.'' /j/
|
|
|}
Homorganic nasals before consonants become nasal vowels.
*Orthographic voiceless stops are about as aspirated as Japanese voiceless stops.
*/θ ð/ = [f v], [t d] or [s z] is a characteristic of working-class accents.
*The /l/ in unstressed /li/ tends to be dropped when after a stressed vowel: ''byli'' 'they were' /'pɪ.i~pɪj/.
===Vowels===
a(S)/ả(L) e(S)/ẻ(L) i(S)/ỉ(L)/y(S)/ỷ(L)/ỵ(L) o(S)/ỏ(L) u(S)/ủ(L) ơ(S)/ở(L) ea(S)/ê(L)/iê(L) ô uê(L) eu/eo/ẻo ỉo = (unreduced) /a ɛ i ɔ u œ e o ø ɛw iw ɛj œj/
Note: S and L = short and long for the purpose of assigning syllable weights for stress
====Vowel reduction====
Vowels are reduced in unstressed syllables.
*/a/ reduces to /ə/
*/ɛ e ɪ/ reduces to /ɪ/ and keep their (non-)palatalizing property
*/ɔ o/ reduces to /ʊ/
*/œ ø ʊ/ reduces to /ʏ/
*/ɛɪ/ reduces to /i/
===Pleophony===
Pleophony holds exactly as in British Albionian; pleophony is applied ''after'' stress is assigned using the weight rule.
===Stress===
American Albionian stress follows a Dreimorengesetz:
*last long syllable (CV: or CVC) among the last 3 syllables is stressed; final consonants are ignored.
*if there's no long syllable in the last 3 syllables then penult stress
Long syllable means long vowel OR closed.
===Intonation===
Similar to Brazilian Portuguese: rising in stressed syllables
==Church Albionian phonology==
Church Albionian (''thỉrcewnoalbensċina'') is the traditional pronunciation standard used in church services and is also the standard for classical singing and theater, but was never natively spoken by anyone. It is a tradition passed down from the Early Modern period.
==Dialects==
===Albion===
In Albion, the relationship between Albionian dialects and Standard Albionian is like the relationship between German dialects and Standard German. Traditionally, nonstandard dialects were used in local everyday speech and Standard Albionian is used in writing, formal or religious contexts or in contexts where speakers from different backgrounds need to understand each other. Today, regional dialects are under pressure due to modern societal conditions, such as public education and mass media. Some Albion dialects even have retroflex stops and resonants /ɳ ɭ ʈ ɖ/.
American Albionian is much more uniform and closer to the standard, with comparatively minor regional differences in accent and vocabulary.
Various dialectal isoglosses:
*/dl/ (Standard) ~ /ɾl/ ~ /ɭ/ ~ /ɻ/ ~ /l/
**'soap': ''mỵdlo'' (Southern to Midlands) ~ ''mȳrlo''/''mȳḷo''/''mȳzho'' (Bristol) ~ ''mýlo'' (Northern England)
*Liquid pleophony vs metathesis vs none
**metathesis (Some Scottish dialects)
**pleophony (Standard British, Midlands and Northern England, some Scottish dialects)
**no pleophony or metathesis (Southern dialects)
***r + coronal > retroflex (Bristol area, now only elderly speakers)
****'crow': ''wāṇa'' /'bǎ:ɳa/ (standard ''wảrna'' /'bawɾənə/)
*Common Slavic accent
**Common Slavic stress retained but not tone (northern and most Scottish dialects)
**4-tone system (Shetland, Church Alb.)
**3-tone systems (Midlands, Bristol area)
**2-tone systems (Modern Standard British Alb.)
**only length (Wales)
**new stress accent from length (Standard American Alb.)
==Writing==
Albionian uses the Latin alphabet, and the orthography has been significantly influenced by Latin and Romance languages. Palatalization is indicated with a dot diacritic when the consonant is not followed by a vowel. Example: ''weac'' ['bɛk] 'age', ''weaċnỷ'' ['bɛtʃnɛɪ] 'eternal'. Certain letters can take a palatalizing i which works much like in Italian and Polish: ''nia, tia, dia, nie, tie, die, ni, ti, di, etc.'' are read as ''ṅ ṫ ḋ'' + ''ia, e, ê, i, ỉ''.
The orthography is based on the relatively conservative southern dialect of ___ of the 15th and 16th centuries, but the pronunciation of the standard koine has absorbed influences from other dialects, such as liquid pleophony from the Gaelic-influenced northern dialects.
The underdot diacritic indicates the stød in dictionaries.
==Morphology==
===Nouns (''Substantỉva'')===
Like our Slavic, Albionian has masculine, feminine and neuter genders, and has the same gender markers as our Slavic. (For forms for enbies, see [[Albionian/Nonbinary forms]]).
Modern Standard Albionian nouns and adjectives have retained five of the seven Proto-Slavic cases: nominative (''nominatỉv''), dative (''datỉv''), genitive (''genitỉv''), locative (''locởl'') and vocative (''vocatỉv''). (Dialects differ in the number of cases; some conservative dialects retain all 7 Proto-Slavic cases, while some dialects, particularly in the New World, have lost case entirely.) The nominative is used for both subjects and direct objects; the dative fills the role of dative nouns and after some prepositions in our Slavic languages. The instrumental (''instrumentởl'') is semi-productive in forming adverbs and expressions, e.g. ''prawdau'' 'really'; ''beagem'' 'during'; ''wuzglyndem'' 'owing to, in view of'; ''pomơthỉ'' 'with, using'; ''ynỷmi slowy'' 'in other words'. Modern Colloquial Albionian (i.e. the uniformized register spoken by young cosmopolitans) is in the process of losing the locative, replacing it with the dative.
The instrumental has been replaced with the dative in the following way:
*Instruments use the preposition ''se'' + dative (just like the comitative).
*After prepositions where our Slavic languages use the instrumental, such as ''nad'' 'above'.
*Predicate nouns and adjectives that denote becoming or ''change'' of state.
Some nouns have different stems for zero and nonzero endings: ''den'' 'day (nom.)' > ''dnea'' 'days (nom.)'; ''cuêṅ'' 'horse (nom.)' > ''cơnea'' 'horses (nom.)'.
====Some hard stem declensions====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''wylc'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=2| ''galwa'' (f.) = head<br/>''ġena'' (f.) = woman
! colspan=2| ''perdseada'' (m.) = chairman
! colspan=2| ''slowo'' (n.) = word
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''wylc'' ||''wylcy''*
|''galwa''<br/>''ġena'' ||''galwy''<br/>''ġeny''
|''perdseada''|| ''perdseady''*
|''slowo''  ||''slowa''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''wylca''  ||''wylcow''
|''galwy''<br/>''ġeny'' ||''galw''<br/>''ġen''
|''perdseady'' || ''perdseadow''
|''slowa'' ||''slow''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''wylcu, wylcui''  ||''wylcum''
|''galwe''<br/>''ġenie'' ||''galwum''<br/>''ġenum''
|''perdseadu, perdseadui'' ||''perdseadum''
|''slowe'' ||''slowum''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''wylcu, wylcui''  ||''wylcach''
|''galwe''<br/>''ġenie'' ||''galwach''<br/>''ġenach''
|''perdseadu, perdseadui'' || ''perdseadach''
|''slowe'' ||''slowach''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''wylċe!''  ||''wylcy!''
|''galwo!''<br/>''ġeno!''||''galwy!''<br/>''ġeny!''
|''perdseado!'' || ''perdseady!''
|''slowo!'' ||''slowa!''
|}
{{ast}} Sometimes ''-owea'' for humans.
Some ''wylc'' nouns drop intervening ''e'' or ''y'' (from PS hard and soft yer respectively) when adding endings: ''pes'' 'dog' > gen. ''psa''; ''cơthec'' 'kitten' > gen. ''cơthca''.
In ''wylc'' nouns, -u is used for nouns ending in velars and ''-e'' for others.
