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**Shared with Catalan and Portuguese. | **Shared with Catalan and Portuguese. | ||
**E.g. IUVENE(M) > ''joven'' /ˈdʒoven/ "young" (Catalan ''jove'', Portuguese ''jovem'' vs. Spanish ''joven'', Asturian ''xoven'', Galician ''xove'', Aragonese ''choven'') | **E.g. IUVENE(M) > ''joven'' /ˈdʒoven/ "young" (Catalan ''jove'', Portuguese ''jovem'' vs. Spanish ''joven'', Asturian ''xoven'', Galician ''xove'', Aragonese ''choven'') | ||
*Intervocalic -I-, -DI- become /j/. | *Intervocalic -I-, -DI- usually become /j/. | ||
**Differs from Catalan | **Differs from Catalan. However, there are many exceptions to this pattern. | ||
**E.g. MAIORE(M) > ''mayor'' /maˈjor/ "bigger" (Spanish, Asturian ''mayor'', Galician/Portuguese ''maior'' vs Catalan ''major''). | **E.g. MAIORE(M) > ''mayor'' /maˈjor/ "bigger" (Spanish, Asturian ''mayor'', Galician/Portuguese ''maior'' vs Catalan ''major''). | ||
:::HODIE > ''wey'' /wej/ "today" (Spanish ''hoy'', Asturian, Aragonese ''güe'', Catalan '' | :::HODIE > ''wey'' /wej/ "today" (Spanish ''hoy'', Asturian, Aragonese ''güe'', Catalan ''avui'' vs Portuguese ''hoje'', Galician ''hoxe''). | ||
:::FUGĪRE > ''fugir'' /fuˈʒiɾ/ "to flee" (Catalan, Portuguese ''fugir'', Asturian, Galician ''fuxir'' vs Spanish ''huir''). | |||
*Diphthongization of stressed Ŏ & Ĕ to /we/ and /je/. | *Diphthongization of stressed Ŏ & Ĕ to /we/ and /je/. | ||
**Shared with Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Spanish (except before yod),Catalan (only before yod). | **Shared with Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Spanish (except before yod),Catalan (only before yod). | ||
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*Most masculine words ending in a consonant form their plural in ''-os''. | *Most masculine words ending in a consonant form their plural in ''-os''. | ||
**Shared (to a limited extent) with Catalan. | **Shared (to a limited extent) with Catalan. | ||
*Final -TIS in second person plural verbs became /θ/. | *Final -TIS in second person plural verbs became /θ/ (through intermediate stage /ts/). | ||
**Shared with Aragonese. | **Shared with Aragonese. | ||
*-B- in imperfect preserved as /v/ in all verb classes. | *-B- in imperfect preserved as /v/ in all verb classes. | ||
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====Number==== | ====Number==== | ||
Nouns may be singular or plural. Nouns may also | Nouns may be singular or plural. Nouns may also occur in the dual, which is borrowed from Arabic. | ||
====='''Regular plurals'''===== | ====='''Regular plurals'''===== | ||
Nouns are pluralized based on their ending and gender as follows: | Nouns are pluralized based on their ending and gender as follows: | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==Verbs== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Tenses and moods==== | ====Tenses and moods==== | ||
Verbs conjugate in the following tenses and moods: | Verbs conjugate in the following tenses and moods: | ||
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'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
¹ ''-er'' verbs may form their past participle in ''-ut'' instead of ''-it'' (this is considered archaic). Additionally, many ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs have irregular past participles | ¹ ''-er'' verbs may form their past participle in ''-ut'' instead of ''-it'' (this is considered archaic). Additionally, many ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs have irregular past participles, which may or may not coexist with regular forms. | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.--> | ² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.--> | ||
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¹ The final ''-e'' in the 3S present of ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs is dropped after certain consonants. | ¹ The final ''-e'' in the 3S present of ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs is dropped after certain consonants. | ||
<!-- | |||
