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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
|creator = Praimhín | |||
|image = | |image = | ||
|setting = Irta | |setting = Irta | ||
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*loss of grammatical gender | *loss of grammatical gender | ||
*loss of the passive binyanim | *loss of the passive binyanim | ||
*loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs | *loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs (where they form the w-form); erosion of the prefix paradigm (used for the past tense, like the Hebrew waw-consecutive preterite) to the point where subject pronouns are required | ||
*the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe | *the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe | ||
*the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs | *the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs | ||
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* Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic and gives a Welsh aesthetic to Greek loans | * Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic and gives a Welsh aesthetic to Greek loans | ||
* Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic | * Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic | ||
*Should be | * Should be spoken in our Turkey? | ||
*A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs | *A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs | ||
*Gzarot | *Gzarot | ||
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*Declensions | *Declensions | ||
*Lots of triconsonantified Greek words | *Lots of triconsonantified Greek words | ||
*A bit more | *A bit more Aramaic isoglosses / semantic shifts in a general Aramaic direction | ||
*Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes | *Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes | ||
*Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names? | *Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names? | ||
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Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables. | Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables. | ||
''a e ė i o ø u y'' /ɑ | ''a e ė i o ø u y'' /ɑ æ e i o ø u (ə)/ | ||
''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/ | ''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! indefinite | ! indefinite | ||
| '' | | ''frit'' || ''frij'''ėt''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''nėk | | ''nėk yktøvan'' | ||
| ''at/et | | ''at/et yktøvan'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi ktøvan'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan ktøvan'' | ||
| ''atøm | | ''atøm ktøvan'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm ktøvan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past; conditional | ! past; conditional | ||
| ''nėk | | ''nėk ymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''at/et | | ''at/et ymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi myðrasi'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan myðrasi'' | ||
| ''atøm | | ''atøm myðrasi'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm myðrasi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past progressive; past subjunctive | ! past progressive; past subjunctive | ||
| ''fiti | | ''fiti wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''fit | | ''fit wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''fė | | ''fė wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''finė | | ''finė wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''fitøm | | ''fitøm wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''fu | | ''fu wymyðrasi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''nėk | | ''nėk wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''at/et | | ''at/et wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''atøm | | ''atøm wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm wymyðrasi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present progressive | ! present progressive | ||
| ''nėk lu | | ''nėk lu wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''at/et lu | | ''at/et lu wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''hu/hi lu | | ''hu/hi lu wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''nan lu | | ''nan lu wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''atøm lu | | ''atøm lu wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''høm lu | | ''høm lu wymyðrasi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''nėk | | ''nėk ymyðrasan'' | ||
| ''at/et | | ''at/et ymyðrasan'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi myðrasan'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan myðrasan'' | ||
| ''atøm | | ''atøm myðrasun'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm myðrasun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| ''nėk bė | | ''nėk bė myðrasėt'' | ||
| ''at bė | | ''at bė myðrasėt'' | ||
| ''hu bė | | ''hu bė myðrasėt'' | ||
| ''nėbu | | ''nėbu myðrasėt'' | ||
| ''atøm bė | | ''atøm bė myðrasėt'' | ||
| ''høm bė | | ''høm bė myðrasėt'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! perfect | ! perfect | ||
| ''li | | ''li mømyðrasa'' | ||
| ''lax/lex | | ''lax/lex mømyðrasa'' | ||
| ''lau/la | | ''lau/la mømyðrasa'' | ||
| ''lanė | | ''lanė mømyðrasa'' | ||
| ''laxøm | | ''laxøm mømyðrasa'' | ||
| ''laum | | ''laum mømyðrasa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''myðrasi!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! active participle | ! active participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''mømyðrasė'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''myðrasa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! w-form | ! w-form | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''wymyðrasi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! infinitive | ! infinitive | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''myðrasėt'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===''kėl'' 'can'=== | ===''kėl'' 'can'=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''kėl'' 'can' | ||