The ending ''-e'' in the above declensions causes second palatalization: ''n ng t c d g ch'' become ''ṅ nn ṫ th ḋ ð s'', for example:
* ''stảrna'' 'side' > ''na tỷ stảrnie'' 'on the side'
* ''dảrga'' 'road' > ''na tỷ dảrðe'' 'on the road'
* ''tônga'' 'desire' > ''se tônne'' 'with desire'
* ''uċitelca'' 'teacher (f.)' > ''tỷ uċitelthe'' 'to/for the teacher'
====Some soft-stem declensions====
Some nouns like ''list'' 'leaf' and ''cơst'' 'bone' end in a hard consonant in the nominative.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''muġ'' (m.) = man<br/>''list'' (m.) = 'leaf'
! colspan=2| ''cơst'' (f.) = bone<br/>''nơth'' (f.) = 'night'
! colspan=2| ''zemea'' (f.) = earth
! colspan=2| ''syrthe'' (n.) = heart
! colspan=2| ''zdởniê'' (n.) = fact
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''muġ''<br/>''list'' ||''muġowea, muġea''<br/>''listea''
|''cơst''<br/>''nơth'' ||''cơsti''<br/>''nơthi''
|''zemea''  ||''zemi''
|''syrthe'' ||''syrtha''
|''zdởniê''  ||''zdởnia''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''muġea''<br/>''listea''  ||''muġỉ''<br/>''listỉ''
|''cơsti''<br/>''nơthi''  ||''cơstỉ''<br/>''nơthỉ''
|''zemi''  ||''zemỉ''
|''syrtha'' || ''syrth''
|''zdởnia''  ||''zdơṅ''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''muġi''<br/>''listi''  ||''muġim''<br/>''listim''
|''cơsti''<br/>''nơthi''  ||''cơst'''u'''m''<br/>''nơth'''u'''m''
|''zemi''  ||''zemim''
|''syrthi'' || ''syrthim''
|''zdởnỉ''  ||''zdởnim''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''muġi''<br/>''listi''  ||''muġich''<br/>''listich''
|''cơsti''<br/>''nơthi''  ||''cơst'''a'''ch''<br/>''nơth'''a'''ch''
|''zemi''  ||''zemich''
|''syrthi'' ||''syrthich''
|''zdởnỉ''  ||''zdởnich''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''muġi!''<br/>''listi!''  ||''muġea!''<br/>''listea!''
|''cơsti!''<br/>''nơthi!''  ||''cơsti!''<br/>''nơthi!''
|''zemie!''  ||''zemi!''
|''syrthe!'' ||''syrtha!''
|''zdởniê!''  ||''zdởnia!''
|}
====-ê nouns====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''ymê'' (n.) = name
! colspan=2| ''zgwêrê'' (n.) = animal
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ymê'' ||''ymyna''
|''zgwêrê'' ||''zgwêrynta''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''ymynia''  ||''ymyn''
|''zgwêryntia'' ||''zgwêrynt''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''ymyni''  ||''ymynum''
|''zgwêrynti'' ||''zgwêryntum''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''ymyni''  ||''ymynach''
|''zgwêrynti'' ||''zgwêryntach''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''ymê!''  ||''ymyna!''
|''zgwêrê!'' ||''zgwêrynta!''
|}
====Nouns with pseudo-duals====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''oco'' (n.) = eye
! colspan=2| ''ucho'' (n.) = ear
! colspan=2| ''runca'' (f.) = hand, arm
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''oco'' ||''ơċi''
|''ucho'' ||''uṡi''
|''runca''  ||''runthe''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''oca''  ||''ơċỉ''
|''ucha'' ||''uṡỉ''
|''runcy'' ||''runthỉ''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''othe''  ||''ơċim''
|''uṡe'' ||''uṡim''
|''runthe'' ||''runcum''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''othe''  ||''ơċich''
|''uṡe'' ||''uṡich''
|''runthe'' ||''runcach''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''oco!''  ||''ơċi!''
|''ucho!'' ||''uṡi!''
|''runco!'' ||''runthe!''
|}
====Miscellaneous====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''ċelweac'' (m.) = human, person
|-
!
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ċelweac'' ||''lidea''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''ċelweaca''  ||''lidỉ''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''ċelweacu''  ||''lidum''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''ċelweacu''  ||''lidach''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''ċelweaċe!''  ||''lidea!''
|}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''ởteth'' (m.) = father
|-
!
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ởteth'' ||''ởthy''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''ởtha''  ||''ởthow''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''ởthu''  ||''ởthum''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''ởthu''  ||''ởthach''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''ởċe!''  ||''ởthy!''
|}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''sluġineth'' (m.) = child
|-
!
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''sluġineth'' ||''deati''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''sluġintha''  ||''deatỉ''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''sluġinthu''  ||''deatum''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''sluġinthu''  ||''deatach''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''sluġinthe!''  ||''deati!''
|}
archaic singular: ''diềtiê, diềtintia, diềtinti''; ''diêtiê'' is still used as a vocative like "child" is in English (but is mainly literary).
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! | ''Jẻsus'' (m.) = Jesus
|-
!
!singular
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''Jẻsus''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''Jẻsa'' (''colloquial''), ''Jẻsu'' (''formal'')
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''Jẻsu, Jẻsui''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''Jẻsu, Jẻsui''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''Jẻsu!''
|}
====Loan declension====
Masculine and neuter words from Latin, Greek and Lithuanian remove their original nominative singular endings when declined.
*Second-declension nouns follow the ''wylc'' declension: for example, ''soċialismus'' 'socialism', ''mỷthos'' 'myth', ''Mindaugas'' 'Mindaugas (Lithuanian name)'.
*There is a tendency to keep nominative and oblique stems separate where the original languages do; this includes nouns such as ''thema, themata, thematu, thematu''.
*Second-declension words in ''-um'' or ''-on'' follow the ''slowo'' or ''syrthe'' declension: for example, ''practicum'' 'internship'; ''critẻrion'' 'criterion'.
*Nouns in ''-ẻ'' (for example, ''Athẻnẻ'' 'Athena') decline as feminine ''-e'' nouns; ''-ia'' nouns are a declension class of their own.
*More unusual declensions are normatively treated as having one of the regular native declensions. The plural of ''ẻthos'' is ''ẻthosy''; using forms such as ''ẻthy'' would be hypercorrect.
Newer foreign ''-u'' names decline like ''slowo'' and ''-i'' names decline like ''-e'' nouns (allowed by Albionian vowel reduction). Female names ending in a consonant decline like ''cơst'': ''Ester'' becomes ''Esteri'' in the non-nominative cases. Names that don't fit into native patterns are indeclinable, and simply add the definite article: the female name Hanako becomes ''ta Hanako''. The definite article declines when the name needs to be declined: ''ty walsy tỷ Hanako'' 'Hanako's hair'.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''mỷthos'' (m.) = myth
! colspan=2| ''practicum'' (n.) = internship
! colspan=2| ''critẻrion'' (n.) = criterion
! colspan=2| ''geometria'' (f.) = geometry
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''mỷthos'' ||''mỷthy''
|''practicum'' ||''practica''
|''critẻrion''  ||''critẻria''
|''geometria'' || ''geometrii''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''mỷtha''  ||''mỷthow''
|''practica'' ||''practic''
|''critẻria'' ||''critẻriỉ''
|''geometrii'' || ''geometriỉ''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''mỷthu, mỷthui''  ||''mỷthum''
|''practicu, practicui'' ||''practicum''
|''critẻrii/-e'' ||''critẻriim''
|''geometrie'' || ''geometriim''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''mỷthu, mỷthui''  ||''mỷthach''
|''practicu, practicui'' ||''practicach''
|''critẻrii/-e'' ||''critẻriach''
|''geometrie'' || ''geometriach''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''mỷthe!''  ||''mỷthy!''
|''practicum!'' ||''practica!''
|''critẻrion!'' ||''critẻria!''
|''geometrio!'' || ''geometrii''
|}
====Pluralia tantum====
Neuter pluralia tantum in ''-a'', such as ''ủsta'' 'mouth', ''warta'' 'door', ''nebesa'' 'sky', ''slowesa'' 'speech, words' (as opposed to ''slowa'' which is used for individual words), ''data'', ''agenda'' are colloquially often feminine singular. (''Propaganda'' is sometimes treated as neuter plural, which is hypercorrect.)
