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|name = Tjoc
|name = Tjoc
|nativename = Tjoc
|nativename = Tjoc
|pronunciation = ['tjo:tʃ]
|pronunciation = ['tjutʃ]
|region = Europe
|region = Europe
|states = Kingdom of Angelkinn
|states = Kingdom of Angelkinn
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=General informations=
=General informations=


'''Tjoc''' is a language spoken in the ''Ljoshare af Angelkinn'' (= Country of Angelkinn), a country that corresponds to Modern England on a parallel timeline, where the United Kingdom doesn't exist.
'''Tjoc''' ['tjutʃ] is a language spoken in the ''Ljoshare af Angelkinn'' (= Country of Angelkinn), a country that corresponds to Modern England on a parallel timeline, where the United Kingdom doesn't exist.
This language has evolved from the Anglo-Saxon with a scarce influence of Latin, while one can appreciate a Scandinavian influence. Thus Tjoc is a Germanic language that is strongly linked to Modern English.
This language has evolved from the Anglo-Saxon with a scarce influence of Latin, while one can appreciate a Scandinavian influence. Thus Tjoc is a Germanic language that is strongly linked to Modern English.


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|-
|-
|å
|å
|[ɑ:]
|[o:]
|long 'a'
|long 'a'
|-
|-
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|e
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|in the plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|-
|f
|f
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|-
|-
|i
|i
|[ɪ]
|[i]
|short 'i'
|short 'i'
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|o
|o
|[ɔ] / [o:]
|[ɔ] / [u:]
| -
| -
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|u
|u
|[ʊ]
|[ø]
|short 'u'
|short 'u'
|-
|-
|ů
|ů
|[u:]
|[y:]
|long 'u'
|long 'u'
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|y
|y
|[i:]
|[εi̯:]
|long 'i'
|long 'i'
|}
|}
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|}
|}


In the South the final postvocalic <f> is not pronunced, ex.: ''stof'' is read as [sto:], ''wouf'' is read as ['vɔu̯], and so on.
In the South the final postvocalic <f> is not pronunced, ex.: ''stof'' is read as [stu:], ''wouf'' is read as ['vɔu̯], and so on.
The [w] phoneme is found as a glide in words like ''wouen'', wolves, that is pronounced as ['vɔu̯wɛn].
The [w] phoneme is found as a glide in words like ''wouen'', wolves, that is pronounced as ['vɔu̯wɛn].


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|-
|-
!'''Closed'''
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|i
|ʊ
| -
|i:
|y:
|u:
|u:
|-
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|ø
|
| -
|e:
|e:
|o:
|o:
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|ɛ
|ɛ
|ɔ
|ɔ
|
| -
|
| -
|-
|-
!'''Open'''
!'''Open'''
|a
|a
|
| -
|
| -
|ɑ:
| -
|}
|}


The 'a' is realized not precisely in the front of mouth, but in the mid between the front and centre of the mouth, wehereas the 'å' [ɑ:] is realized in the mid between the back and the centre of mouth.
The 'a' is realized not precisely in the front of mouth, but in the mid between the front and centre of the mouth.


===Vowel length===
===Vowel length===


The short vowels 'a', 'i' and 'u' have got a long counterpart: 'å', 'y' and 'ů'.
The short vowels 'a' [a], 'i' [i] and 'u' [ø] have got a long counterpart: 'å' [o:], 'y' [εi̯] and 'ů' [y:].
Only the vowels 'e' and 'o' can be either short or long, but they are written always in one way. The pronunciation of these two vowels, however, seems not to be more relevant in the language.
Only the vowels 'e' and 'o' can be either short or long, but they are written always in one way. The pronunciation of these two vowels, however, seems not to be more relevant in the language.
Actually there are words that differ in the pronunciation of these vowels, such as ''wjor'', that means both "far", when it is pronounced ['vjɔr], and "four", when it is pronounced ['vjo:r]. Anyway in the present language the context has become more important than the correct pronunciation of 'e' and 'o'.
Actually there are words that differ in the pronunciation of these vowels, such as ''wjor'', that means both "far", when it is pronounced ['vjɔr], and "four", when it is pronounced ['vju:r]. It is important to know when to pronounce 'o' as [ɔ] and when to pronounce it as [u:], because it allows to distinguish words that are spelled the same. Anyway in the present language the context has become more important than the correct pronunciation of 'e' and 'o', even because in many dialects, the long vowels and the short vowels have merged.