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | ||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg | ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past; conditional | ! past; conditional | ||
| ''nėk | | ''nėk ikel'' | ||
| ''at/et | | ''at/et ikel'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi kel'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan kel'' | ||
| ''atøm | | ''atøm kel'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm kel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''nėk fit | | ''nėk fit wėkel'' | ||
| ''at fit | | ''at fit wėkel'' | ||
| ''hu fė | | ''hu fė wėkel'' | ||
| ''nan fu | | ''nan fu wėkel'' | ||
| ''atøm fu | | ''atøm fu wėkel'' | ||
| ''høm fu | | ''høm fu wėkel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''nėk | | ''nėk wėkel'' | ||
| ''at | | ''at wėkel'' | ||
| ''hu | | ''hu wėkel'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan wėkel'' | ||
| ''atøm | | ''atøm wėkel'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm wėkel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''nėk | | ''nėk ikelan'' | ||
| ''at/et | | ''at/et ikelan'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi kelan'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan kelan'' | ||
| ''atøm | | ''atøm kelan'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm kelan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| ''nėk bė | | ''nėk bė kėl'' | ||
| ''at bė | | ''at bė kėl'' | ||
| ''hu bė | | ''hu bė kėl'' | ||
| ''nan bė | | ''nan bė kėl'' | ||
| ''atøm bė | | ''atøm bė kėl'' | ||
| ''høm bė | | ''høm bė kėl'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! active participle | ! active participle | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=6| ''fuj | |colspan=6| ''fuj wėkel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! w-form | ! w-form | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''wėkel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! infinitive | ! infinitive | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''kėl'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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=== The auxiliary ''vė'' === | === The auxiliary ''vė'' === | ||
The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing') is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive). | The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing') is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive), like the German verb ''werden''. | ||
* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened) | * ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened) | ||
* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened | * ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened | ||
* ''Yn γalt lež | * ''Yn γalt lež vuj fytuh'' = The door has been opened | ||
* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened) | * ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened) | ||
** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''. | ** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''. | ||
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** ini, inak, inek, inau, ina, inė, inkøm, inaum | ** ini, inak, inek, inau, ina, inė, inkøm, inaum | ||
*''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)' | *''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)' | ||
*'' | *''vy'' (''v' '' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)' | ||
** | ** vi, vak, vek, vau, va, vanė, vakøm, vaum | ||
*''šyðe'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field') | *''šyðe'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field') | ||
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from' | *''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from' | ||
** ''meni, menak, menek, menau, mena, menė, mekøm, menaum'' | ** ''meni, menak, menek, menau, mena, menė, mekøm, menaum'' | ||
*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)' | *''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)' | ||
** ''3emi, | ** ''3emi, 3emak, 3emek, 3emau, 3ema, 3emnė, 3emkøm, 3emaum'' | ||
*''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm'' | *''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm'' | ||
** ''3lei, 3lėk, 3lėk, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėkøm, 3lėjøm'' | ** ''3lei, 3lėk, 3lėk, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėkøm, 3lėjøm'' | ||
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*''løv'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'') | *''løv'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'') | ||
**''Nėk wamen løv žinė'' - I believe in this | **''Nėk wamen løv žinė'' - I believe in this | ||
**''Hu | **''Hu tyhev løva'' - He fell in love with her | ||
*''ȝvar'' 'over' | *''ȝvar'' 'over' | ||
*''tat'' 'under' | *''tat'' 'under' | ||
*''aržo'' 'down' (from * | *''aržo'' 'down' (from *ʔarč̣-ah "earthward") | ||
*''ðarkyn'' 'along' | *''ðarkyn'' 'along' | ||
*''vlėš'' 'without' | *''vlėš'' 'without' | ||
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===Fractional=== | ===Fractional=== | ||
Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhðy'' is used for numerals ending in "1". | Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhðy'' is used for numerals ending in "1". | ||
*half = | *half = γøv (from *gunb- 'side') | ||
*3rd = šølšy | *3rd = šølšy | ||
*4th = røvȝy | *4th = røvȝy | ||
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''Šaver in demaša zydarder!'' | ''Šaver in demaša zydarder!'' | ||
''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau'' | ''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau'' | ||
''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali | ''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali jam.'' | ||
''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,'' | ''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,'' | ||
''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.'' | ''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.'' |
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