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Lemizh: Difference between revisions
Brackets; formatting
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* ''ghstù.'' "a sail" is derived from ''ghstà.'' "to sail", literally "a means of sailing", | * ''ghstù.'' "a sail" is derived from ''ghstà.'' "to sail", literally "a means of sailing", | ||
* ''pslù.'' "scissors" from ''pslà.'' "to cut with scissors", | * ''pslù.'' "scissors" from ''pslà.'' "to cut with scissors", | ||
* ''saxùf.'' "trumpet" from ''saxàf.'' "to play the trumpet", | |||
* ''skrùzh.'' "a finger" from ''skràzh.'' "to work with one's fingers". | * ''skrùzh.'' "a finger" from ''skràzh.'' "to work with one's fingers". | ||
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'''Examples''' | '''Examples''' | ||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2: second level; 2A: second level, agentive | {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive | ||
|dá föpysryfè dwywỳ lusỳi. | |dá föpysryfè dwywỳ lusỳi. | ||
|give-FACT-1 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-2A bottle-ACC-ACC-2 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2 | |give-FACT-1 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-2A bottle-ACC-ACC-2 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2 | ||
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The word stems of the three objects are nominal verbs, hence the inner accusatives. The outer cases indicate the sender, content and recipient of the act of giving. The agent is specified independently of the plot arrow; note the difference: | The word stems of the three objects are nominal verbs, hence the inner accusatives. The outer cases indicate the sender, content and recipient of the act of giving. The agent is specified independently of the plot arrow; note the difference: | ||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2: second level; 2A: second level, agentive | {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive | ||
|dá lusyì dwywỳ föpysrỳfe. | |dá lusyì dwywỳ föpysrỳfe. | ||
|give-FACT-1 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2A bottle-ACC-ACC-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-2 | |give-FACT-1 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2A bottle-ACC-ACC-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-2 | ||
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We need not mark an object as agentive if we consider this information unimportant. The English translations are only rough approximations: | We need not mark an object as agentive if we consider this information unimportant. The English translations are only rough approximations: | ||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2: second level; 2A: second level, agentive | {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive | ||
|dà lusyì dwywỳ föpysrỳfe. | |dà lusyì dwywỳ föpysrỳfe. | ||
|give-FACT-1 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2 bottle-ACC-ACC-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-2 | |give-FACT-1 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2 bottle-ACC-ACC-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-2 | ||
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===Noun phrases=== | ===Noun phrases=== | ||
Forming noun phrases does not require any new grammatical rules. In the following example, the inner case of "give" is changed to the nominative, yielding "one giving something, a giver", and everything is pushed down one level. The third-level words are still sender, content and recipient of the ''action'' of giving, as outer cases define relations to the predicate's ''stem'' per Rule Three. | Forming noun phrases does not require any new grammatical rules. In the following example, the inner case of "give" is changed to the nominative, yielding "one giving something, a giver", and everything is pushed down one level. The third-level words are still sender, content and recipient of the ''action'' of giving, as outer cases define relations to the predicate's ''stem'' per Rule Three. | ||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2: second level; 3: third level; 3A: third level, agentive | {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level; 3A:third level, agentive | ||
|dmàt tryxkì dée föpysryfè dwywỳ lusỳi. | |dmàt tryxkì dée föpysryfè dwywỳ lusỳi. | ||
|see-FACT-1 beaver-ACC-DAT-2 give-NOM-NOM-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-3A bottle-ACC-ACC-3 Lucy-ACC-DAT-3 | |see-FACT-1 beaver-ACC-DAT-2 give-NOM-NOM-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-3A bottle-ACC-ACC-3 Lucy-ACC-DAT-3 | ||
|''The beaver sees the one giving Lucy a bottle, Father Christmas.''}} | |''The beaver sees the one giving Lucy a bottle, Father Christmas.''}} | ||
Regarding the verb "see", note that the beaver is in the dative, being at the receiving end of the optical stimulus or information. Marking the beaver as agent would translate as "The beaver looks at the one …". | |||
Rules Four and Five guarantee that the giver is identical to Father Christmas: both are the sender of the same instance of the word stem ''d–'' "give" (the giver via its inner nominative, Father Christmas via its outer nominative), and both are the ''complete'' sender of this action. This type of construction, where an object's outer case matches its predicate's inner case, is called a '''bracket'''. Brackets are very widely used: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Apposition !! Attributive adjective !! Attributive numeral !! Attributive participle !! Adverbial adjective | |||
|- | |||
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level | |||
|iakopỳk saxèfy. | |||
|Jacopo-'''ACC'''-1 trumpet-NOM-'''ACC'''-2 | |||
|''Jacopo, a trumpeter''}} | |||
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=INS:instrumental case; 1:first level; 2:second level | |||
|ghstù lỳbdhu. | |||
|sail-'''INS'''-1 white-ACC-'''INS'''-2 | |||
|''a sail, a white thing = a white sail''}} | |||
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level | |||
|mỳs trỳy. | |||
|mouse-''ACC''-1 three-ACC-'''ACC'''-2 | |||
|''mice, three individuals = three mice''}} | |||
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level | |||
|nÌzd ganèy. | |||
|bird-'''ACC'''-1 sing-NOM-'''ACC'''-2 | |||
|''a bird, a singer = a singing bird''}} | |||
== | | {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level | ||
|gangà txỳska. | |||
|sing-'''FACT'''-1 loud-ACC-'''FACT'''-2 | |||
|''(an act of) singing, a loud thing = to sing loudly''}} | |||
|} | |||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
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===Relative pronouns=== | ===Relative pronouns=== | ||
==Derivational morphology | ==Derivational morphology== | ||
From a Lemizh point of view, ''dè.'' "giver" and ''dỳ.'' "gift" aren't derivatives of ''dà.'' "to give" but grammatical forms of the same word. The only piece of true derivational morphology is compounding. | From a Lemizh point of view, ''dè.'' "giver" and ''dỳ.'' "gift" aren't derivatives of ''dà.'' "to give" but grammatical forms of the same word. The only piece of true derivational morphology is compounding. | ||
===Compounds=== | |||
[[File:Lemizh compounding diagram.png|thumb|Forming a compound from a two-word sentence]] | [[File:Lemizh compounding diagram.png|thumb|Forming a compound from a two-word sentence]] | ||
A compound word is constructed from a two-word sentence – predicate and object of which become modifier and head of the compound, respectively – in the following way: | '''Rule One of compounding. A compound word is constructed from a two-word sentence – predicate and object of which become modifier and head of the compound, respectively – in the following way:''' | ||
# '''Prestem''': | # '''Prestem''': | ||
## the object's prestem | ## the object's prestem | ||