===Articles (''Articuly'')===
Like Irish and Welsh, Albionian has a definite article but no indefinite article; ''ġảba'' means 'a frog', and ''ta ġảba'' means 'the frog'.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''tet'' 'the; that'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''tet''* || ''ta'' || ''to'' || ''ty''** (m/f), ''ta'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''teo''  ||''tỷ'' || ''teo'' || ''teach''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''tom''  ||''tỷ''||''tom'' ||''team''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''tom''  ||''tỷ''||''tom'' ||''teach''
|}
{{ast}} /tʰɪ/ before ''z ġ''; /tʰɪh/ otherwise
{{ast}}{{ast}} In British Albionian, the article and demonstrative ''ty'' is aspirated /tʰɨ/; the second-person pronoun ''ty'' is unaspirated /tɨ/.
===Prepositions (''Preposiċii'')===
Prepositions have meanings similar to their cognates in our Slavic languages: ''na, o(b), od, u (+gen), cu (+dat), do (+gen), wu, po, za, se (+dat), bez (+gen), dla (+gen), perz, pri, nad, pod, perd, ...'' The prepositions ''na, nad, o, po, pod, za, pers, perd, pri, wu'' take the nominative/accusative when they denote motion, and the locative or dative when they denote location (depending on the preposition; the dative is used where our Slavic languages would use the instrumental). Unlike in our Slavic languages, there's no difference between comitative and instrumental; the preposition ''sâ'' is used for both.
''o'' is ''ob'' before a vowel.
Possession is indicated using the preposition ''u'', as in Russian: ''Les umne prỉclad.'' 'I have an example.'
Some things that look like prepositions are not: e.g. the ''se'' in fixed time expressions ''se den'', ''se jitro'', ''se weċer'', ''se nơth'' 'today, this morning, this evening, tonight' is actually a fossilized demonstrative from Proto-Slavic {{recon|sŭ}}.
====Preposition + pronoun combinations====
If the prepositional object is a pronoun, the preposition + pronoun is written and pronounced as one word: ''Bunde weċerca u Catheriny, ċi poidem my cunỉ ċil ne?'' /pʊndɨ bɛtʃʰɪɾkʰə ʊ ˈkʰaθɨɾɪnɨ, tʃɪ ˈpɔɪdɨm mɨ ˈkʰʊnʲiː tʃɪw nɛ/ 'There's a party at Catherina's, are we going [to her house] or not?'. If a preposition combines with a personal pronoun, -e- may be added between the preposition and the pronoun: for example: ''nademnau, nadetau, podemnau, podetau, yzemnie, yzetwe, yzese, semnau, stau.''
====Preposition + article contractions====
''o, pri, na, cu, wu, po, za, se'' + ''tom'' > ''om, prim, nam, cum, wum, pom, zam, stom''
''se'' + ''team'' > ''steam''
===Adjectives (''Adjectỉva'')===
Predicative forms of ''-scỷ'' adjectives are in ''-scy''.
Hard stems:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''dobr'' 'good'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Predicative'''
|colspan=4|''dobr''
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''dobrỷ'' || ''dobrả'' || ''dobrẻ'' || ''dobrê'' (m/f), ''dobrả'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''dobrẻo''  ||''dobrỷ'' || ''dobrẻo'' || ''dobrỷch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''dobrẻm''  ||''dobrỷ''||''dobrẻm'' ||''dobrỷm''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''dobrẻm''  ||''dobrỷ''||''dobrẻm'' ||''dobrỷch''
|}
Soft stems:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''ostateṅ'' 'remaining'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Predicative'''
|colspan=4|''ostateṅ''
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ostatnỉ'' || ''ostatniả'' || ''ostatniê'' || ''ostatniê'' (m/f), ''ostatniả'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''ostatnỉo''  ||''ostatnỉ'' || ''ostatnỉo'' || ''ostatnỉch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''ostatnỉm''  ||''ostatnỉ''||''ostatnỉm'' ||''ostatnỉm''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''ostatnỉm''  ||''ostatnỉ''||''ostatnỉm'' ||''ostatnỉch''
|}
====Possessive adjectives====
In colloquial language, only nouns denoting family members have possessive adjective forms.
''ởteth'' 'father' > ''ởthow, -owa, -owo'' 'father's'
''matca'' 'mother' > ''matċin, -ina, -ino''
For example: ''ởthow lewr'' /œ:θoʊ lɛʊr/ 'father's book'
In formal language, inherited possessive adjectives are used to denote concepts named after people (like German ''-sche''); e.g. ''zcusitelnơst Bayesowa'' 'Bayesian probability'; ''funcċia Wesselowa'' 'Bessel function'.
===Verbs (''Verba'')===
Verbs retain the Proto-Slavic aspectual distinction. There are a number of analytic tenses like in English and modern Celtic languages, but often only one of the two aspects allow the constructions.
The conditional form is a bit unusual from the perspective of our Slavic; it continues the PS 1sg ''-xŭ'' and 1pl ''-xomŭ'' imperfective and aorist form, analogized to other persons and numbers. It corresponds to the L-participle + ''by'' construction in Russian, Polish, etc.. There is no distinction between present and past conditional, unlike in English; the Albionian conditional makes an aspect distinction rather than a tense one.
*present habitual: imperfective
*present progressive: imperfective
*present perfect: perfective
*past imperfect: imperfective
*past progressive: imperfective
*preterite: perfective
*future imperfective: imperfective (formed with a (fused) auxiliary)
*future perfective: perfective (formed like present)
*conditional can be either
3pl forms of verbs are only used with the plural pronoun ''ṡi'' (''...nt wṡi'' 'they all...'). Plural nouns and demonstratives take the 3sg form.
Special emphatic forms exist in the first person in formal language: ''senseṡ'' 'it's me'.
====Negation====
Verbs are negated using the circumfix ''ne VERB als'' (etym. ''*ne ... wals'' 'not a hair of'), or colloquially, often just with ''VERB als''. (''als'' is pronounced /aws/) ''Als'' precedes the absolutive argument of a negated verb, as well as any absolutive argument of any lexical verb, UNLESS it is a subject personal pronoun for an intransitive verb (''Chơdils ty als tam nicdy?'' = 'Have you never been there?').
*For intranstive verbs, especially ones that denote motion or a change of state, ''als'' precedes the subject (cf. German verbs that use the auxiliary ''sein'').
*Otherwise, ''als'' precedes the direct object (cf. German verbs that use the auxiliary ''haben'').
A noun preceded by ''als'' is required to be in the genitive: ''Cdoġ sparuê eaðen'''iê''' myns'''o'''? Ne sparuêns als eaðen'''ia''' myns'''a'''.'' [kʰtoʃ 'spaɾœ 'jɛðɪnʲiə 'mɨnsʊ || nɪ 'spaɾœns əws 'jɛðɪnʲə 'mɨnsə] (also ''eaðeniê mynsa'' in more informal contexts) = 'Who condones eating meat? I don't condone eating meat.'
In the following tables, grayed-out forms are used in formal or literary language.
====-aṫ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''dealaṫ, zdealaṫ'' 'to do''''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''dealảns'' || ''dealảṡ ty'' || ''dealả'' || ''dealảm my'' || ''dealảt wy'' || ''dealản ṡi'' || ''dealả-sê''
|-
! present prog.
| ''sens dealảnth'' || ''sty dealảnth'' || ''les ton dealảnth'' || ''smy dealảnth'' || ''swy dealảnth'' || ''len ṡi dealảnth'' || ''dealảmo''
|-
! past
| ''dealalns, dealalans'' || ''dealal(a) sty'' || ''dealal on, ona; dealal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''dealali smy'' || ''dealali swy'' || ''dealali ṡi'' || ''dealalo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''dealachas'' || ''dealach ty'' || ''dealach'' || ''dealachum my'' || ''dealach wy, dealachet wy, {{gray|dealast wy}}'' || ''dealach ṡi, {{gray|dealaṡin ṡi}}'' || ''dealach-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''dealei!'' || ''-'' || ''dealeim!'' || ''dealeite!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|dealảnthỷ}}''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''dealanỷ''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''dealơniê''
|}
====-eaṫ, -iêṫ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''wideaṫ, uwideaṫ'' 'to see''''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl || impersonal
|-
! present
| ''wiðuns'' || ''widiêṡ ty'' || ''widiê'' || ''widiêm my'' || ''widiêt wy'' || ''wiðôn ṡi'' || ''widiê-sê''
|-
! present prog.
