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-{{list subpages}}
+#redirect [[Verse:Ed Dynje]]
-'''Irta''' (Hivantish for "Earth") is an alternate history of IE and nearby cultural regions. The premise is "different diachronic evolutions of English, Hebrew, Māori and a few other languages". Some other languages like French and Arabic are a bit more different from our timeline. Some names refer to completely different languages: for example "Yiddish" is not a Judeo-German but a Judeo-Gaelic, with native name ''[[ăn Yidiș]]'' [ən 'jɪdɪʃ] (the name we will use to avoid confusion).
-The proto-branch of English in this universe is set in what would be Spain and Portugal in our timeline.
-The only IE branches in Irta not directly inspired by any real life IE languages are Mixolydian, [[Thurish]] and [[Hivantish]].
-See also [[Verse:CF Tricin]].
-==Sketchpad==
-Hivantish can be dominant in the British Isles and most of continental Europe while English is mostly spoken in former colonies?
-South America is mainly French- and secondarily Irish-speaking?
-== People ==
-Emmy Pafnoether /paf'nouθə/ (via a language with dental stops, from Coptic pafnu:tə, from pa-p3-nťr 'he of the god', ~ Pafnuty. -r was added back when her ancestors were Azalic). She shortened it to Noether, unaware of the etymology
-[[Verse:Aoife]]
-== Sprachbünde ==
-=== Western Europe and North Africa ===
-Large vowel systems
-This sound shift/sprachbund began with the development of Proto-Azalic itself.
-The Maghrebi sprachbund is considered the "core" of this sprachbund. Languages outside of the Maghrebi sprachbund:
-* Ăn Yidiș
-* Proto-Azalic and English
-* French
-* British Hivantish
-=== North African ===
-Khmerization (from RTR/emphaticness > creaky voice, ATR/nonemphatic > breathy voice), resulting in some of the largest vowel systems in Irta.
-Uvular R, which vocalizes in some languages
-Headedness varies but likes suffixed definite article
-* Irtan Maghrebi Arabic
-* an Azalic language
-== Hivantish ==
-* Old [[Hivantish]]
-** [[Modern Hivantish]]
-==Mixolydian==
-A satem IE isolate written in the Latin alphabet; pronunciation is quite similar to Pinyin
-Inspired by Polish and Albanian (aesthetically); Greek and Latin (grammatically)
-z c s zh ch sh r rr j q x = /z ts s ʐ ʈʂ ʂ ɹ/ɽ r ʑ tɕ ɕ/
-dz dzh dj = voiced versions of c ch q
-Stop aspiration is as in Persian (st sounds like sth etc.)
-j from PIE *y, y is used for /j/ in loanwords and from vowel breaking of PIE *e, e.g. yest "is" <- Proto-Mixolydian *esti
-today Mixolydian is a small minority language; Mixolydians have almost entirely shifted to local languages (English, Greek, Romance, Iranian, Indian, Chinese)
-==Latin and Romance==
-Classical Latin is a tonal language like Greek and Sanskrit
-Non-French Romance languages are considered dialects of Modern Standard Latin (survival of medieval Latin as lingua franca)
-===Hyperfrench===
-Standard French is essentially the same as our Parisian French; Hyperfrench is an Irtan vernacular
-French through Proto-Slavic -> Russian sound changes (nasal vowels get denasalized etc.), plus a lot of Irish influence
-r -> h consistently; a four way stop distinction as in Hindi
-=== Latzial ===
-A language actually named after a cognate of "Latin" spoken in Latium; it has a roughly Catalan/Romanian/Occitan aesthetic
-L should usually be dark L like Classical Latin l
-Should be close to Southern Italian lects (that gave us "capeesh")?
-=== Irta Sardinian ===
-Similar to our Sardinian (modulo some loans) but also has register from Irtan Latin tone
-==Modern Greek==
-Written in a version of Linear B, roughly Syllabics + katakana inspired
-a lot more ways to write /i/ depending on PIE etymon? maybe *i and *iH can use different glyphs?
-===Hypergreek===
-Some sound splits conditioned by PIE etymon which are merged in Proto-Greek but do not affect intelligibility for a Modern Greek speaker
-=== Portuguese gibby Hellenic ===
-[[Elicá]]
-=== Irtan Yevanic ===
-should be similar to our Modern Greek but with way more Arabic loans
-The Yevanim bring Arabic culture to Jews in Irta, whereas in our world it was the Sephardim.
-==Mitanni==
-Weirdest interpretation of Mitanni cuneiform
-==English==
-{{main|Azalic/English}}
-Most in-universe English dialects don't merge some PIE sounds, like *ei and *ī, which are merged in Proto-Germanic. Otherwise they sound a lot like English accents from our timeline.
