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Lemizh: Difference between revisions
→Morphology: +
Anypodetos (talk | contribs) (Case endings etc.) |
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All words are composed of the following parts: | All words are composed of the following parts: | ||
* Prestem + inner case + poststem + outer case | * Prestem + inner case + poststem + outer case | ||
Prestem and poststem form the stem, or the lexical part, of the word. The division of the stem into two portions is similar to English verbs such as ''sing/sang/sung'', where the lexical part is ''s–ng'' while the vowels ''i/a/u'' convey grammatical information. The stem always denotes an action (but never a state, a person, a thing, a property, etc.) and thus resembles our verbs. | Prestem and poststem form the stem, or the lexical part, of the word. The division of the stem into two portions is similar to English verbs such as ''sing/sang/sung'', where the lexical part is ''s–ng'' while the vowels ''i/a/u'' convey grammatical information. The stem always denotes an action (but never a state, a person, a thing, a property, etc.) and thus resembles our verbs. The prestem can contain any sounds, or it can be zero (i.e. consisting of zero sounds). The poststem can only contain fricatives and plosives, or it can be zero as well. | ||
The inner case is represented by one of the eight vowels, optionally followed by a liquid (the primary case suffix) and/or a nasal (the secondary case suffix). The outer case has the same structure. For the first word in each sentence, the main predicate, the outer case is missing. | The inner case is represented by one of the eight vowels, optionally followed by a liquid (the primary case suffix) and/or a nasal (the secondary case suffix). The outer case has the same structure. For the first word in each sentence, the main predicate, the outer case is missing. | ||
Each case is defined by its ''descriptor'': for example, the factive case denotes an ''action'', the nominative a ''sender'', the locative a ''place''. The stem and the inner case's descriptor determine a word's meaning. | |||
;Examples | |||
* ''wàx. w–x'' is the stem for "speak", ''-a-'' denotes the inner factive, so this word means "the action of speaking", loosely translated as the verb "to speak" or the [[w:Gerund|gerund]] "speaking". | |||
* ''wèx. -e-'' denotes the inner nominative, so this word means "the sender of speaking" or "a/the speaker". | |||
* ''àrdh. ∅–dh'' (having a zero prestem) is the stem for "eat", ''-ar-'' denotes the inner locative: "the place of eating". | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ | |+ Primary cases and their descriptors | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" | № !! rowspan="3" | Case vowel !! colspan="4" | Primary case suffix | ! rowspan="3" | № !! rowspan="3" | Case vowel !! colspan="4" | Primary case suffix | ||
| Line 124: | Line 131: | ||
! Plot cases !! Causal cases !! Temporal cases !! Spatial cases | ! Plot cases !! Causal cases !! Temporal cases !! Spatial cases | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1 || a || ''factive'':<br>action || ''affirmative'':<br>fact (point in causal chain) || ''temporal'':<br>time || ''locative'':<br>place/region | | 1 || a || ''factive'' ({{sc|fact}}):<br>action || ''affirmative'' ({{sc|aff}}):<br>fact (point in causal chain) || ''temporal'' ({{sc|temp}}):<br>time || ''locative'' ({{sc|loc}}):<br>place/region | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2 || e || ''nominative'':<br>source, sender || ''causative'':<br>direct cause || ''ingressive'':<br>starting time || ''elative'':<br>starting point/region | | 2 || e || ''nominative'' ({{sc|nom}}):<br>source, sender || ''causative'' ({{sc|caus}}):<br>direct cause || ''ingressive'' ({{sc|ing}}):<br>starting time || ''elative'' ({{sc|ela}}):<br>starting point/region | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3 || y || ''accusative'':<br>content || ''contextual'':<br>causal context || ''durative'':<br>duration || ''extensive'':<br>spatial extent | | 3 || y || ''accusative'' ({{sc|acc}}):<br>content || ''contextual'' ({{sc|ctx}}):<br>causal context || ''durative'' ({{sc|dur}}):<br>duration || ''extensive'' ({{sc|ext}}):<br>spatial extent | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4 || i || ''dative'':<br>sink, recipient || ''consecutive'':<br>direct consequence, effect || ''egressive'':<br>closing time || ''illative'':<br>end point / ending region | | 4 || i || ''dative'' ({{sc|dat}}):<br>sink, recipient || ''consecutive'' ({{sc|cons}}):<br>direct consequence, effect || ''egressive'' ({{sc|egr}}):<br>closing time || ''illative'' ({{sc|ill}}):<br>end point / ending region | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5 || o || ''tentive'':<br>intention || ''intentive'':<br>intention (intended point in causal chain) || ''episodic'':<br>episode, "act" || ''scenic'':<br>scene, "stage" | | 5 || o || ''tentive'' ({{sc|ten}}):<br>intention || ''intentive'' ({{sc|int}}):<br>intention (intended point in causal chain) || ''episodic'' ({{sc|eps}}):<br>episode, "act" || ''scenic'' ({{sc|sce}}):<br>scene, "stage" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6 || ö || ''comitative'':<br>company || ''persuasive'':<br>reason || ''digressive'':<br>time away from which || ''ablative'':<br>place/region away from which | | 6 || ö || ''comitative'' ({{sc|com}}):<br>company || ''persuasive'' ({{sc|psu}}):<br>reason || ''digressive'' ({{sc|dig}}):<br>time away from which || ''ablative'' ({{sc|abl}}):<br>place/region away from which | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 7 || u || ''instrumental'':<br>means, tool || ''motivational'':<br>motivational context || ''progressive'':<br>time that is passed || ''prolative'':<br>crossing point/region | | 7 || u || ''instrumental'' ({{sc|ins}}):<br>means, tool || ''motivational'' ({{sc|mot}}):<br>motivational context || ''progressive'' ({{sc|prog}}):<br>time that is passed || ''prolative'' ({{sc|prol}}):<br>crossing point/region | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 8 || ü || ''benefactive'':<br>beneficiary || ''final'':<br>purpose, aim || ''aggressive'':<br>time towards which, temporal aim || ''allative'':<br>place/region towards which, spatial aim | | 8 || ü || ''benefactive'' ({{sc|ben}}):<br>beneficiary || ''final'' ({{sc|fin}}):<br>purpose, aim || ''aggressive'' ({{sc|agg}}):<br>time towards which, temporal aim || ''allative'' ({{sc|all}}):<br>place/region towards which, spatial aim | ||
|} | |} | ||
Each primary case has two corresponding secondary cases: a ''partitive'' case formed by adding ''ng'' (such as ''-ing-'' for the partitive dative or ''-erng-'' for the partitive elative) and a corresponding ''qualitative'' case formed by adding ''m''. | |||
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: | <!-- Here are some example subcategories: | ||