| ''sens wiðônth'' || ''sty wiðônth'' || ''les ton wiðônth'' || ''smy wiðônth'' || ''swy wiðônth'' || ''len ṡi wiðônth'' || ''wiðemo''
|-
! past
| ''widealns, widealans'' || ''wideal(a) sty'' || ''wideal on(a/o); wideal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''wideali smy'' || ''wideali swy'' || ''wideali ṡi'' || ''widealo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''wideachas'' || ''wideach ty'' || ''wideach'' || ''wideachum my'' || ''wideach wy, wideachet wy, {{gray|wideast wy}}'' || ''wideach ṡi, {{gray|wideaṡin ṡi}}'' || ''wideach-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''wið!'' || ''-'' || ''wiðem!'' || ''wiðete!'' || ''-'' ||
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|wiðônthỷ}}''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''wiðenỷ''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''wiðeniê''
|}
====-iṫ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''nosiṫ'' 'to carry by foot (multidirectional); to wear; counterpart of ''nesṫ''' '''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''noṡins'' || ''nosỉṡ ty'' || ''nosỉ'' || ''nosỉm my'' || ''nosỉt wy'' || ''noṡên ṡi'' || ''nosỉ-sê''
|-
! present prog.
| ''sens noṡênth'' || ''sty noṡênth'' || ''les ton noṡênth'' || ''smy noṡênth'' || ''swy noṡênth'' || ''len ṡi noṡênth'' || ''noṡimo''
|-
! past
| ''nosilns, nosilans'' || ''nosil(a) sty'' || ''nosil on(a/o); nosil(a/o) NOUN'' || ''nosili smy'' || ''nosili swy'' || ''nosili ṡi'' || ''nosilo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''nosichas'' || ''nosich ty'' || ''nosich'' || ''nosichum my'' || ''nosich wy, nosichet wy, {{gray|nosist wy}}'' || ''nosi ṡi, {{gray|nosiṡin ṡi}}'' || ''nosich-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''nos!'' || ''-'' || ''nosem!'' || ''noste!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|noṡênthỷ}}''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''noṡenỷ''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''noṡeniê''
|}
Changes in 1sg and 3pl present-system, participle and verbnoun forms: m p b n d t z s st > mj pj bj ṅ ð th ġ ṡ sċ
*''lơmiṫ'' "to break, to split (impf)" > ''lơmins, lơmieniê''
*''tơpiṫ'' "to heat (impf)" > ''tơpins, tơpieniê''
*''slabiṫ'' "to weaken (impf)" > ''slabins, slabieniê''
*''platiṫ'' "to pay (impf)" > ''plathins, platheniê''
*''rơdiṫ-sê'' "to be born (pf)" > ''rơðins-sê, rơðeniê''
*''zmeaniṫ'' "to change (pf)" > ''zmeanins, zmeanieniê''
*''rozcaziṫ'' "to decompose (pf)" > ''rozcaġins, rozcaġeniê''
*''zcusiṫ'' "to try (pf)" > ''zcuṡins, zcuṡeniê''
*''odpustiṫ'' "to forgive (pf)" > ''odpusċins, odpusċeniê''
====-owaṫ, -nơnṫ====
The -owaṫ (the ending -owaṫ is pronounced /-oʊc/) verbs are from PSlav -ovati verbs, the perfective counterpart is -nơnṫ from -nǫti.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''beseadowaṫ'' 'gather (imperfective)' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''beseaduêns'' || ''beseaduêṡ ty'' || ''beseaduê'' || ''beseaduêm my'' || ''beseaduêt wy'' || ''beseaduên ṡi'' || ''beseaduê-sê''
|-
! present prog.
| ''sens beseaduênth'' || ''sty beseaduênth'' || ''les ton beseaduênth'' || ''smy beseaduênth'' || ''swy beseaduênth'' || ''len ṡi beseaduênth'' || ''beseaduêmo''
|-
! past
| ''beseadowalns, beseadowalans'' || ''beseadowal(a) sty'' || ''beseadowal on(a/o); beseadowal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''beseadowali smy'' || ''beseadowali swy'' || ''beseadowali ṡi'' || ''beseadowalo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''beseadochas'' || ''beseadoch ty'' || ''beseadoch'' || ''beseadochum my'' || ''beseadoch wy, beseadochet wy, {{gray|beseadost wy}}'' || ''beseadoch ṡi, {{gray|beseadoṡin ṡi}}'' || ''beseadoch-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''beseadui!'' || ''-'' || ''beseaduim!'' || ''beseaduite!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|beseaduênthỷ}}''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''beseadowanỷ''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''beseadowaniê''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''beseadnơnṫ'' 'gather (perfective)' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! future perfective
| ''beseadnuns'' || ''beseadneṡ ty'' || ''beseadne'' || ''beseadnem my'' || ''beseadnet wy'' || ''beseadnôn ṡi'' || ''beseadne-sê''
|-
! present perf.
| ''sens beseadnunṡi'' || ''sty beseadnunṡi'' || ''les ton beseadnunṡi'' || ''smy beseadnunṡi'' || ''swy beseadnunṡi'' || ''len ṡi beseadnunṡi'' || ''beseadnunto''
|-
! preterite
| ''beseadnôlns, beseadnôlans'' || ''beseadnôl(a) sty'' || ''beseadnôl on(a/o), beseadnôl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''beseadnôli smy'' || ''beseadnôli swy'' || ''beseadnôli ṡi '' || ''beseadnôlo-sê''
|-
! preterite
| ''beseadnuchas'' || ''beseadnuch ty'' || ''beseadnuch'' || ''beseadnuchum my'' || ''beseadnuch wy, beseadnuchet wy, {{gray|beseadnust wy}}'' || ''beseadnuch ṡi, {{gray|beseadnôṡin ṡi}}'' || ''beseadnuch-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''beseadni!'' || ''-'' || ''beseadnim!'' || ''beseadnite!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''beseadnuntỷ''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''beseadnuntiê''
|}
===Irregular verbs===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''prỉnṫ'' 'to get, to obtain (perf. of ''prỉmaṫ'')' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''prỉmuns'' || ''prỉmeṡ ty'' || ''prỉme'' || ''prỉmem my'' || ''prỉmet wy'' || ''prỉmôn'' || ''prỉme-sê''
|-
! present perf.
| ''sens prỉnṡi'' || ''sty prỉnṡi'' || ''les ton prỉnṡi'' || ''smy prỉnṡi'' || ''swy prỉnṡi'' || ''len ṡi prỉnṡi'' || ''prỉnto''
|-
! past
| ''prijal sens, prijalans'' (pronounced ''prỉl sens'') || ''prijal(a) sty'' || ''prijal on(a/o); prijal(a/o) NOUN'' || ''prijali smy'' || ''prijali swy'' || ''prijali ṡi'' || ''prijalo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''prijachas'' || ''prijach ty'' || ''prijach'' || ''prijachum my'' || ''prijach wy, prijachet wy, {{gray|prijast wy}}'' || ''prijach ṡi, {{gray|prijaṡin ṡi}}'' || ''prijach-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''prỉmi!'' || ''-'' || ''prỉmeam!'' || ''prỉmeate!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! past active participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|prỉnṡi}}''
|-
! past passive participle
|colspan="7"| ''prỉnt''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''prỉntiê''
|}
====-ṫ====
''dẻrt'' 'to tear'
present: ''druns, dreṡ ty, dre, drem my, dret wy, drôn''
past: ''derl''
conditional analytic: ''deroch''
past participle: ''derto''
verbnoun: ''dertiê''
d/t-stems go like this:
''ċỉst, preċỉst'' 'to read' (from a combination of *ċisti and *ċitati):
present: ''ċituns, ċiteṡ ty, ċite ton, ċitem my, ċitet wy, ċitôn''
past: ''ċitl''
conditional analytic: ''ċitoch''
past participle: ''ċiteno''
verbnoun: ''ċiteniê''
''nẻst'' 'to carry (unidirectional)':
present: nesuns, neseṡ ty, nese ton, nesem my, neset wy, nesôn ṡi
past: ''nesl(a/o/i)''
conditional analytic: ''nesoch''
past participle: ''neseno''
verbnoun: ''neseniê''
imperative: ''nes! nesem! nesete!''