==Diphthongs and digraphs==
==Diphthongs and digraphs==
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|-
|-
|aj - åj
|aj - åj
|[aɪ] - [ɑ:ɪ]
|[ai̯] - [o:i̯]
|-
|-
|au - åu
|au - åu
|[aʊ] - [ɑ:ʊ]
|[au̯] - [o:u̯]
|-
|-
|ej
|ej
|[ɛɪ] - [e:ɪ]
|[ɛi̯] - [e:i̯]
|-
|-
|eu
|eu
|[ɛʊ] - [e:ʊ]
|[ɛu̯] - [e:u̯]
|-
|-
|ja - jå
|ja - jå
|[ja] - [jɑ:]
|[ja] - [jo:]
|-
|-
|je
|je
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|-
|-
|jo
|jo
|[jɔ] - [jo:]
|[jɔ] - [ju]
|-
|-
|ju - jů
|ju - jů
|[jʊ] - [ju:]
|[jø] - [jy:]
|-
|-
|oj
|oj
|[ɔɪ] - [o:ɪ]
|[ɔi̯] - [u:i̯]
|-
|-
|ou
|ou
|[ɔʊ] - [o:ʊ]
|[ɔu̯]
|}
|}


Tjoc has got two digraphs too: <hw>, that is pronounced [hv] or [kv] depending on the speaker, and <sh>, that is pronounced [ʃ].
Also the letter 'y' is pronounced as a diphthong, as we have seen. Tjoc has got a digraph: <hw>, that is pronounced [kv].
The cluster <sk> maintains the sound [sk] in front of the vowels ''a'', ''å'', ''o'', ''u'' and ''ů'', but in front of the vowels ''e'', ''i'', ''j'' and ''y'' it behaves as a digraph and is pronounced [ʃ].


==Stress==
==Stress==
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The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:
The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:


* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective, ex.: ''jarjewels'', "forgiveness", is read as [var'jɛvɛls]. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately, ex.: ''lerstof'', "school", is read as ['le:r 'sto:f];
* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective, ex.: ''warjewels'', "forgiveness", is read as [var'jɛvɛls]. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately, ex.: ''lerstof'', "school", is read as ['le:r 'stu(f)];


* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''iwacan'', "to wake up", is read as [ɪ'vatʃan].
* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''iwacan'', "to wake up", is read as [ɪ'vatʃan].
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Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is not always so simple, because there are four ways to form it:
Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is not always so simple, because there are four ways to form it:


1) Some uter nouns take -es suffix, the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;
1) Some uter nouns take -es suffix, the 'e' in this suffix is generally not pronounced;
2) some uter nouns take -(e)n suffix;
2) some uter nouns take -(e)n suffix;
3) some uter nouns take no suffix, some of these undergo a root vowel change too;
3) some uter nouns take no suffix, some of these undergo a root vowel change too;
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|sky, heaven
|sky, heaven
|-
|-
|sho
|sko
|shon
|skon
|uter
|uter
|shoe
|shoe
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|hand
|hand
|-
|-
|shor
|skjor
|shor
|skjor
|neuter
|neuter
|star
|star
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|sad
|sad
|-
|-
|hjå
|skjå
|hjå
|skjå
|tall / high
|tall / high
|-
|-
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|short
|short
|-
|-
|shen
|sken
|shene
|skene
|beautiful / goodlooking
|beautiful / goodlooking
|-
|-
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The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-ar' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-er'). The second term of comparation is introduced by ''als'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:
The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-ar' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-er'). The second term of comparation is introduced by ''als'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:


* ''An blosne shenar als an trjo'' - A flower more beautiful than a tree.  
* ''An blosne skenar als an trjo'' - A flower more beautiful than a tree.  


The same degree comparative is formed with the periphrasis ''så + adjective + hů'', ex.:
The same degree comparative is formed with the periphrasis ''så + adjective + hů'', ex.:


* ''An blosne så shen hů an trjo'' - A flower as beautiful as a tree.  
* ''An blosne så sken hů an trjo'' - A flower as beautiful as a tree.  


