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The setting is a Venus with a thinner crust which enables convection of heat within the planet's core and, despite Venus' slower rotation, the subsequent generation of a magnetic field sufficient to prevent the loss of the planet's oceans.
The setting is a Venus with a thinner crust which enables convection of heat within the planet's core and, despite Venus' slower rotation, the subsequent generation of a magnetic field sufficient to prevent the loss of the planet's oceans.


Jakvalat (Often called Common Venerian in English) is the predominant lingua franca spoken on Venus (Ja: Tailku). It originated from the environs of the mercantile city of Suliriyaq on the continent of Jekhatramit.
Jakvalat (Often called Common Venerian in English) is the predominant lingua franca spoken on Venus (Ja: Sinty). It originated from the environs of the mercantile city of Tulirijyq on the continent of Jekkarramet.


===Inspirations===
===Inspirations===


Phonological inspirations were from Inuktitut and Finnish. The morphological inspirations will likely be primarily from Inuktitut and the Uralic languages.
The main phonological inspirations were from Finnish and Greenlandic with some input from Tolkien's conlang, Quenya. The morphological inspirations will likely be primarily from the Inuit and the Uralic languages.


<!-- Example categories/headings:  
<!-- Example categories/headings:  
Line 75: Line 75:
|⟨ʌ⟩|| ⟨n⟩|||/n/
|⟨ʌ⟩|| ⟨n⟩|||/n/
|-
|-
|⟨x⟩||⟨s⟩||/s/
|⟨x⟩||⟨h⟩||/h/
|-
|-
|⟨ɴ⟩ || ⟨r⟩|| /ɹ/
|⟨z⟩||⟨r⟩||/ɹ/
|-
|-
|⟨z⟩|| ⟨l⟩|| /l/
|⟨w⟩ || ⟨s⟩|| /ɬ/
|-
|⟨ʍ⟩|| ⟨l⟩|| /l/
|-
|-
|⟨n⟩||⟨k⟩||/k/
|⟨n⟩||⟨k⟩||/k/
Line 87: Line 89:
|⟨ʜ⟩||⟨j⟩||/j/
|⟨ʜ⟩||⟨j⟩||/j/
|-
|-
|⟨h⟩||⟨i⟩||/i/
|⟨ʎ⟩||⟨i⟩||/i/
|-
|⟨y⟩||⟨e⟩||/ɛ/
|-
|⟨h⟩||⟨y⟩||/ə/
|-
|-
|⟨ɥ⟩||⟨ai⟩||/aɪ/
|⟨ɥ⟩||⟨a⟩||/ä/
|-
|-
|⟨b⟩||⟨u⟩||/u/
|⟨b⟩||⟨u⟩||/u/
|-
|-
|⟨q⟩||⟨au⟩||/ɑʊ/
|⟨q⟩||⟨o⟩||/ɔ/
|-
|⟨ȷ⟩||⟨a⟩||⟨ä⟩
|}
|}


Line 120: Line 124:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || Labial|| Central Coronal|| Lateral Coronal ||Dorsal
|  || Labial|| Central Coronal|| Lateral Coronal ||Dorsal||Glottal
|-
|-
|Plosive || /p/ || /t/|| || /k/
|Plosive || /p/ || /t/|| || /k/||
|-
|-
|Fricative||  || /s/|||||
|Fricative||  || ||/ɬ/||||/h/
|-
|-
| Nasal || /m/|| /n/|||| /ŋ/ 
| Nasal || /m/|| /n/|||| /ŋ/||
|-
|-
|Liquid||||/ɹ/||/l/||
|Liquid||||/ɹ/||/l/||||
|-
|-
| Semivowel ||  /ʋ/||  |||| /j/ 
| Semivowel ||  /ʋ/||  |||| /j/ ||
|}
|}


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1. All coronals are alveolar except /ɹ/ which is postalveolar.
1. All coronals are alveolar except /ɹ/ which is postalveolar.


2. Jakvalat has 11 consonants which, according to the World Atlas of Language Structures, is a small inventory. The most notable features, according to WALs, are an initial velar nasal and the presence of a dental fricative.
2. Jakvalat has 12 consonants which, according to the World Atlas of Language Structures, is a small inventory. The most notable features, according to WALs, are the presence of an initial velar nasal and a lateral obstruent.