''iêsṫ, sêsṫ'' 'to eat' is irregular:
present: ''iêns, eaṡ ty, ea ton, eam my, eat wy, eaðôn''
past: ''eadl(a/o/i)''
conditional analytic: ''eadeach''
past participle: ''eaðeno''
verbnoun: ''eaðeniê''
====-th====
bẻrth, lẻth, mởth, biêth, riêth, liênth, pẻth, pônth, tẻth, tiênth, stẻrth, stỉth, strỉth, tẻlth, wẻlth, wẻrth, wyrth, ġẻth
From PS *-ťi verbs. Two subtypes: the *gti verbs and the *kti verbs.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bẻrth'' 'to care for (imperfect)' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''berguns'' || ''berġeṡ ty'' || ''berġe'' || ''berġem my'' || ''berġet wy'' || ''bergôn ṡi'' || ''berġe-sê''
|-
! present prog.
| ''sens bergônth'' || ''sty bergônth'' || ''les ton bergônth'' || ''smy bergônth'' || ''swy bergônth'' || ''len ṡi bergônth'' || ''berġemo''
|-
! past
| ''bergl sens, berglans'' || ''bergl(a) sty'' || ''bergl on(a/o), bergl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''bergli smy'' || ''bergli swy'' || ''bergli ṡi'' || ''berglo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''bergochas'' || ''bergoch ty'' || ''bergoch on(a/o)'' || ''bergochum my'' || ''bergoch wy, bergochet wy, {{gray|bergost wy}}'' || ''bergoch ṡi, {{gray|bergoṡin ṡi}}'' || ''bergoch-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''berð!'' || ''-'' || ''berðem!'' || ''berðete!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''bergônthỷ''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''berġenỷ''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''berġeniê''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''riêth'' 'say (perfective)' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! future perfective
| ''reacuns'' || ''reaċeṡ ty'' || ''reaċe'' || ''reaċem my'' || ''reaċet wy'' || ''reacôn ṡi'' || ''reaċe-sê''
|-
! present perf.
| ''sens reacṡi'' || ''sty reacṡi'' || ''les ton reacṡi'' || ''smy reacṡi'' || ''swy reacṡi'' || ''len ṡi reacṡi'' || ''reaċeno''
|-
! past
| ''reacl sens, reaclans'' || ''reacl(a) sty'' || ''reacl on(a/o), reacl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''reacli smy'' || ''reacli swy'' || ''reacli ṡi'' || ''reaclo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''reacochas'' || ''reacoch ty'' || ''reacoch'' || ''reacochum my'' || ''reacoch wy, reacochet wy, {{gray|reacost wy}}'' || ''reacoch ṡi, {{gray|reacoṡin ṡi}}'' || ''reacoch-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''reath!'' || ''-'' || ''reathem!'' || ''reathete!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! past participle
|colspan="7"| ''reaċenỷ''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''reaċeniê''
|}
====''bỷṫ'' 'to be'====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bỷṫ'' 'to be' ''
! tense || 1sg || 2sg fam. || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl ||impersonal
|-
! present
| ''sens'' || ''sty'' || ''les on, os on, los on (colloq.) ġes on (relative), ċis on (interrogative)'' || ''smy'' || ''swy'' || ''len ṡi, ỏn ṡi, lỏn ṡi (colloq.) ġen ṡi (relative), ċin ṡi (interrogative), {{gray|lesun ṡi}}, {{gray|osun ṡi}}, {{gray|ġesun ṡi}}, {{gray|ċisun ṡi}}'' || ''les-sê''
|-
! habitual
| ''bỷwảns'' || ''bỷwảṡ ty'' || ''bỷwả'' || ''bỷwảm my'' || ''bỷwảt wy'' || ''bỷwản ṡi'' || ''bỷwả-sê''
|-
! past
| ''byl sens, bylans'' || ''byl(a) sty'' || ''byl on(a/o); byl(a/o) NOUN'' || ''byli smy'' || ''byli swy'' || ''byli ṡi'' || ''bylo-sê''
|-
! conditional
| ''bychas'' || ''bych ty, byṡ ty'' || ''bych, by'' || ''bychum my'' || ''bych wy, bychet wy, {{gray|byst wy}}'' || ''bych ṡi, by ṡi, {{gray|byṡin ṡi}}'' || ''bych-sê''
|-
! future
| ''bunduns'' || ''bundeṡ ty'' || ''bunde'' || ''bundem my'' || ''bundet wy'' || ''bundôn ṡi'' || ''bunde-sê''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bônḋ!'' || ''-'' || ''bôndiem!'' || ''bônḋte!'' || ''-'' ||''-''
|-
!colspan="8"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="7"| ''{{gray|sônthỷ}}''
|-
! verbnoun
|colspan="7"| ''bytiê''
|}
====Verbs of motion====
*to go by foot: ỉsṫ (uni); chơdiṫ (multi)
*to go by vehicle: eachaṫ (uni); eazdiṫ (multi)
*to carry (by foot): nẻsṫ (uni); nơsiṫ (multi)
*to carry (by vehicle): wẻzṫ (uni); wơziṫ (multi)
*to run: biêth (uni); biêgaṫ (multi)
*to swim: plauṫ (uni); plewaṫ (multi)
*to fly: leateaṫ (uni); liêtaṫ (multi)
*to lead: wẻsṫ (uni); wơdiṫ (multi)
*to climb: liêzṫ (uni); laziṫ (multi)
*to chase: gnaṫ (uni); ganiaṫ (multi)
===Pronouns (''Pronỏmina'')===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (Albion; familiar) || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. (familiar; also sg. in America) || rowspan="2" | 3pl. || rowspan="2" | refl.
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom. (emphatic)
| ''aseṡ, -seṡ'' || ''tyṡ'' || ''(t)onṡ'' || ''(t)onaṡ'' || ''(t)onoṡ (an.), toṡ (inan.)'' || ''myṡ'' || ''wyṡ'' || ''ṡiṡ'' || ''-''
|-
! acc.
| ''miê, mnie, -mnie (prep)'' || ''tiê, tebe, -twe (prep)'' || ''jei, -niei (prep.)'' || ''ji, -ni (prep.)'' || ''to'' || ''nảs'' || ''wảs'' || ''je, -nie (prep.)'' || ''sê, -sê (prep)''
|-
! gen.
| ''men, -mnie (prep)'' || ''teb, -twe (prep)'' || ''jeo, -nieo (prep.)'' || ''jỉ, -nỉ (prep.)''  || ''teo'' || ''nảs'' || ''wảs'' || ''jich, -nich (prep.)'' || ''seb, -sê (prep)''
|-
! dat.
| ''mi, mnau, -mnau (prep)'' || ''ti, tau, -tau (prep)'' || ''jem, mu, -niem (prep.)'' || ''jỉ, -nỉ (prep.)'' || ''tom'' || ''nảm'' || ''wảm'' || ''jim, -nim (prep.)'' || ''si, sau, -sau (prep)''
|-
! loc.
| ''-mnie'' || ''-twe'' || ''-niem'' || ''-nỉ'' || ''-tom'' || ''-nảs'' || ''-wảs'' || ''-nich (prep.)'' || ''-sê''
|-
! poss.
| ''môi'' || ''tôi'' || ''jeo'' || ''jỉ'' || ''teo'' || ''nảṡ'' || ''wảṡ'' || ''jich'' || ''sôi; walsnỷ''
|}
The nominative forms ''ton'' etc. are used after verb forms ending in a vowel. Otherwise ''on'' etc. are used.
The form ''ṡi'' is from ''*vьśi'' 'all'.
The form ''waṡca'' (pl. ''waṡcy''; treated as a feminine noun, because it comes from ''waṡa lảsca'' 'your grace') are the standard polite forms in Albion. American Albionian uses ''wy'' for singular and plural familiar, ''wảsca'' for both singular and plural of neutral familiarity in the Americas, and ''tet pan, ta pani'' (pl. ''ty panowea, ty pani'') are very polite.