² When an ending begins in a rising diphthong (''-i-'' + vowel), ''-i-'' is dropped after palatal consonants and merges with a preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-y-''. | ² When an ending begins in a rising diphthong (''-i-'' + vowel), ''-i-'' is dropped after palatal consonants and merges with a preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-y-''.--> | ||
====='''Simple tenses (subjunctive)'''===== | ====='''Simple tenses (subjunctive)'''===== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!3P | !3P | ||
| - | | -on | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| /dʒ ~ ʒ/ | | /dʒ ~ ʒ/ | ||
| g || j || This spelling change does not apply if the infinitive is spelled with ''-j-'', in which case | | g || j || This spelling change does not apply if the infinitive is spelled with ''-j-'', in which case ''-j-'' spelling is maintained in all forms. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /kw/ | | /kw/ | ||
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| gü || gu || | | gü || gu || | ||
|} | |} | ||
:Note that many verbs ending in ''-cer, -cir'' irregularly maintain their spelling in the 1S present indicative with the corresponding pronunciation change. | :Note that many verbs ending in ''-cer, -cir, -ger, -gir'' irregularly maintain their spelling in the 1S present indicative with the corresponding pronunciation change. | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
*There are various verbs ending in ''-uyir/-uwir''. These verbs, as well as ''oyir/owir'' "to hear" have two forms: a mostly regular form in ''-yir'', and a form in ''-wir'' with an irregular present indicative in the 1S and a present subjunctive where the ''-w-'' is replaced with ''-y-''.--> | *There are various verbs ending in ''-uyir/-uwir''. These verbs, as well as ''oyir/owir'' "to hear" have two forms: a mostly regular form in ''-yir'', and a form in ''-wir'' with an irregular present indicative in the 1S and a present subjunctive where the ''-w-'' is replaced with ''-y-''.--> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1P | ! 1P | ||
| son || yeren || fuen || serén || sereven || fueren | | son/sen || yeren || fuen || serén || sereven || fueren | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2P | ! 2P | ||
| soz || yérez || fuez || serez || serévez || fuérez | | soz/sez || yérez || fuez || serez || serévez || fuérez | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| an || even || | | an || even || ovon || avrán || avreven || overen | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== | ====='''The verb ''facer'' "to do, make"'''===== | ||
=== | {| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | ||
== | |+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make" | ||
! Infinitive | |||
| facer | |||
|- | |||
! Participle | |||
| feit/feitos, feita/feites, feito | |||
|- | |||
! Gerundive | |||
| facendo | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
== | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
<!-- | |+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make" | ||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| faco || feva || fici || faré || fareva || ficera | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| fas || feves || fices || farás || fareves || ficeres | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| fa || feva || ficho || fará || fareva || ficera | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| facén || feven || ficén || farén || fareven || ficeren | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| facez || févez || ficez || farez || farévez || ficérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| fan || feven || fichon || farán || fareven || ficeren | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
<p align=right> | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
توتس لس سارس أمانس نشن حرس ءاد ءاكوالس ءان دنتاه إي دريتس. سون دتاتس دا رچون إي كنشنچه، إي داڤن كمپرتارسن لس أونس كلس أترس ءان روح دا جرمانتاه | |+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''facer'' "to do, make" | ||