The lower degree comparative is formed with the periphrasis ''lass + adjective + als'', ex.:
The lower degree comparative is formed with the periphrasis ''lass + adjective + als'', ex.:


* ''An blosne lass shen als an trjo'' - A flower less beautiful than a tree.  
* ''An blosne lass sken als an trjo'' - A flower less beautiful than a tree.  


====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====
====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====
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|jengre
|jengre
|-
|-
|hjå
|skjå
|hyr
|skyr
|hyrre
|skyrre
|-
|-
|strong
|strong
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Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:
Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:


* ''Tů jart hyr als y (jom)'' - You are taller than I (am).
* ''Tů jart skyr als y (jom)'' - You are taller than I (am).


===Superlative===
===Superlative===
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The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ast' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-est'). The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it is preceded by the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with ''i + dative case'', ex.:
The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ast' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-est'). The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it is preceded by the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with ''i + dative case'', ex.:


* ''Se shenast blosne i tem werl'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.
* ''Se skenast blosne i tem werl'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.


====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====
====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====
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|jengste
|jengste
|-
|-
|hjå
|skjå
|hyst
|skyst
|hyste
|skyste
|-
|-
|strong
|strong
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!'''Nominative'''
!'''Nominative'''
|he
|he
|hjo
|skjo [ʃu]
|het
|het
|hy
|hy
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!'''Genitive'''
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|his
|hjos
|skjos [ʃu:s]
|his
|his
|heras
|heras
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|syne
|syne
|-
|-
!'''hjo'''
!'''skjo'''
|hirs
|hirs
|hirs
|hirs
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* ''Myne kattes > Te myne'' - My cats > Mine;
* ''Myne kattes > Te myne'' - My cats > Mine;
* ''Tyne hůnnes > Te tyne'' - Your dogs > Yours;
* ''Tyne hůnnes > Te tyne'' - Your dogs > Yours;
* ''Syne ƿyen > Te syne'' - His wifes > His;
* ''Syne wyen > Te syne'' - His wifes > His;
* ''Hirs menn > Te hirs'' - Her men > Hers;
* ''Hirs menn > Te hirs'' - Her men > Hers;
* ''Ůre djor > Te ůre'' - Our animals > Ours;
* ''Ůre djor > Te ůre'' - Our animals > Ours;
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* ''Hwå is he?'' - Who is he?
* ''Hwå is he?'' - Who is he?
* ''Hwat an shen hůnn!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Hwat an sken hůnn!'' - What a beautiful dog!
* ''Hwas is se bok her?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Hwas is se bok her?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Hwam hafstů isagd het?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''Hwam hafstů isagd het?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''Se jon is se wyf ƕan y frjowe'' - That there is the woman whom I love.
* ''Se jon is se wyf hwan y frjowe'' - That there is the woman whom I love.


Instrumental case ''hwy'' corresponds perfectly to English "why" (but also to the English "because"!), ex.:
Instrumental case ''hwy'' corresponds perfectly to English "why" (but also to the English "because"!), ex.:
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* ''Elles hwat / elshwat'' - Something else;
* ''Elles hwat / elshwat'' - Something else;
* ''Te elles'' - The others.  
* ''Te elles'' - The others.  
In ''elshwå'' and ''elshwat'' 'sh' isn't a digraph, 's' and 'hw' have to be read separately!


If these indefinites are used as interrogatives, than elles follows the pronouns:
If these indefinites are used as interrogatives, than elles follows the pronouns:


* ''Tjarftů hwat elles?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Tjarftů hwat elles?'' - Do you need something else?
* ''Knaut hjo hwan elles?'' - Does she know someone else?
* ''Knaut skjo hwan elles?'' - Does she know someone else?


==Adverbs==
==Adverbs==
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* ''sys > sysnes'' - six times...  
* ''sys > sysnes'' - six times...  


Expressions such as "Eight times a week" are translated as ''Jåtens an wuke''.
Expressions such as "Eight times a week" are translated as ''Jåtnes an wuke''.


===Manner adverbs===
===Manner adverbs===
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* ''(an) lit / liten - lass - last'' (little - less - least).  
* ''(an) lit / liten - lass - last'' (little - less - least).  


Both ''gryllic'' and ''micel'' can be used to mean "very", ex.: ''tů jart gryllic'' / ''micel shen'' - You are very beautiful.
Both ''gryllic'' and ''micel'' can be used to mean "very", ex.: ''tů jart gryllic'' / ''micel sken'' - You are very beautiful.