====Vowels====
====Vowels====
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| || Front||Central|| Back
| || Front||Central|| Back
|-
|-
| High || /i/|| ||/u/
| High || /i/||/ə/ ||/u/
|-
|-
| Low|| || /ä/||
| Low||/ɛ/ || /a/||/ɔ/
|-
|Diphthong||/aɪ/||||/ɑʊ/
|}
|}


Jakvalat has 3 vowel qualities which, according to WALS, is a small inventory. The consonant-vowel ratio is 3.75 which is an average ratio.
Note:
 
For the purposes of vowel harmony, /ə/ counts as a high vowel and /ɛ, ɔ/ count as low vowels.
 
Jakvalat has 6 vowel qualities which, according to WALS, is a small inventory. The consonant-vowel ratio is 2.0 which, according to WALS, is a moderately low ratio.


===Allophony===
===Allophony===
Line 160: Line 166:
1. /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when in the onset of a stressed syllable.
1. /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when in the onset of a stressed syllable.


2. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʃ] when in coda position before /p, t, k/.
2. /ɬ/ is realised as [θ̠] when in coda position.


3. /ʋ/ is realised as [w] when the second segment of a consonant cluster.
3. /h/ is realised as [x] when in coda position.


4. /ʋ/ is realised as [v] elsewhere.
4. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʃ] when in coda position before /p, t, k/.


5. The geminate clusters /pp, tt, kk, ss/ are realised as [f, θ̠, x, tɬ].
5. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʒ] when in coda position elsewhere.


6. The geminate consonant clusters /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].
6. /ʋ/ is realised as [w] when the second segment of a consonant cluster.


7. The geminate consonant clusters /ll, ɹɹ/ are realised as [ld, ʒd̠].
7. /ʋ/ is realised as [v] elsewhere.


8. The consonant clusters /ɹ̠s, ɹ̠l, ɹ̠ʋ, ɹ̠j/ are realised as [ʃ, ʒl, ʒw, ʒ].
8. The geminate clusters /pp, tt, kk/ are realised as [f, s, x].


9. /i/ is realised as [ɪ] when following a /j/ onset.
9. The geminate clusters /ɬɬ, hh/ are realised as [tɬ, kx].


10. /u/ is realised as [ʊ] when following /ʋ/ when it is the second segment of a consonant cluster.
10. The geminate consonant clusters /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].


11. /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.
11. The geminate consonant clusters /ll, ɹɹ/ are realised as [ld, ʒd].


12. /aɪ, ɑʊ/ are realised as [ɛ, ɔ] in closed syllables.
12. The geminate consonant clusters /ʋʋ, jj/ are realised as [bw, ɡj].
 
13. /i/ is realised as [ɪ] when following a /j/ onset.
 
14. /u/ is realised as [ʊ] when following /ʋ/ when it is the second segment of a consonant cluster.
 
15. /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
1. Syllable template: CV(C).
1. Syllable template:


2. Permitted syllable codas:
C(C)V(C)


/p, t, k, s, m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ/.
Notes:


3. /s, l, ɹ/ do not occur morpheme-finally.
C = consonant, V = vowel


4. Permitted Consonant Clusters:
2. Permitted syllable codas: all consonants
 
3. /ɬ, h, l, ɹ, ʋ, j/ do not occur morpheme-finally.
 
4. If a particle has a word-final consonant then that consonant will be one of /m, n, ŋ/.
 
5. Permitted Consonant Clusters:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  ||P||T||K ||S||M || N || Q||L||R||V ||J
|  ||P||T||K ||S||H||M || N || Q||L||R||V ||J
|-
|P||pp||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||pv*||pj*
|-
| T || - || tt || -||-||-||-||-||-||-|| -||tv*|| tj*
|-
| K || - || -|| kk|| -|| -||-||-||-||-|| -||kv*|| kj*
|-
|-
|P||pp||pt||pk||ps||-||-||-||-||-||pv||pj
| S || sp||st|| sk||ss|| -|| -||-||-||-||-|| sv|| sj
|-
|-
| T || tp || tt || tk ||ts ||-||-||-||-|| -||tv|| tj
|H||hp||ht||hk||-||hh||-||-||-||-||-||hv||hj
|-
|-
| K || kp || kt || kk|| ks ||- ||-||-||-|| -||kv|| kj
| M || mp|| -|| -|| -||-||mm|| -||-|| - || -||mv||-
|-
|-
| S || sp||st|| sk||ss|| -|| -||-||-||-|| sv|| sj
| N|| - || nt|| -|| ns||nh|| -||nn|| -||-|| -||-||-
|-
|-
| M || mp|| -|| -|| -||mm|| -||-|| - || -||mv||-
|Q||-||-||qk||-||-||-||-||qq||-||-||-||qj
|-
|-
| N|| - || nt|| -|| ns|| -||nn|| -||-|| -||-||-
|L||lp||lt||lk||-||-||-||-||-||ll||-||lv||lj
|-
|-
|Q||-||-||qk||-||-||-||qq||-||-||-||qj
|R||rp||rt||rk||-||-||-||-||-||-||rr||rv||rj
|-
|-
|L||lp||lt||lk||ls||-||-||-||ll||-||lv||lj
|V||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||vv||-
|-
|-
|R||rp||rt||rk||rs||-||-||-||-||rr||rv||rj
|J||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||jj
|}
|}