</p> | ! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff. | ||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| faca || ficesse || ficere || — | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| facas || ficessas || ficeras || fa | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| faca || ficesse || ficere || faca | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| facán || ficessan || ficeran || facán | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| facaz || ficéssaz || ficéraz || facet | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| facan || ficessan || ficeran || facan | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====='''The verb ''dicer'' "to say"'''===== | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align: center | |||
|+ Non-finite forms of the verb ''dicer'' "to say" | |||
! Infinitive | |||
| dicer | |||
|- | |||
! Participle | |||
| dit/ditos, dita/dites, dito | |||
|- | |||
! Gerundive | |||
| dicendo | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Indicative tenses of the verb ''dicer'' "to say" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present !! Imperfect !! Preterite !! Future !! Conditional !! Pluperfect | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| dico || diva || dixi || diré || direva || dixera | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| dices || dives || dixes || dirás || direves || dixeres | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| dich || diva || dixo || dirá || direva || dixera | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| dicén || diven || dixén || dirén || direven || dixeren | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| dicez || dívez || dixez || direz || dirévez || dixérez | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| dicen || diven || dixon || dirán || direven || dixeren | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Non-indicative tenses of the verb ''dicer'' "to say" | |||
! Person/<br />Number !! Present subj. !! Imperfect subj. !! Future subj. !! Imperative aff. | |||
|- | |||
! 1S | |||
| dica || dixesse || dixere || — | |||
|- | |||
! 2S | |||
| dicas || dixessas || dixeras || di | |||
|- | |||
! 3S | |||
| dica || dixesse || dixere || dica | |||
|- | |||
! 1P | |||
| dicán || dixessan || dixeran || dicán | |||
|- | |||
! 2P | |||
| dicaz || dixéssaz || dixéraz || dicet | |||
|- | |||
! 3P | |||
| dican || dixessan || dixeran || dican | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | |||
===Constituent order=== | |||
===Noun phrase=== | |||
===Verb phrase=== | |||
===Sentence phrase=== | |||
===Dependent clauses=== | |||
<!-- etc. etc. --> | |||
==Vocabulary== | |||
===Time - ''Tiempu''=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Seasons - ''Les çachones'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| spring || el verán | |||
|- | |||
| summer || el çiw | |||
|- | |||
| fall || l'otonh | |||
|- | |||
| winter || l'inviernu | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
<!-- | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Hijri Months - ''Los mesos hijrís'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| Muharram || muhárram | |||
|- | |||
| Safar || sáfar | |||
|- | |||
| Rabi' al-Awwal || rabigh primer | |||
|- | |||
| Rabi' ath-Thani || rabigh second | |||
|- | |||
| Jumada al-Ula || jumada primera | |||
|- | |||
| Jumada al-Akhirah || jumada seconda | |||
|- | |||
| Rajab || rájab | |||
|- | |||
| Sha'ban || xaghbán | |||
|- | |||
| Ramadan || ramadán | |||
|- | |||
| Shawwal || xawal | |||
|- | |||
| Dhu'l-Qa'dah || zulcaghda | |||
|- | |||
| Dhu'l-Hijjah || zulhaja | |||
|- | |||
|}--> | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Greogorian months - ''Los mesos gregorianos'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| January || gener | |||
|- | |||
| February || fevrer | |||
|- | |||
| March || marchu | |||
|- | |||
| April || abril | |||
|- | |||
| May || mayu | |||
|- | |||
| June || junh | |||
|- | |||
| July || julhet | |||
|- | |||
| August || agoç | |||
|- | |||
| September || setiembre | |||
|- | |||
| October || ochombre | |||
|- | |||
| November || noviembre | |||
|- | |||
| December || deciembre | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Days of the week - ''Los diyes de la semana'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| Sunday || ahad | |||