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
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* ''Lyce y te?'' - Do you like me?
* ''Lyce y te?'' - Do you like me?
* ''Y wenne her'' - I live here;
* ''Y wenne her'' - I live here;
* ''Hjo went jon'' - She lives over there.  
* ''Skjo went jon'' - She lives over there.  


Please note that when the verb precedes the 2nd person singular, the pronouns merges with the verb, ex.: ''ljornt tů'' > ''ljorntů''; ''went tů'' > ''wentů'', and so on.
Please note that when the verb precedes the 2nd person singular, the pronouns merges with the verb, ex.: ''ljornt tů'' > ''ljorntů''; ''went tů'' > ''wentů'', and so on.
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|hwat
|hwat
|dide
|dide
|shof
|skjof
|-
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
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===Present perfect and participle II===
===Present perfect and participle II===


To express an action that has happened in a period of time that is not completely finished, such as ''hjowag'', today, ''se wuke her'', this week, ''se mont her'', this month, ''tat jår her'', this year, and so on, Tjoc uses the '''present perfect''' of indicative mood. This tense is used also to talk about happenings that haven't got a precise temporal localization.
To express an action that has happened in a period of time that is not completely finished, such as ''skjowe'', today, ''se wuke her'', this week, ''se mont her'', this month, ''tat jår her'', this year, and so on, Tjoc uses the '''present perfect''' of indicative mood. This tense is used also to talk about happenings that haven't got a precise temporal localization.


The present perfect is formed with the present of either the verb ''bjon'' or ''håban'' and the participle II - that corresponds to the past participle - of the main verb. Usually the verb ''bjon'' is used with verbs that indicate movement or change, such as ''wjassan'', to grow up, ''shorwan'', to die, ''wjortan'', to become, ''brejtan'', to change, to turn oneself into, and so forth. The verb ''håban'' is used with other verbs instead.
The present perfect is formed with the present of either the verb ''bjon'' or ''håban'' and the participle II - that corresponds to the past participle - of the main verb. Usually the verb ''bjon'' is used with verbs that indicate movement or change, such as ''wjassan'', to grow up, ''shorwan'', to die, ''wjortan'', to become, ''brejtan'', to change, to turn oneself into, and so forth. The verb ''håban'' is used with other verbs instead.
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|-
|-
|skulan
|skulan
|shal
|skal
|skolle
|skolle
|skollon
|skollon
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|''must; to have to''
|''must; to have to''
|-
|-
|shorwan
|skjorwan
|shyrft
|skyrft
|sharf
|skjarf
|shurwon
|skjurwon
|ishorwen
|iskjorwen
|bjon
|bjon
|''to die''
|''to die''
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|mon
|mon
|tjarf
|tjarf
|shal
|skal
|djarr
|djarr
|-
|-
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|munon
|munon
|turwon
|turwon
|sholon
|skolon
|durron
|durron
|}
|}
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|-
|-
|skulan
|skulan
|shal
|skal
|skolle
|skolle
|skollon
|skollon
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|-
|-
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he'''
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he'''
|shal bjon
|skal bjon
|shal lyrnan
|skal lyrnan
|shal wennan
|skal wennan
|shal lycan
|skal lycan
|-
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|sholon bjon
|skolon bjon
|sholon lyrnan
|skolon lyrnan
|sholon wennan
|skolon wennan
|sholon lycan
|skolon lycan
|}
|}


The future of the verb ''skulan'' is formed with the perifrastic construction: ''skulan + bjon injewed to + infinitive'', ex.:
The future of the verb ''skulan'' is formed with the perifrastic construction: ''skulan + bjon injewed to + infinitive'', ex.:


* ''Tů shal injewed to don het'' - You will have to do it.
* ''Tů skal injewed to don het'' - You will have to do it.


Very often this construction is avoided and ''skulan'' is simply used in its present tense:
Very often this construction is avoided and ''skulan'' is simply used in its present tense:


* ''Tů shal don het'' - You have to do it.
* ''Tů skal don het'' - You have to do it.