-===Hyperamerican===
-an English accent with lots of non-Germanic sound splits as well as General American sound mergers
-LOT ~ THOUGHT, but PIE ey !~ PIE ī
-== Indic ==
-===Ăn Yidiş-y Hebraization of Sanskrit===
-ק כּ אק אכּ נק צ ת&#1523; אצ את&#1523; נ&#1523; ט&#1448; תּ&#1448; אט&#1448; אתּ&#1448; נ&#1448; ט תּ אט אתּ נ בּ פּ אבּ אפּ מ י ר ל וו ש ש&#1448; ס ה א
-א for /ə/ is always written with shva
-אַ ā
-אי אוֹ ע אָ אַי אַוֹ i u e o ai au
-vertical line under the initial consonant letter for vowel length in i and u
-אקאַוֹטא&#1456;מא&#1456; אבּוֹאתּתּא&#1456; Gautama Buddha
-===Aramaic-ish Pali reading ===
-a ā i ī u ū e o = /a O e i o u E O/; ''a'' is [ɑ] next to an emphatic consonant or /ɴ/
-''t th d dh'' are /tˁ t~θ{{ret}} d~ð{{ret}} d~ð{{ret}}/; ''tt tth dd ddh'' are /tˁː tːʰ dː dː/. Single ''th d dh'' are stops only when preceded by a homorganic nasal.
-retroflexes and dentals merge into alveolars; ''b'' and ''bh'' are treated the same.
-liturgical language of Lõisian Middle Eastern Buddhism? could be part of a "sprachbund" of Aramaic-accented reading traditions, which includes Tiberian Hebrew
-samekh with two dots on top = final o?
-<poem>
-''Manopubbaṅgamā dhammā, manoseṭṭhā manomayā;''
-''Manasā ce paduṭṭhena, bhāsati vā karoti vā,''
-''Tato naṁ dukkhaṁ anveti, cakkaṁ'va vahato padaṁ.''
-[manɔpˁobːaŋgamɔ ð{{ret}}amːɔ, manɔsɛtːʰɔ manɔmajɔ]
-[manasɔ tsˁɛ pˁað{{ret}}otːʰɛna, vɔsɑtˁe vɔ qɑɾɔtˁe vɔ]
-[tˁɑtˁɔ nɑɴ ð{{ret}}okːʰɑɴ anvɛtˁe, tsˁɑqːɑɴva vahɑtˁɔ pˁɑð{{ret}}ɑɴ]
-</poem>
-==Semitic==
-*Proto-Central Semitic
-** PNWS
-*** [[Togarmite]]
-*** (Hyper-/Stem-)Canaanite
-**** Hebrew
-**** [[Crannish]]
-*** Aramaic
-** Arabic
-*** [[Corsican Arabic]]
-* Stem-East Semitic
-** Akkadian
-** [[Far East Semitic]]
-===Hebrew===
-:''Main article: [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Hebrew]]''
-Though in-universe Tiberian Hebrew is identical to that in our timeline, Paleo-Hebrew in this universe distinguishes most consonants of Proto-Semitic, unlike in our timeline. This is reflected in some in-universe Hebrew accents which preserve distinctions like צׁ (tsadi w/ right dot) /ts̠/ vs צׂ (tsadi w/ left dot) /ts/, cognate with Arabic emphatic S/Z and D.
-Some in-universe reading traditions, such as the earliest stratum of Hebrew loans in [[Ăn Yidiș]], distinguish
-* cholam from Proto-Semitic *u and *aw = /o/
-* cholam from Proto-Semitic *ā = /u/ (/uə/ in some other reading traditions)
-* Proto-Semitic *ū = Swedish u (/u/ in some other reading traditions)
-Standardized Tsarfati Hebrew still distinguishes samekh = /tsʰ/ and sin = /s/ to this day, unlike any Hebrew reading tradition in our timeline.
-=== Arabic ===
-Standardized Classical Arabic, Hijazi Arabic, and Egyptian Arabic are the same as in our timeline. Arabic is not spoken in our Maghreb, but ''is'' spoken in Turkey (with lots of Turkic and Greek loans).
-There is a heavily Irish-influenced Arabic variety spoken in Corsica.
-Modern Standard Arabic doesn't exist; though Classical Arabic is still used in Islam, it's considered a different language from vernacular Arabic lects (like Latin and Romance in our timeline).
-==Egyptian ==
-get "Noether" or "Paf-Noether" (a Padmanábha surname) from *nāťar 'god', via a divergent descendant of Old Egyptian
-==Māori==
-Proto-Austronesian in Irta has the same urheimat as in our timeline but a very different phonology and morphology; its phonology is small like Finnish and its morphology is Altaic-ish; its evolution into Māori as we know it, a VSO language, is analogous to PIE's evolution into Irish.
