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Lemizh: Difference between revisions
→Relative pronouns: Applications
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===Relative pronouns=== | ===Relative pronouns=== | ||
Stems of relative pronouns (not to be confused with the pronouns of the same name in English or Latin) refer to actions by pointing to another stem or to a parole: they are [[w:Anaphora (linguistics)|anaphoric]]. Here is the full list: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! rowspan="2" | Level !! colspan="2" | Type I !! colspan="2" | Type II | ! rowspan="2" | Level !! colspan="2" | Type I !! colspan="2" | Type II | ||
| Line 498: | Line 498: | ||
| n−5 || ghà. || … || xà. || … | | n−5 || ghà. || … || xà. || … | ||
|} | |} | ||
They are highly versatile, corresponding to various structures in other languages: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Reflexive !! First person (singular) !! Second person | |||
|- | |||
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive | |||
|wáx wìe. | |||
|speak-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−1</sub>-'''DAT'''-'''NOM'''-2A | |||
|The recipient of speaking is its sender.<br> | |||
''to talk to oneself. He is talking to himself.''}} | |||
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive | |||
|dráw dhèe. | |||
|dance-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-'''NOM'''-NOM-2A | |||
|The sender of the parole is the sender of dancing.<br> | |||
''I am dancing.''}} | |||
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive | |||
|dráw dhìe. | |||
|dance-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-'''DAT'''-NOM-2A | |||
|The recipient of the parole is the sender of dancing.<br> | |||
''You are dancing.''}} | |||
|} | |||
Rule Four of sentence grammar ensures that the reflexive example means "He is talking to himself" as opposed to, say, "He is talking to one being talked to" (which would be ''wáx wìxe.'' speak-{{sc|fact-1}} speak-{{sc|dat-nom-2a}}, with two different instances of the stem "speak"). | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Possessive determiner !! Vocative | |||
|- | |||
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level | |||
|zdìls ngỳzdy zeú tỳar. | |||
|seat-CONS-1 bird-ACC-ACC-2 PI<sub>n−3</sub>-'''NOM'''-BEN-3 this-ACC-LOC-2 | |||
|The sender of the parole is the beneficiary of making a bird. | |||
<br>''My bird is sitting there.''}} | |||
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=PI:pronoun type I; FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive; 3:third level | |||
|wáx dheè zdhèzhi zìe. | |||
|speak-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-NOM-NOM-2A friend-NOM-DAT-2 PI<sub>n−3</sub>-'''DAT'''-NOM-3 | |||
|The recipient of the parole is the friend. (nominative bracket)<br> | |||
''Friend, I am talking to you.''}} | |||
|} | |||
The type II pronoun in the following example points to the stem of eating. With the inner accusative, the pronoun refers to the content of eating, which is the sweet. (As with brackets, Rules Four and Five guarantee that the pronoun refers to the same content of the same action of eating as mentioned in the first sentence.) | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; PII:pronoun type II; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive | |||
|ádh dheì mlỳdhy. ràsh fỳy. | |||
|eat-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-NOM-DAT-2A sweet-ACC-ACC-2. like-FACT-1 PII<sub>n−1</sub>-'''ACC'''-ACC-2 | |||
|''I am eating a sweet. [I] like it.''}} | |||
==Derivational morphology== | ==Derivational morphology== | ||