The construction of the future can be used also with an imperative meaning, in this case the verb precedes the subject, ex.:  
The construction of the future can be used also with an imperative meaning, in this case the verb precedes the subject, ex.:  


* ''Shaltů don het!'' - Do it! (Yes, you will do it!).
* ''Skaltů don het!'' - Do it! (Yes, you will do it!).


===Past perfect and future perfect===
===Past perfect and future perfect===
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* ''Y hafte ieten ond y ůtjode'' - I had eaten and [then] I went out;
* ''Y hafte ieten ond y ůtjode'' - I had eaten and [then] I went out;
* ''Hwonne tů shal onhipan, y shal håban ijonded'' - As you'll return, I will have finished.
* ''Hwonne tů skal onhipan, y skal håban ijonded'' - As you'll return, I will have finished.


===Present subjunctive===
===Present subjunctive===
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|do
|do
|kinne
|kinne
|shile
|skile
|håbe
|håbe
|-
|-
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|don
|don
|kinnen
|kinnen
|shilen
|skilen
|håben
|håben
|}
|}
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|were
|were
|dide
|dide
|shelle
|skelle
|hafte
|hafte
|-
|-
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|weren
|weren
|diden
|diden
|shellen
|skellen
|haften
|haften
|}
|}
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* ''Do (tů) het!'' - Do it!
* ''Do (tů) het!'' - Do it!
* ''Shaltů don het!'' - You will do it!  
* ''Skaltů don het!'' - You will do it!  


In this case the future is used with the inversion of verb and subject.
In this case the future is used with the inversion of verb and subject.
To be more polite it can be used the construction of the verb ''skulan'' or of the verb ''turwan''. Usually this pattern is used with the 2nd person plural to underline the politeness, but it is often used with the 2nd person singular too:
To be more polite it can be used the construction of the verb ''skulan'' or of the verb ''turwan''. Usually this pattern is used with the 2nd person plural to underline the politeness, but it is often used with the 2nd person singular too:


* ''Tů shal don het.'' / ''Tů tjarf don het.'' - You have to do it. / You need to do it.
* ''Tů skal don het.'' / ''Tů tjarf don het.'' - You have to do it. / You need to do it.
* ''Je sholon don het.'' / ''Je turwon don het.'' - You should do it.  
* ''Je skolon don het.'' / ''Je turwon don het.'' - You should do it.  


The use of the future of indicative and of the present of subjunctive with the other persons are called exhortation form. Some examples with other persons:
The use of the future of indicative and of the present of subjunctive with the other persons are called exhortation form. Some examples with other persons:


* ''Gå we to se lerstof.'' - Let's go to the school.  
* ''Gå we to se lerstof.'' - Let's go to the school.  
* ''Ete hjo an klåwje.'' - She eat a sandwich.  
* ''Ete skjo an klåwje.'' - She eat a sandwich.  


In both these constructions the verb precedes the subject.
In both these constructions the verb precedes the subject.
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|13 Jun. - 10 Jul.
|13 Jun. - 10 Jul.
|-
|-
|''Hjemond''
|''Skjemond''
|11 Jul. - 07 Aug.
|11 Jul. - 07 Aug.
|-
|-
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* '''14th Trilkmond - Sumoråwilm''' (or '''Jårhjalw''') = Summer begin (1st summer festival);
* '''14th Trilkmond - Sumoråwilm''' (or '''Jårhjalw''') = Summer begin (1st summer festival);
* '''8th''' or '''9th Lyta - Sumorsoljet''' = Summer solstice (2nd summer festival);
* '''8th''' or '''9th Lyta - Sumorsoljet''' = Summer solstice (2nd summer festival);
* '''22th Hjemond - Herfståwilm''' (or '''Wojenshelldag''') = Autumn begin (1st autumn festival);
* '''22th Skjemond - Herfståwilm''' (or '''Wojenshelldag''') = Autumn begin (1st autumn festival);
* '''18th''' or '''19th Hålimond - Herfstsewennyt''' = Autumn Equinox (2nd autumn festival);
* '''18th''' or '''19th Hålimond - Herfstsewennyt''' = Autumn Equinox (2nd autumn festival);
* ''29th'' or ''30th Winterwild - Winteråwilmsåwen'' (or ''Jårjondning'') = New Year's eve.
* ''29th'' or ''30th Winterwild - Winteråwilmsåwen'' (or ''Jårjondning'') = New Year's eve.
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