Lemizh: Difference between revisions

1,643 bytes added ,  24 May 2022
Job titles; predicative
(Resultative vs. depictive; formatting)
(Job titles; predicative)
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| ''làw.'' "to make a lion" || [''lèw.'' "one making a lion"] || ''lỳw.'' "a thing having the properties of a lion = '''a lion'''" || [''lìw.'' "building materials for a lion, materials made into a lion"]
| ''làw.'' "to make a lion" || [''lèw.'' "one making a lion"] || ''lỳw.'' "a thing having the properties of a lion = '''a lion'''" || [''lìw.'' "building materials for a lion, materials made into a lion"]
|}
|}
Nouns expressing job titles and the like mostly have inner nominatives because professions are often about producing or selling something, or about providing a kind of service:
* ''ghexè.'' "baker" from ''ghexà.'' "to bake",
* ''saxèf.'' "trumpeter" from ''saxàf.'' "to play the trumpet",
* ''bèst.'' "hero" from ''bàst.'' "to do heroic deeds, to act as a hero".


Another very common kind of nouns are tool nouns, formed with an inner instrumental case:
Another very common kind of nouns are tool nouns, formed with an inner instrumental case:
* ''ghstù.'' "a sail" is derived from ''ghstà.'' "to sail", literally "a means of sailing",
* ''ghstù.'' "a sail" is derived from ''ghstà.'' "to sail", literally "a means of sailing",
* ''pslù.'' "scissors" from ''pslà.'' "to cut with scissors",
* ''pslù.'' "scissors" from ''pslà.'' "to cut with scissors",
* ''saxùf.'' "a trumpet" from ''saxàf.'' "to play the trumpet",
* ''saxùf.'' "a trumpet", also from ''saxàf.'',
* ''skrùzh.'' "a finger" from ''skràzh.'' "to work with one's fingers".
* ''skrùzh.'' "a finger" from ''skràzh.'' "to work with one's fingers".


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===Predicative===
===Predicative===
[[w:Predicative expression|Predicatives]], like all sentences, follow the plot arrow:
<!--The nominal verb ''.'' "to make [something, an entity]"-->
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive
|ghát zhngyè bestỳ lusỳi.
|name-FACT-1 child-ACC-NOM-2A hero-NOM-ACC-2 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2.
|''The children called Lucy a hero.'' (The children gave the name of hero to Lucy.)}}
 
Predicatives with the verb "to make" typically correspond to Lemizh sentences with a nominal or adjectival verb as the main predicate. This can be interpreted as the accusative object – here "ill" – being absorbed ("swallowed up") by the main predicate:
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level
|mà ydhè gwilbkyỳ wỳgwi. → gwilbkà ydhè wỳgwi.
|make-FACT-1 eat-ACC-NOM-2 ill-ACC-ACC-2 dog-ACC-DAT-2. → ill-FACT-1 eat-ACC-NOM-2 dog-ACC-DAT-2.
|''The food made the dog ill.'' (The food gave the property of being ill to the dog.)}}


Resultative:
The verb "to be" translates as the corresponding perfect form, i.e. with inner consecutive of the main predicate:
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; 1:first level; 2:second level
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; 1:first level; 2:second level
|lìlbdh lỳghi.
|lìlbdh lỳghi.
|white-CONS-1 house-ACC-'''DAT'''-2.
|white-CONS-1 house-ACC-DAT-2.
|''The house is [painted] white.'' (The consequence of whitening the house exists. The house has been made white.)}}
|''The house is [painted] white.'' (The house has been given the property of being white. The house has been whitened.)}}


Depictive:
The above are called resultative predicatives, describing the result of some property being conferred on someone or something. A depictive predicative describes an inherent property; this is achieved with an accusative object:
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; 1:first level; 2:second level
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; 1:first level; 2:second level
|drulìl werhèy.
|drulìl werhèy.
|shrub-CONS-1 hazel-NOM-'''ACC'''-2.
|shrub-CONS-1 hazel-NOM-ACC-2.
|''The hazel is a shrub.'' (The hazel has the properties of a shrub.)}}
|''The hazel is a shrub.'' (The hazel has the properties of a shrub.)}}
(Side note: The stem of ''werhè.'' "hazel" means "to make hazelnuts", hence the inner nominative. The nuts are called ''werhỳ.'', with inner accusative. Other plants bearing edible fruits follow the same pattern.)
(Side note: The stem of ''werhè.'' "hazel" means "to make hazelnuts", hence the inner nominative. The nuts are called ''werhỳ.'', with inner accusative. Other plants bearing edible fruits follow the same pattern.)
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Number and gender of [[#Nouns|nouns]] are compounds from brackets which are first inverted to turn the more salient word into the compound's head: ''dè mlỳe. ⇔ mlỳ dèy.'' "several givers" ⇒ ''demlè.'' "givers". The inner nominative (''-e-'') becomes the epenthetic case, and the new inner case also has to be a nominative per Rule Three. ''demlỳ.'' (inner {{sc|acc}}), by contrast, is "something given by several people".
Number and gender of [[#Nouns|nouns]] are compounds from brackets which are first inverted to turn the more salient word into the compound's head: ''dè mlỳe. ⇔ mlỳ dèy.'' "several givers" ⇒ ''demlè.'' "givers". The inner nominative (''-e-'') becomes the epenthetic case, and the new inner case also has to be a nominative per Rule Three. ''demlỳ.'' (inner {{sc|acc}}), by contrast, is "something given by several people".


Compounds expressing degrees of [[#Adjectives and the like|adjectives]] are also formed from brackets. They have an epenthetic consecutive (''-il-''), which stems from the corresponding abstract noun: ''gmrìl dmỳil. ⇔ dmỳ gmrìly.'' "much warmth" ⇒ ''gmrildmìl.'' "heat" (abstract noun formed with inner {{sc|cons}}), ''gmrildmỳ.'' "hot" (adjective with inner {{sc|acc}}). Degrees of comparison are often combined with [[#Predicative|predicatives]]:
Compounds expressing degrees of [[#Adjectives and the like|adjectives]] are also formed from brackets. They have an epenthetic consecutive (''-il-''), which stems from the corresponding abstract noun: ''gmrìl dmỳil. ⇔ dmỳ gmrìly.'' "much warmth" ⇒ ''gmrildmìl.'' "heat" (abstract noun formed with inner {{sc|cons}}), ''gmrildmỳ.'' "hot" (adjective with inner {{sc|acc}}). Degrees of comparison are often combined with [[#Predicative|predicatives]] as well as with qualitative or partitive outer cases:
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; QUALDAT:qualitative dative case; 1:first level; 2:second level
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; QUALDAT:qualitative dative case; 1:first level; 2:second level
|prilghtìlzhd lyghì bỳghim.
|prilghtìlzhd lyghì bỳghim.
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