Line 223: Line 247:


c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
d. An asterisk indicates a consonant cluster may occur root-initially or suffix-initially.
e. All other consonant clusters may only occur across a syllable boundary


6. No consonant cluster may have more than two segments.
6. No consonant cluster may have more than two segments.


7. Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries
7. Consecutive vowel sequences do not occur.
 
8. Diphthongs do not occur.
 
10. Most native roots are disyllabic with monosyllabic roots being restricted to pronouns. Most particles are monosyllabic.
 
11. Roots may have one of the following phonotactic shapes:
 
a. Pronominal And Numeral Roots Only:
 
CV
 
CCV


8. Consecutive vowel sequences do not occur.
CVC


9. /aɪ, ɑʊ/ do not occur outside the first syllable of the root.
CCVC


10. /aɪ/ does not precede onset /j/.
CVCV


11. /ɑʊ/ does not precede onset /ʋ/.
b. Some Numeral Roots And All Nominal And Verbal Roots:


12. Most native roots are disyllabic with monosyllabic roots being restricted to pronouns. Most particles are monosyllabic.
CCVCV


13. Roots and particles must begin with a single consonant.
CVCCV


13. Suffixes may begin with a single consonant, a consonant cluster or a vowel.
CVCVC
 
13. Particles may have one the following phonotactic shapes:
 
CV
 
CVC
 
CVCV
 
CVCCV
 
CVCVC
 
14. Suffixes may have one of following phonotactic shapes:
 
-CV
 
-CCV
 
-CVC
 
-CCVC
 
-CCVCV
 
-CVCCV
 
-CVCVC


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  ||  P||T ||  K||S||M||  N||Q || L|| R ||V|| J
|  ||  P||T ||  K||S||H||M||  N||Q || L|| R ||V|| J
|-
|-
|P||pp||pt||pk||ps||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||pv||pj
|P||pp||tt||kk||sp||hp||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||pv||pj
|-
|-
|T||tp||tt||tk||ts||nt||nt||nt||lt||rt||tv||tj
|T||pp||tt||kk||st||ht||nt||nt||nt||lt||rt||tv||tj
|-
|-
|K||kp||kt||kk||ks||qk||qk||qk||lk||rk||kv||kj
|K||pp||tt||kk||sk||hk||qk||qk||qk||lk||rk||kv||kj
|-
|-
| M || mp||nt|| qk||ns||mm||nn||qq|| ll|| rr|| mv||qj
| M || mp||nt|| qk||ns||nh||mm||nn||qq|| ll|| rr|| mv||qj
|-
|-
| N ||mp|| nt|| qk||ns||mm|| nn|| qq|| ll|| rr||mv||qj
| N ||mp|| nt|| qk||ns||nh||mm|| nn|| qq|| ll|| rr||mv||qj
|-
|-
|Q||mp||nt||qk||ns||mm||nn||qq||ll||rr||mv||qj
|Q||mp||nt||qk||ns||nh||mm||nn||qq||ll||rr||mv||qj
|}
|}


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c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.


d. The notation v̄ indicates the preceding short vowel was lengthened.
2. If a three-segment consonant cluster results from suffixation, then an epenthetic echo vowel is inserted after the first segment in the cluster.
 
===Vowel Harmony===
 
1. Vowels are divided into two harmonic classes for the purposes of vowel harmony:
 
a. High Vowels: /i, ə, u/.


2. If a three-segment consonant cluster results from suffixation, then the first segment in that cluster is deleted and the two remaining consonants are treated as per the table above.
b. Low Vowels: /ɛ, a, ɔ/.


3. If a vowel sequence results from suffixation, then an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted.
2. All vowels in a root or particles must belong to the same harmonic class.


4. If /aɪ/ precedes onset /j/ due to suffixation, then it is reduced to [ä].
3. All suffixes have two allomorphs,one containing high vowels, the other containing the corresponding low vowels.


5. If /ɑʊ/ precedes onset /ʋ/ due to suffixation, then it is reduced to [ä].
4. The vowels in a suffix must belong to the same harmonic class as the vowels in the preceding morpheme.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Rebecca Ashling
7,915

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