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The present stem is obtained by removing the infinitive ending (''-(i)āre, -ēre, -ere,'' or ''-īre'') from the second principal part. | The present stem is obtained by removing the infinitive ending (''-(i)āre, -ēre, -ere,'' or ''-īre'') from the second principal part. | ||
Many verbs in the | Many verbs in the second to fourth conjugations have a secondary present stem distinct from the primary present stem. This is obtained by removing ''-(i)ō'' from the first principal part and maintaining its hardness/softness. | ||
In the 2nd and 4th declensions, the stem-final consonant is always soft, which is indicated with an ''-i-'' before back vowels (which is dropped if the stem ends in ''-j-''). In the 1st and 3rd declensions, the stem-final consonant may be hard or soft. | In the 2nd and 4th declensions, the stem-final consonant is always soft, which is indicated with an ''-i-'' before back vowels (which is dropped if the stem ends in ''-j-''). In the 1st and 3rd declensions, the stem-final consonant may be hard or soft. | ||
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! 1S | ! 1S | ||
| ''-(i)ō'' || ''-iō'' || ''-[i]ō''¹ || ''-iō''¹ || ''-ę'' || colspan="3"| ''-(i)ą''¹ || ''-(i)āvą'' || colspan="3"| ''-ēvą''¹ || ''-(i)ārę'' || ''-ērę''|| ''-erę'' || ''-īrę'' | | ''-(i)ō'' || ''-iō''¹ || ''-[i]ō''¹ || ''-iō''¹ || ''-ę'' || colspan="3"| ''-(i)ą''¹ || ''-(i)āvą'' || colspan="3"| ''-ēvą''¹ || ''-(i)ārę'' || ''-ērę''|| ''-erę'' || ''-īrę'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2S | ! 2S |
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