====Possessive pronouns====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''môi'' 'my'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''môi'' || ''mả'' || ''mẻ'' || ''mê'' (m/f), ''mả'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''mẻo''  ||''mỷ'' || ''mẻo'' || ''mỷch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''mẻm''  ||''mỷ''||''mẻm'' ||''mỷm''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''mẻm''  ||''mỷ''||''mẻm'' ||''mỷch''
|}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''tôi'' 'thy'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''tôi'' || ''twả'' || ''twẻ'' || ''twê'' (m/f), ''twả'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''twẻo''  ||''twỷ'' || ''twẻo'' || ''twỷch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''twẻm''  ||''twỷ''||''twẻm'' ||''twỷm''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''twẻm''  ||''twỷ''||''twẻm'' ||''twỷch''
|}
''sôi'' is similar to ''tôi'' but with ''s-'' where ''tw-'' is used.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''nảṡ'' 'our'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''nảṡ'' || ''naṡa'' || ''naṡe'' || ''naṡi'' (m/f), ''naṡe'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''naṡeo''  ||''naṡỉ'' || ''naṡeo'' || ''naṡich''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''naṡem''  ||''naṡỉ''||''naṡem'' ||''naṡim''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''naṡem''  ||''naṡỉ''||''naṡem'' ||''naṡich''
|}
''wảṡ'' is similar.
====Uses of ''sảm''====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Declension of ''sảm''
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''sảm'' || ''sama'' || ''samo'' || ''samy (m/f); sama (n)''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''samẻo''  ||''samỷ'' || ''samẻo'' || ''samỷch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''samẻm''  ||''samỷ''||''samẻm'' ||''samỷm''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''samẻm''  ||''samỷ''||''samẻm'' ||''samỷch''
|}
''tet sảm'' is a 3rd person pronoun in formal or literary language. They work like the German anaphoric use of ''dieser'' and are usually used to refer to the latest noun that has been used.
When ''sảm'' is used in ''X sảm'' (where ''sảm'' agrees with the gender and number of X), it is an intensifier, meaniing "X himself/herself" or "the very X". Similarly, ''sê sảm'' (where ''sảm'' agrees with the subject) is an emphasized reflexive pronoun.
====Demonstratives====
Modern Albionian has no words for 'this' or 'that', instead the words ''tu'' 'here' and ''tam'' 'there' are used for deictic purposes: ''to tu'' is used for 'this (thing)' and ''to NOUN tu'' is used for 'this NOUN'. The formal language has the anaphoric demonstrative ''tezde, tazde, tozde''.
*person: cto, tet/ta (NOUN) tu, tet/ta (NOUN) tam, nict, neacto, wṡect/caġdỷ
*thing: tho, to (NOUN) tu, to (NOUN) tam, nith, nietho, wṡeth
*modifier: acỷ/cterỷ, tacỷ ... tu, tacỷ ... tam, ġảden (with negative; ''aden'' with negative in flowery language), neajacỷ, wṡes(e)c/caġdỷ
*when: cdy, nyn, tom, nicdy, neacdy, wṡewynth
*where: cde, tu/tundy/tunde, tam, nicde, neacde, wṡecde
*whither: cam, seam, tam, nicam, neacam, wṡecam
*whence: ''od'' + "where"-words
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''wṡestec'' 'all'
|-
!
!m. sg.
!f. sg.
!n. sg.
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''wṡestec'' || ''wṡesca'' || ''wṡesco'' || ''wṡescy'' (m/f), ''wṡesca'' (n)
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''wṡeo''  ||''wṡỉ'' || ''wṡeo'' || ''wṡech''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''wṡem''  ||''wṡỉ''||''wṡem'' ||''wṡem''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''wṡem''  ||''wṡỉ''||''wṡem'' ||''wṡech''
|}
''acỷ'' 'what kind of, what (used to ask what X, given that it's an X)'  ''tacỷ'' 'such, like that', ''cterỷ'' 'which (which item in a predetermined set of options)' decline as ordinary adjectives. The relativizer ''tacỷġ'' declines as ''tacỷ'' + ''ġ''. Wehn the relative clause has a copula, the relativizer combines with the copula to form ''tacỷġes'' etc.
===Numerals (''Numerảlia'')===
(colloquially those are just called ''ċỉsla'' 'numbers')
0. nula; nultỷ
1. aden /'adɪn/; pyrwỷ '1st'
2. dwa /twa/; drugỷ '2nd'
3. tri /tʰrɪ/; tretỉ '3rd'
4. ċiri /'tʃʰɪrɪ/; ċcwyrtỷ
5. piênt /pʰiənt/; piêntỷ
6. ṡest /ʃɛst/; ṡestỷ
7. sedum /'sɛdʏm/; sedmỷ
8. ơsum /'œsʏm/; ơsmỷ
9. dewynt /'tɛβɨnt/; dewyntỷ
10. desynt /'tɛsɨnt/; desyntỷ
11.. 19: adnảst, dwanảst, trinảst, ċirnảst, piêntnảst, ṡestnảst, sednảst, ơsnảst, dewyntnảst /'adnɔ:st, 'twanɔ:st, .../; adnảstỷ, dwanảstỷ, ...
20: dwadesti /'twadɨstɪ/; dwadestỷ
21... 29: dwadesti aden, ..., dwadesti dewynt
30, 40, ... 90: tridesta, ċirdesta, piêndesynt, ṡesdesynt, sedumdesynt, ơsumdesynt, dewyndesynt /'tʰrɪdɨstə, .../; tridestỷ, ..., piêndesyntỷ, ...
100: sto /'stɔ/; stotỷ
200: dwestie
300, ..., 900: trista, ċirista, piêntset, ṡestset, sedumset, ơsumset, dewyntset
1000: tysênth /tʰɨsiənθ/
Small numerals decline as follows:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''aden'' '1'
|-
!
!m.
!f.
!n.
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''aden'' || ''adna'' || ''adno''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''adnẻo''  ||''adnỷ'' || ''adnẻo''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''adnẻm''  ||''adnỷ''||''adnẻm''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''adnẻm''  ||''adnỷ''||''adnẻm''
|}
{{col-break}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''dwa'' '2'
|-
!
!m.
!f.
!n.
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''dwa'' || ''dwe'' || ''dwe''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''dwei''  ||''dwei'' || ''dwei''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''dweam''  ||''dweam''||''dweam''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''dwei''  ||''dwei''||''dwei''
|}
''oba'' 'both' declines the same way:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''oba'' 'both'
|-
!
!m.
!f.
!n.
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''oba'' || ''obie'' || ''obie''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''obei''  ||''obei'' || ''obei''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''obeam''  ||''obeam''||''obeam''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''obei''  ||''obei''||''obei''
|}
{{col-break}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+''tri'' '3' and ''ċiri'' '4'
|-
!
!''tri'' '3'
!''ċeiri'' '4'
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''tri'' ||''ċiri''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''trỉ'' || ''ċirỉ''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''trim''  ||''ċirum''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''trich''  ||''ċirach''
|}
{{col-end}}
Nouns following numbers five and above require the genitive case, in contexts that require the nominative case.
===Conjunctions (''Conjuncċii'')===
*''y(l), a(l)'' = 'and'
**Though ''y'' and ''a'' had different meanings up to EMAlb, the choice between ''y'' and ''a'' is purely phonetically determined in the modern language. a(l) is used after /i: ɪ ɨ/, y(l) otherwise. The -l (from *li) is used iff a vowel follows.
*''ċi, libo, alibo'' = 'or'
**''alib'' = (literary) 'or'
*''ale'' = 'but'
*''aċcoi tac'' = 'however'
*''estli'' = 'because'
*''zaċ'' 'why?'
*''nebo(ṡ)'' = 'because'; can't be used at the beginning of the sentence
*''reaċỉ ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''dôwodem, ġe'' = (''formal'') 'because'
*''zato(ġ)'' 'that's why'
*''abo(wiêṡ), bowiêṡ, nebowiêṡ'' = (''literary'') 'for'
*''aġ'' 'so that'
*''achġ'' (''literary'') 'in order that'
*''cdyġ'' 'when'
*''bônḋ... ċi...'' = 'either... or'
*''ne telco... ale pac...'' = 'not only... but also...'
*''neġ'' = 'than'
*''choṫ, chotiaġ'' = 'although'
**''aċcoi'' is more formal.
*''ċil, ċili'' = question particle
===Derivation===
*''-scy'' deletes a preceding *k (from a *θs~*ts > *s rule)
**''mỏd locriscy'' = Locrian mode
*''-en'' umlauts preceding ''o ả'' to ''ơ ở'' (in native words)
==Syntax==
Strict VSO; other aspects of syntax more SAE
===Left-conjunct agreement===
==="There is" and "to have"===
In the past tense, the verb ''bylo'' agrees with the gender of the (first) subject in affirmatives but defaults to masculine singular when negated:
*''Byl'''a''' ġen'''a''' y piênt deatỉ unie.'' = He had a wife and five children.