-== Celtic ==
-PCel is basically the same as ours, but we're taking the liberty to derive more hypothetical words cognatizing directly from PIE. Corsican Irish keeps the invented word ''soicheall'' 'common sense; intelligence' and its antonym ''doicheall'' (from Proto-Celtic ''su-kʷēslā''; ''kʷēslā'' is the PCel source of Irish ''ciall'').
-*(Hyper)Celtic
-** Goidelic
-***Old Irish
-**** [[Verse:Irta/Icelandic Gaelic]]
-**** Middle Irish
-***** [[Verse:Irta/Modern Irish]]
-***** [[Ăn Yidiș]]
-** Brythonic
-*** Old Galatian
-**** [[Galoyseg]]
-=== Alternate history Canadian Gaelic===
-Can date back to Primitive Irish times, incorporates Algonquian loanwords
-or should it be a Celtic-Algonquian creole?
-=== Brythonic ===
-Proto-Brythonic should be the same as ours
-==A priori ==
-* [[Cuam]]
-== Drug names ==
-=== Phonology ===
-The phonology is a simplified version of Irish phonology:
-/k g x ğ č dž š j t d s n p b f v m r l/ ''c g ch gh ť ď š y t d s n p b f v m r l''; /a e i o u/ ''a e i o u''
-č dž š are treated as slender t, d, s in Irish.
-There's a restriction on the set of initial consonants, because of Irish initial mutation. The only permissible initial consonants are:
-k č t p m n r l
-All drug names are treated as masculine in Irtan Irish.
-=== Morphology ===
-The Irtan drug naming system tends to be prefixing rather than suffixing, unlike our timeline's drug names.
-==Sinitic and Sino-Xenic==
-===Mandarin===
-In-universe Mandarin has two scripts: an alternate history Pinyin and a Hebraization invented by __.
-East Asian languages in Irta generally use the Roman alphabet
-Alternate history pinyin: uses Zhuang tone letters
-b p m f, d t n l, z c s, zr cr sr r, ź ć ś (or otherwise unmarked; clear from context), g k h
-a, ae, au, an, ang
-y for Pinyin e
-"z" by itself is used for Pinyin "zi", Pinyin "ji" is written "zi" or sometimes "gi" (this alternate history Pinyin is introduced during Early Modern Mandarin times so literate users keep older distinctions though spelling mistakes are common nowadays)
-==== Trician Mandarin orthography ====
-bó pó mó fó do to no lo go co cho zí/gí tzí/cí sí/chí draoi traoi sraoi raoi zaoi tzaoi saoi
-a o i ó u (i)ü adh odh abh obh an in ang ong ung ar/-r (broad)
-ea é en in ebh eobh eng ing iung
-bha bhó bhadh bhudh bhan bhon bhang bhong
-bhé bhen iűn
-tone letters 0 x v q '
-Ronxronx srong arx zaoiqeobhx, zadhq zbhon.enx chox cbhenxliq srangq iluq pingxdongv. Tamon' fuqeobhv livsingq chox lengxsin, bingq ing iv chiungdiq gbhanchiq do zingsronx huqseng dbhudhqdadhq.
-Rénrén shēng ér zìyóu, zài zūnyán hé quánlì shàng yīlù píngděng. Tāmen fùyǒu lǐxìng hé liángxīn, bìng yīng yǐ xiōngdì guānxì de jīngshén hùxiāng duìdài.
-=== Judeo-Mandarin ===
-A form of Zhongyuan or Southwestern Mandarin
-used in the Jewish Autonomous Region of Irta China
-==== Initials ====
-באָ פאָ מאָ ףאָ טא תא נא לא קא כא חא ק'י כּ'י שי זרי צרי שרי רי זי צי סי
-==== Rimes ====
-אַ א אי אָ אוֹ אוּ a e i/(i after retros and dentals) o u ü; the dot in יִ can be omitted.
