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Lemizh: Difference between revisions
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==Orthography and phonology== | ==Orthography and phonology== | ||
The alphabet is [[w:Phonetic orthography|phonetic]]: each letter corresponds to a certain sound, and each sound is represented by a single letter. The direction of writing is left to right. This article uses the standard transcription of the native Lemizh alphabet as given | The alphabet is [[w:Phonetic orthography|phonetic]]: each letter corresponds to a certain sound, and each sound is represented by a single letter. The direction of writing is left to right. This article uses the standard transcription of the native Lemizh alphabet as given here: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 800px; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center" | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 800px; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center" | ||
! colspan="29" | Letters of the Lemizh alphabet | ! colspan="29" | Letters of the Lemizh alphabet | ||
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Every action denoted by a stem is considered a flow of information that comes from a source (sender), transports a content, and reaches a sink (a recipient). The terms "sender" and "recipient" may be more familiar, but "source" and "sink" are more accurate in not necessarily meaning living beings. | Every action denoted by a stem is considered a flow of information that comes from a source (sender), transports a content, and reaches a sink (a recipient). The terms "sender" and "recipient" may be more familiar, but "source" and "sink" are more accurate in not necessarily meaning living beings. | ||
Consequently, a Lemizh action looks somewhat like this: '''nominative <span style="background: # | Consequently, a Lemizh action looks somewhat like this: '''nominative <span style="background: #8dc63f; padding-bottom: 3px"> accusative</span>[[File:DreieckGreenMIDDLE.png|26px|link=]] dative''' | ||
This is called the action's plot. Here are some examples: | This is called the action's plot. Here are some examples: | ||
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! Inner factive !! Inner nominative !! Inner accusative !! Inner dative | ! Inner factive !! Inner nominative !! Inner accusative !! Inner dative | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''wàx.'' "to speak, to tell; (an action of) speaking" || ''wèx.'' "one telling something" || ''wỳx.'' "a tale" || ''wìx.'' "one who is told something" | | ''wàx.'' "to speak, to talk, to tell; (an action of) speaking" || ''wèx.'' "one telling something" || ''wỳx.'' "a tale" || ''wìx.'' "one who is told something" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''dà.'' "to give; (an action of) giving" || ''dè.'' "one giving something" || ''dỳ.'' "a gift" || ''dì.'' "one who is given something; one who gets something" | | ''dà.'' "to give; (an action of) giving" || ''dè.'' "one giving something" || ''dỳ.'' "a gift" || ''dì.'' "one who is given something; one who gets something" | ||
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====Inflection==== | ====Inflection==== | ||
As mentioned above, all words can inflect for (outer) case. Thus, we have the nominative forms ''wàx'''e''''' "(an action of) speaking, | As mentioned above, all words can inflect for (outer) case. Thus, we have the nominative forms ''wàx'''e''''' "(an action of) speaking, talking, telling", ''dè'''e''''' "a giver", ''lỳw'''e''''' "a lion", the causative ''lỳw'''el''''' "because of a lion", the elative ''lỳw'''er''''' "(starting) from a lion", etc. | ||
Lemizh words do not inflect for number or gender. If desired, we can express this information by forming compounds. (Note the duplication of the inner case vowel; the first occurrence in each word is called the epenthetic case of the compound. The underlying grammar will be described later.) | Lemizh words do not inflect for number or gender. If desired, we can express this information by forming compounds. (Note the duplication of the inner case vowel; the first occurrence in each word is called the epenthetic case of the compound. The underlying grammar will be described later.) | ||
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| — || ''pràk.'' "to request" || ''dàxt.'' "to command" || ''pà.'' "to ask" || ''làxt.'' "to want" | | — || ''pràk.'' "to request" || ''dàxt.'' "to command" || ''pà.'' "to ask" || ''làxt.'' "to want" | ||
|} | |} | ||
* Aspect is a very | * Aspect is a very diverse category, expressed by a variety of compounds and syntactic structures in Lemizh. | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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* ''gwà.'' "to make someone/anyone, something/anything", with inner accusative ''gwỳ.'' "someone/anyone, something/anything" | * ''gwà.'' "to make someone/anyone, something/anything", with inner accusative ''gwỳ.'' "someone/anyone, something/anything" | ||
The eleven relative pronouns play a far more prominent role in Lemizh grammar. Their scope is much wider than the one usually associated with the term. As they are closely tied to Lemizh syntax, they | The eleven relative pronouns play a far more prominent role in Lemizh grammar. Their scope is much wider than the one usually associated with the term. As they are closely tied to Lemizh syntax, they are described [[#Relative pronouns|further down]]. | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||