*''Ne byl als teo lewra semnau.'' = I didn't have the book with me.
===To like===
''Lib X.DAT Y'' = X likes Y
e.g. ''Lib mi led vanillowỷ.'' I like vanilla ice cream.
''Nêst lib mi...'' = I don't like...
'To hate' simply uses the regular verb ''nenởwideaṫ'' in formal language. In informal language the ''gnus mi'' construction is used.
===Relative clauses===
To form a relative clause, usually the relativizer ''cde'' (indeclinable) is used after the noun phrase. Formal or literary writing may use the relativizer ''tacỷġ'', which declines but is ''not'' a true relative pronoun; it agrees with the case of the head in the matrix clause (cf. Arabic ''allaðī''). ''Jeġ'' is only used archaically. In both cases, a resumptive pronoun is used when the head is not a subject or a direct object in the relative clause:
:'''''Byla ơwtha tacảġ ne byl unỉ als wolny'''''
:be.PST-3SG.F sheep-NOM.SG, REL.NOM.SG.F NEG be.PST.3SG.M by-(RES)3SG.F.GEN NEG wool-GEN.SG
:''There was a sheep which had no wool''
==Vocabulary==
===Celtic loans===
For Germanic words in our Slavic, Albionian uses Celtic or Latin words instead:
*''tet briêntin'' (PCeltic *brigant-) = king
*''tet tơwsảc, ta tơwsảċca'' (*tovĭsakŭ, from PCeltic *towissākos) = prince (all senses)
*''tet dryw'' = wren
===Latin loans===
(mainly religious and official words)
*''tet lewr'' (from Latin ''liber'') = book
*''wendỉthiṫ, po-'' (from Latin benedico, via Brythonic) = to bless
**has doublet ''mnithowaṫ, po-'' = to thank
*''zamechtỉthen'' (from ''maledico'' via Welsh ''melltithio'') = (''attributive only'') goddamn, bloody
**''zachtỉthen'' is more vulgar.
===Proto-English loans===
*''to melco'' = Borrowing from Proto-English?
===Internationalisms===
In Latin loans, vowel lengths are determined by the position of stress; long vowels are used where the Latin has a long vowel in the antepenultimate or the penultimate. In Greek loans, the original Greek length is used to determine the length of every vowel. e.g. ''misogynen'' (BrAlb. /ˈmɪsʊwɪnɪn/ AmAlb /mɪˈsɔwɪnɪn/) 'misogynistic' from μισογύνης.
*''-iscy'' '-ic, -ical' (BrAlb ''sẻmantiscy''/AmAlb ''semantiscy'' 'semantic')
*''-ởlen'' '-al' (''mủsicởlen'' 'musical', ''mentởlen'' 'awesome, amazing')
*''-ởren'' '-ar, -ary' (''militởren'' 'military')
*''-en'' '(when the source word does not have a suffix)' (''homogenen'' 'homogeneous', ''intimen'' 'intimate')
*''-ởsen'' '-ous' (''nervởsen'' 'nervous')
*''-ỉven'' '-ive' (''alternatỉven'' 'alternative')
*''-ċia'' '-tion'
*''-ċijen'' '-tional, -tionary' (''authorita'' BrAlb /ˈœjθɔɾɪtʰə/ AmAlb /œʏˈθɔɾɪtə/ 'authority', ''authoritởren'' BrAlb /ˈœjθɔɾɪtœɾən/ AmAlb /œʏθɔɾɪˈtœɾən/ 'authoritarian')
*''-ita'' '-ity', ''-itảren'' '-itarian'
*''-se'' '-sis' (''synthese'' 'synthesis')
*''-tủra'' (''literatủra'' 'literature')
==Phrasebook==
*''Zdarw'' (informal), ''Zdarwte'' (formal) = Hello
*''Tho ġes ta weath?'' = What's up? (lit. What's the thing?)
*''Mnithi'' = Thank you
**''Mnithi stocảrt'' = Thank you so much (lit. thank you a hundred times)
==Sample texts==
===Schleicher===
'''Ta ơwtha y ty cơnia'''
''Byla ơwtha tacảġ ne byl unỉ als wolny, yl uwideal ona tri cơnia: aden tyngảnth wôz tiêġcỷ, aden nesônth noṡe welcả, yl aden nesônth ċelweac borzo. Reacla ta ơwtha team cơnim: "Bolỉ mẻ syrthe cdyġ wiðuns ċelweac na eazdienỉ na cơnia." Odpoweadeali ty cơnia: "Sluchei, ơwtho! Bolỉ naṡe syrthe cdyġ widiêm my to: bere ċelweac, tet gospodin, ta wolna tỷ ơwthy a dealả ton oðeda teplả yznỉ. Y nêst als wolny u tỷ ơwthy." Uslyṡṡi to, nabeagla ta ơwtha do teo pola.''
===UDHR===
''Rơdỉ-sê wṡescy lidea wơlnê y sobie arwnê wu sỷ dôstơinơsti a sỷch prảwach. Lesun ṡi nadảrenê se arzumu y prawoznởnỉ, tedy les dolg nanim ċiniṫ aden wuzglyndem teo drugẻo wu duchu teo bratrstwa.''
===Heart Sutra===
'''Sủtra syrtha'''
''Le toto-ġ slyṡel sens. Byl raz tet Wuzneslỷ, na raze se mnogỷm neiwyġṡỉm bòŧisaddwum y mnichum, na wyrchu tỷ gory Ǥrŧragùda, wu blỉġe measta Ràđġraǥrha. Sedeal tet Wuzneslỷ stảrnô, podniren wu ''samàŧi''; y tet Awalògidèṡwara ċtigơdnỷ rosyrthowal on nad tỷ ''Brađġṅàbàramidà'' glumbocỷ.''
[...]
''ÒM ǤADÈ ǤADÈ BARAǤADÈ BARASAṂǤADÈ ɃÒŦI SWÀHÀ''
Modern British Albionian: [tʰɔtʰʊʃ 'slɪʃɪɤ̃ˤʶsɪns | pɪɤ̃ʶ rəs tʰɪ 'ʍʊznɪsli: | 'nærəzɪ sɪ 'mnɔwi:m 'nɛjβɪʃʃi:m 'pɔwtʰisadwʏm ɪ 'mɲɪχʏm | nə 'bɪrəχʏ ti: 'kɔrɪ 'kɪɾɪdrəgu:də | bu 'pli:ʒɪ 'mjɛ:stə 'rɑ:dʒrəgɪrɪχə | 'sɛdʲɪɤ̃ʶ tʰɪh 'ʍʊznɪsli: 'stɑ:rənu: 'pʰɔdnʏrɪm bʊ 'sæmɑ:tʰɪ | ɪ tʰɪh 'æβəɫowgɪdɛ:ʃʍəɾə 'tʃtɪjʊdni: 'rɔsɪɾɪθʊwɤ̃lˤʶ ʊn bʊ ti: 'pɾædʒɲɑ:bɑ:ɾəmɪdɑ: 'kɫʊmbʊki:]
===From ''Máj'' (K. H. Mácha)===
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<poem>
'''Mai''' (literal translation)
Byl weċer pơðnỷ -- pyrwỷ maie -
Weċer maie -- byl ċas tỷ milơsti.
Zwala ta corċinca cu tỷ milơsti,
Cde zwảneal tet gai borowỷ.
Ṡeptal tet mech tichỷ o tỷ milơsti;
Logal tet strom cweatônthỷ tet ġeal milơsti,
Zpiêwal tet solwei sả milơst tỷ ruêġi,
Eawil wuzdech wơnnỷ tả tỷ ruêġi.
</poem>
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<poem>
'''Máj'''
Byl pozdní veċer – první máj –
večerní máj – byl lásky čas.
Hrdliččin zval ku lásce hlas,
kde borový zaváněl háj.
O lásce šeptal tichý mech;
květoucí strom lhal lásky žel,
svou lásku slavík růži pěl,
růžinu jevil vonný vzdech.