-אַי עי אַל' אָל' אַן אן אַנק אנק אוֹנק אר/-ר ai ei ao ou an en ang eng ong er/-r
-ל'אַ אָ ל'אַי ל'עי ל'אַן ל'אן ל'אַנק ל'אנק wa o wai wei wan wen wang weng
-ייאַ ייע ייאל' ייאָל' ייען ייִן ייאַנק ייִנק ייוֹנק ya ye yao you yan yin yang ying yong
-אוּע אוּען אוּן yue yuan yun
-ole telisha-gedola etnahta darga = Tones 1 2 3 4 (not motivated by similarity to cantillation melodies; important thing is visual distinguishability)
-should use tone letters instead, Hmoob style
-==== Sample ====
-{{Hebpara|ר&#1440;אן־ר&#1440;אן ש&#1451;ראנק א&#1440;ר ז&#1447;י־י&#1440;אָל׳, ז&#1447;אַי ז&#1451;ל׳אן־י&#1440;ען ח&#1440;א ק&#1440;׳וּען־ל&#1447;יִ ש&#1447;ראַנק י&#1451;יִ־ל&#1447;וֹ פ&#1440;ינק־ט&#1425;אנק. ת&#1451;אַ־מאן ף&#1447;וֹ־י&#1425;אָל׳ ל&#1425;יִ־ש&#1447;יִנק ח&#1440;א ל&#1440;יאַנק־ש&#1451;יִן, ב&#1447;יִנק י&#1451;יִנק י&#1425;יִ ש&#1451;יוֹנק־ט&#1447;יִ ק&#1451;ל׳אַן־ש&#1447;יִ טא ק&#1451;׳יִנק־ש&#1440;ראן ח&#1447;וֹ־ש&#1451;יאַנק ט&#1447;ל׳אי־ט&#1447;אַי.}}
-Rénrén shēng ér zìyóu, zài zūnyán hé quánlì shàng yīlù píngděng. Tāmen fùyǒu lǐxìng hé liángxīn, bìng yīng yǐ xiōngdì guānxì de jīngshén hùxiāng duìdài.
-===Japanese===
-ch, j written as slender t d/z
-Subete no ningen va, umarenagara ni site ziıụ de ari, catsu, songen to cenli to ni tsuite bioηdoη de aru. Ningen va, liseη to lioηsin to o sazucerarete ori, tagai ni doηhọ no sẹsin o motte cọdọ sinacereba naranai.
-R in native words, L in sino words
-η for historical -ng
--ts, -c for final -tsu, -ku in sino words
-ceu /kjo:/ "today" <- *kefu?
-English words and wasei-eigo are written in italics; this isn't true of Romance words, e.g. pan "bread"
-the word for thank you is written "obligatọ" by folk etymology
-===Accents===
-Irta Japanese can distinguish slender d and slender z
-===Korean===
-Standard Korean is the same as our timeline's Seoul Korean but is written in the following orthography invented by Samuel McAbram, inspired in part by Ăn Yidiș orthography.
-''Motyn incanyn θea&#798;nar depuθa&#798; tzaıuroumıa&#798; cy tzona&#798;mcva cva&#798;nrie̤ issa&#798; toηtyηhata. Incanyn θza&#798;nputza&#798;cyro isa&#798;ηcva ıaηsimyr puıa&#798;patassymıa&#798; sa&#798;ro hıa&#798;ηtze̤eỵ tza&#798;ηsinyro heηtoηhaıa&#798;ıa hanta.''
-/e/ was marked with a tsere-like diacritic under the e (e&#804;) and /E/ was written with e with a segol under it, but today only tsere is used.
-eu eui written y ỵ
-===alt-history Sinitic languages===
-==== Swedish/Icelandic inspired Sinitic ====
-Second-largest Chinese lect in Irta
-Develops its own version of erhua (transcribed ''-r'') from Cuam influence but it means something different
-* ''njem'' 'to think' > ''njemr'' (the m is lenited) 'thoughts'
-===Sinospheric IE===
-==Indosphere and Austroasiatic==
-Tamil can use Cyrillic
-Vietnamese can use an abugida based on the Far East Semitic abugida
-==Religions of Irta==
-===Europe===
-* French, Latzial and Irish: Catholicism
-** French: a "Reformation" which results in something very much like our Unitarianism but it's started by ex-Catholics
-* Azalic: another Reformation (called Remonition/Remonitionist Reformation in universe; "remonish" is an obsolete in-universe synonym for "protest". Very different from our Protestantism, more like "Christianity turned Buddhist"), minority Catholicism (the King James Bible does not exist as we know it but another text is used)
-** The two Remonitions (which are both anti-Trinitarian; the second is overtly maltheist) trigger migration to America; in Crackfic Irta they also spark a wave of migration to Tricin.
-** Similar movements in the Hivantish and Muslim worlds
-* Hivantish: Hivantish paganism, Remonitionists are a minority
-* Balkan Romance and Greek: Greek Orthodox
-* Ăn Yidiș and Irta Yevanic: Judaism (obviously)
-===Africa===
-* Maghreb: Buddhist, Catholic
-===Asia===
-*Tamil, Indian Austroasiatic: druids; Catholic, Remonitionist, Sufi (various levels of syncretism)
-*Togarmite: Sufi, various Hellenistic
-*Far East Semitic: Sufi, druids, animist, Jewish

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