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Lemizh: Difference between revisions
Resultative vs. depictive; formatting
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|dwỳw lusỳü. | |dwỳw lusỳü. | ||
|bottle-ACC-1 Lucy-ACC-'''BEN'''-2. | |bottle-ACC-1 Lucy-ACC-'''BEN'''-2. | ||
|Lucy is the beneficiary of making the bottle. | |''Lucy's bottle'' (Lucy is the beneficiary of making the bottle. The bottle is made for Lucy.)}} | ||
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive | | {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive | ||
|dý ỳxe. | |dý ỳxe. | ||
|give-ACC-1 male-ACC-'''NOM'''-2A. | |give-ACC-1 male-ACC-'''NOM'''-2A. | ||
| | |''the man's gift'' (The man is the sender of giving.)}} | ||
''the man's gift''}} | |||
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level | | {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level | ||
|rhỳst ytfỳarh filpskỳy. | |rhỳst ytfỳarh filpskỳy. | ||
|dream-ACC-1 night-ACC-'''TEMP'''-2 midsummer-ACC-ACC-3. | |dream-ACC-1 night-ACC-'''TEMP'''-2 midsummer-ACC-ACC-3. | ||
| | | ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' (The midsummer night is the time of dreaming.)}} | ||
''A Midsummer Night's Dream''}} | |||
|} | |} | ||
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… | … | ||
<!--The nominal verb ''mà.'' "to make [something, an entity]"--> | <!--The nominal verb ''mà.'' "to make [something, an entity]"--> | ||
Resultative: | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; 1:first level; 2:second level | {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; 1:first level; 2:second level | ||
|lìlbdh lỳghi. | |lìlbdh lỳghi. | ||
|white-CONS-1 house-ACC-DAT-2. | |white-CONS-1 house-ACC-'''DAT'''-2. | ||
|The consequence of whitening the house exists. The house has been made white. | |''The house is [painted] white.'' (The consequence of whitening the house exists. The house has been made white.)}} | ||
''The | |||
Depictive: | |||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; 1:first level; 2:second level | |||
|drulìl werhèy. | |||
|shrub-CONS-1 hazel-NOM-'''ACC'''-2. | |||
|''The hazel is a shrub.'' (The hazel has the properties of a shrub.)}} | |||
(Side note: The stem of ''werhè.'' "hazel" means "to make hazelnuts", hence the inner nominative. The nuts are called ''werhỳ.'', with inner accusative. Other plants bearing edible fruits follow the same pattern.) | |||
===Relative pronouns=== | ===Relative pronouns=== | ||
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|wáx wìe. | |wáx wìe. | ||
|speak-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−1</sub>-'''DAT'''-'''NOM'''-2A. | |speak-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−1</sub>-'''DAT'''-'''NOM'''-2A. | ||
| | |''to talk to oneself. He is talking to himself.'' (The recipient of speaking is its sender.)}} | ||
''to talk to oneself. He is talking to himself.''}} | |||
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive | | {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive | ||
|dráw dhèe. | |dráw dhèe. | ||
|dance-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-'''NOM'''-NOM-2A. | |dance-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-'''NOM'''-NOM-2A. | ||
|The sender of the parole is the sender of dancing. | |''I am dancing.'' (The sender of the parole is the sender of dancing.)}} | ||
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive | | {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive | ||
|dráw dhìe. | |dráw dhìe. | ||
|dance-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-'''DAT'''-NOM-2A. | |dance-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-'''DAT'''-NOM-2A. | ||
|The recipient of the parole is the sender of dancing. | |''You are dancing.'' (The recipient of the parole is the sender of dancing.)}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Rule Four of sentence grammar ensures that the reflexive example means "He is talking to himself" as opposed to, say, "He is talking to one being talked to" (which would be ''wáx wìxe.'' <span style="font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums">speak-{{sc|fact}}-1 speak-{{sc|dat-nom}}-2{{sc|a}}</span>, with two different instances of the stem "speak"). | Rule Four of sentence grammar ensures that the reflexive example means "He is talking to himself" as opposed to, say, "He is talking to one being talked to" (which would be ''wáx wìxe.'' <span style="font-variant-numeric: oldstyle-nums">speak-{{sc|fact}}-1 speak-{{sc|dat-nom}}-2{{sc|a}}</span>, with two different instances of the stem "speak"). | ||
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|zdìls ngỳzdy zeú tỳar. | |zdìls ngỳzdy zeú tỳar. | ||
|seat-CONS-1 bird-ACC-ACC-2 PI<sub>n−3</sub>-'''NOM'''-BEN-3 this-ACC-LOC-2. | |seat-CONS-1 bird-ACC-ACC-2 PI<sub>n−3</sub>-'''NOM'''-BEN-3 this-ACC-LOC-2. | ||
|The sender of the parole is the beneficiary of making a bird. | |''My bird is sitting there.'' (The sender of the parole is the beneficiary of making a bird.)}} | ||
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=PI:pronoun type I; FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive; 3:third level | | {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=PI:pronoun type I; FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive; 3:third level | ||
|wáx dheè zdhèzhi zìe. | |wáx dheè zdhèzhi zìe. | ||
|speak-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-NOM-NOM-2A friend-NOM-DAT-2 PI<sub>n−3</sub>-'''DAT'''-NOM-3. | |speak-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-NOM-NOM-2A friend-NOM-DAT-2 PI<sub>n−3</sub>-'''DAT'''-NOM-3. | ||
| | |''Friend, I am talking to you.'' (The recipient of the parole is the friend: nominative bracket.)}} | ||
''Friend, I am talking to you.''}} | |||
|} | |} | ||