Jezero hladké v křovích stinných
zvučelo temně tajný bol,
břeh je objímal kol a kol;
a slunce jasná světů jiných
bloudila blankytnými pásky,
planoucí tam co slzy lásky.
</poem>
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<poem>
'''May''' (tr. James Naughton)
It was late eve - the first in May -
Eve in May - it was love’s hour.
The turtle-dove’s voice called to love,
Where the pine grove wafting lay.
Love whispered soft the quiet moss;
The blossoming tree lied love’s woe,
The nightingale sang love to the rose,
The rose’s shown by an odorous sigh.
Smooth the lake in shadow’d bushes
Darkly sounded secret pain,
The shore embraced it round and again;
And the bright suns of other worlds
Wandered through the azure zones,
Burning there like tears of love.
</poem>
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==Early Modern Albionian==
'''Early Modern Albionian''' is the language used in the Brỷntow Bible, the 1614 metrical psalter ''ty Psalmy Zpeawny Uċinienể'' ('the Psalms, Made Singable') and the poetry of poet Alexandr Galesescỷ (mainly known for his love poetry, which was often quite lewd). Today some syntactic constructions and endings from Early Modern Albionian still survive in poetic or flowery Albionian, but the register as a whole sounds markedly religious and is thus not used even in modern fantasy or historical fiction.
===Accent===
*Old acute (modern stød): ạ
*Neoacute: á
*Dipping-rising: ả (resulting from contraction of VjV)
*Grave or circumflex: à (long but not acute)
*Unaccented: a (resulting from stress shift to initial)
The first four were realized like the Vietnamese ''nạng'', ''sắc'', ''hỏi'' and ''huyền'' tones.
All of those diacritics (except the flat one for length) are obsolete today, except the old acute in dictionaries; neoacute, old acute dipping rising and grave all merged into length marked with the question-mark diacritic. Only old editions of religious and liturgical texts consistently use tone diacritics.
===Morphology===
*Instrumental case (''instrumentởl'')
*Pseudo-dual dative and instrumental endings in ''-ma'': ''walsnỷma dweama ơċima'' 'with one's own two eyes'
*Possessive adjectives in ''-ow'' or ''-in'' more widespread (''ty marchogowea Arthyrowy'' 'Arthur's knights', modern ''ty marchogowea Arthyra'')
*Infinitives in ''-ti'' or ''-thi'' (e.g. ''dealati'', ''riềthi'')
*Pro-drop when the subject is not 3rd person
*3sg, 2pl and 3pl present and future perfective forms in ''-t'', ''-te'' and ''-nt'' (e.g. ''dealảt, dealảte, dealảnt'', sometimes for more archaic effect ''dealaït, dealaïte, dealaïnt''); the 3pl form is always used with a plural subject. The ''-t'' and ''-nt'' affixes were artificially preserved in early liturgical use of the language, possibly out of conscious imitation of Latin; even as early as Bỉble Brỷntowscả they were out of use in daily speech.
*''ne'' used without ''als''.
*''est'' and ''sunt'' are used for 3sg and 3pl present of ''bỵṫ'' (The modern forms ''les/os'' and ''len/lesun/ỏn/osun'' are from ''gleḋ/ot est'' 'here is' and ''gleḋ/ot sunt''.)
*definite articles in genitive phrases: a genitive phrase of the form X DEF.GEN Y.GEN is implied to be definite (cf. Hebrew and Irish). On the other hand, Modern Albionian usually requires X to take the definite article as well.
*The use of ''-li'' on verbs for interrogatives: ''znạṡ-li?'' 'dost thou know? kennst du?' This still survives as a way to mark conditional clauses in modern formal language.
*''-mu'' is sometimes used instead of ''-m''  for dative singular masculine and neuter adjectives and pronouns: ''spiêweite jemu piêseṅ nowả'' 'sing unto him a new song'.
*Adjectives may come before nouns.
*Early Modern Albionian disallowed morphological "double negatives":
**ne... aden X instead of ne... wals ġảdnẻo X
**ne... weath  instead of ne... wals niċeo
**ne... ċelweac 'not a human' instead of ne... wals niceo
===Syntax===
Since Literary Albionian developed after the VSO word order was stabilized, EMAlb had a vast array of syntactic particles for changing the word order from the default VSO one. To change the word order like Greek, Latin and Hebrew could, one had to rely on particles to front parts of sentences to make them the topic or the focus; such particles and constructions are very common in the Brỷntow Bible, for example. In contrast, Modern Albionian tends to use a fixed VSO order and use intonation or the clitic ''-ṡ'' from ''wiêṡ'' 'you know'.
Early Modern Albionian had particles like "est ... -ġ" or ''-stiġ'' from the cleft construction for focus or ''-ti'' from the ethical dative usage of ''ti'' cribbed from Greek and Latin, "tycum + GEN" or "sam + NOUN" for topicalization. There were complicated combinations of those particles with other components of the sentence, creating new function words in the modern literary language. Emphasizing adjuncts and for objects/subjects might have demanded a different particle or construction.
===Sample texts (Brỷntow Bible)===
Modern Albionian translations are given for comparison.
TODO: Double-check accent
====Genesis 1:1-5====
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'''Brýntov Bible'''
1. Vum náčindle-š stvöril Bôg ta nebesa i ta zemé.
2. A ta zemé-š byla bezvidna i pusta, i tma nad tvőrí tý prepasti; i [bỵl] duch Boga vuznášênþ nad tvőrí téch vod.
3. I rékl Bôg, Bônď skvétlo, i bylo skvétlo.
4. I vidél Bôg to skvétlo, [i] že dobro [to]; i rozdélil Bôg meði to skvétlo y ta tma.
5. I nazval Bôg to skvétlo dnem, a ta tma-š nazval [ji] nöþí. I bỵl večer i bylo jitro, den pỵrvý.
{{col-break}}
'''Modern Albionian'''
1. Wum nảċindle, stwơril Bôg ta nebesa y ta zemea:
2. Byla ta zemea bezwidna y pảrðna, y cryla tmả ta prepast; byl tet duch Boga ruṡênth nad team wodum.
3. Y reacl Bôg, "Aġ by scweatlo!" Y bylo scweatlo.
4. Y wideal Bôg ġes to scweatlo dobro; yl oddealil Bôg to scweatlo y ta tmả.
5. Y nazwal Bôg to scweatlo "den", y ta tmảṡ nazwal on ji "nơth". Y byl weċer y bylo jitro — tet den pyrwỷ.
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====John 1:1-5====
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'''Brỷntow Bible'''
1. Wum nàċindle-ṡ bylo to Slowo, y to Slowo-ṡ bylo pri Bogu, y to Slowo-ṡ bylo Bộg.
2. To samo-ṡ bylo wum nàċindle pri Bogu.
3. Perzenie-ġ uċinieny sunt wṡescy weathi; y beznieo-ṡ ne uċiniena est adna weath jaġ uċiniena est.
4. Wuniem-ṡ bỵl ġiwot; a tet ġiwot-ṡ bỵl scweatlo teach lidỉ.
5. Y to scweatlo-ṡ scwiềtìt wu teach temnơstach, ale ta tmạ-ṡ ne poiala teo.
{{col-break}}
'''Modern Albionian'''
1. Wum nảċindle, byl tet Logos, y byl tet Logos pri Bogu, y byl tet Logos Bôg.
2. Byl on pri Bogu wum nảċindle.
3. Wuznicli wṡescy weathi perzeniei, y ne wuznicl als niċeo wu existenċii beznieo.
4. Byl ġiwot wuniem, a byl tet ġiwotṡ to scweatlo teach lidỉ.
5. Yl oscweatlỉ to scweatlo wu tei temnơsti, ale ne rozumeala ta temnơstṡ als teo.
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====John 3:16====
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'''Brýntov Bible'''
Nebovêš tak-ž miloval Bôg tet skvét, yž dal on sôj Syn adnoroðený, achž ktoškoj jež vérít vuň-š ne zagynuch, ale najdéch život véčný.
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'''Modern Albionian'''
Miloval Bôg tet skvét tauþéstau: dal on sôj Syn adiný, až ne zagynuch als žádnéo kde vérí vuňej, ale dostach on život véčný.
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[[Category:Slavic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
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