|- | |||
| Monday || eçnén | |||
|- | |||
| Tuesday || çalaça | |||
|- | |||
| Wednesday || arbagha | |||
|- | |||
| Thursday || hamís | |||
|- | |||
| Friday || jumgha | |||
|- | |||
| Saturday || sabte | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Parts of the day - ''Los partes del diya'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| day || diya | |||
|- | |||
| dawn || alba | |||
|- | |||
| morning || manhana | |||
|- | |||
| noon || meyu-diya | |||
|- | |||
| afternoon || tarde | |||
|- | |||
| evening || serán | |||
|- | |||
| dusk || ocás | |||
|- | |||
| night || nueit | |||
|- | |||
| midnight || meya-nueit | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Units of time - ''Unitás del tiempu'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| second || secondu | |||
|- | |||
| minute || minut | |||
|- | |||
| hour || ora; sagha (pl: saghat) | |||
|- | |||
| day || día | |||
|- | |||
| week || semana | |||
|- | |||
| month || mes | |||
|- | |||
| season || çachón | |||
|- | |||
| year || anh | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Time adverbs - ''Adverbos temporales'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| now || agora | |||
|- | |||
| then || alora, entonce | |||
|- | |||
| recently, a short time ago || adiés | |||
|- | |||
| earlier || antes | |||
|- | |||
| soon, shortly || ayina | |||
|- | |||
| later || lueco | |||
|- | |||
| always || siempre | |||
|- | |||
| often || sovent | |||
|- | |||
| sometimes || a veces | |||
|- | |||
| rarely || raro | |||
|- | |||
| never || nunca; jamás; ábadan | |||
|- | |||
| ever || ábadan | |||
|- | |||
| still, yet || awún; ancora | |||
|- | |||
| already || ja | |||
|- | |||
| today || wey | |||
|- | |||
| tonight || ça nueit | |||
|- | |||
| yesterday || ayer | |||
|- | |||
| last night || anueit | |||
|- | |||
| tomorrow || cras | |||
|- | |||
| before yesterday || antes d'ayer | |||
|- | |||
| two nights ago || antes d'anueit | |||
|- | |||
| after tomorrow || depues de cras | |||
|- | |||
| this week || ça semana | |||
|- | |||
| last week || la semana passata | |||
|- | |||
| next week || la semana próxima | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Colours - ''Los colores''=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Colours - ''Los colores'' | |||
! English !! Essanian | |||
|- | |||
| white || blancu | |||
|- | |||
| grey || gris | |||
|- | |||
| black || negru | |||
|- | |||
| red || vermelh | |||
|- | |||
| orange || anaranjat | |||
|- | |||
| brown || caçanh | |||
|- | |||
| yellow || amarielh | |||
|- | |||
| green || verde | |||
|- | |||
| blue || azur | |||
|- | |||
| pink || rosat | |||
|- | |||
| purple || rox | |||
|- | |||
| golden || dorat | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Example texts== | |||
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | |||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | |||
'''La Declarachón Universala de los Dreitos Umanos (Artícul 1)''' | |||
Totos los seros umanos naxen horros ed equalos en dinitá y dreitos. Son dotatos de rachón y conxencha, y deven comportar-sen los unos colos otros en ruhu de germantá. | |||
<p align=right> | |||
توتس لس سارس أمانس نشن حرس ءاد ءاكوالس ءان دنتاه إي دريتس. سون دتاتس دا رچون إي كنشنچه، إي داڤن كمپرتارسن لس أونس كلس أترس ءان روح دا جرمانتاه | |||
</p> | |||
/ˈtotos los ˈseɾos uˈmanos ˈnaʃen ˈhoros ed eˈkwalos en diniˈta i ˈdreitos ‖ son doˈtatos de raˈt͡ʃon i konˈʃent͡ʃa | i ˈdeven kompoɾˈtaɾsen los ˈunos ˈkolos ˈotɾos en ˈruhu de d͡ʒeɾmanˈta/ | /ˈtotos los ˈseɾos uˈmanos ˈnaʃen ˈhoros ed eˈkwalos en diniˈta i ˈdreitos ‖ son doˈtatos de raˈt͡ʃon i konˈʃent͡ʃa | i ˈdeven kompoɾˈtaɾsen los ˈunos ˈkolos ˈotɾos en ˈruhu de d͡ʒeɾmanˈta/ | ||
<!-- | |||
====Old Essanian==== | |||
Totos los seres humanos nascent ḥorros ed equales en dignitad i drehtos. Sont dotatos de rachón i consciencha, i devent comportar-se los unos con los outros en ruḥu de germantad.--> | |||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== |
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