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'''Ilithian''' (''gľauďhišká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avišvijá]], inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic. | |||
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi? | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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| | | | ||
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/ | | '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/ | ||
| | | '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''t''' /t/ | | '''t''' /t/ | ||
| '''č''' /tʃ/ | | '''č''' /tʃ/ | ||
| '''ť | | '''ť''' /c/ | ||
| '''k''' /k/ | | '''k''' /k/ | ||
| | | | ||
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| '''d''' /d/ | | '''d''' /d/ | ||
| '''dž''' /dʒ/ | | '''dž''' /dʒ/ | ||
| '''ď | | '''ď''' /ɟ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| '''v''' /v/ | | '''v''' /v/ | ||
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || ''' | | || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ || || '''h''' /ɦ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"| Liquid | !colspan="2"| Liquid | ||
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| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/ | | '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/ | ||
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/ | | '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/ | ||
| '''ľ | | '''ľ''' /ʎ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung. | Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung. | ||
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids | |||
PIE oey > eg | |||
PIE oey | |||
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style? | Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style? | ||
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ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í | ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í | ||
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from | all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization" | ||
mjs, mjnes- 'month' | |||
ja > je? | ja > je? | ||
=== Iotation === | === Iotation === | ||
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh | k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š | ||
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I | This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'. | ||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
Literary | Literary Ilithian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place. | ||
=== o-stems === | === o-stems === | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
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! | ! | ||
! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind | ! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind | ||
! colspan=3| '' | ! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat | ||
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey | ! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé'' | |''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech'' | ||
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú'' | |''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou'' | |''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou'' | ||
|''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou'' | |''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh'' | |''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh'' | ||
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh'' | |''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch'' | |''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch'' | ||
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú'' | |''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh'' | |''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh'' | ||
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh'' | |''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi'' | |''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi'' | ||
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi'' | |''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš'' | |''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš'' | ||
|''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš'' | |''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!'' | |''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!'' | ||
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!'' | |''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== n-stems === | === n-stems === | ||
=== Irregular nouns === | |||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!'' ||''žmené!'' | |''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!'' ||''žmené!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== ma-stems === | === ma-stems === | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
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=== -ýr nouns === | === -ýr nouns === | ||
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, | TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr'' | ||
==== Masculine ==== | ==== Masculine ==== | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! colspan=3| '' | ! colspan=3| ''gů'' (f.) = cow | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|'' | |''gů''||''gavé''||''gavech'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|'' | |''gaváj'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|'' | |''gou, gavou'' ||''gavé''||''gůch, gavech'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|'' | |''gouch'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|'' | |''gavá, gůjá'' ||''gůbhí'' ||''gůbhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|'' | |''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|'' | |''gů!'' || ''gavé!''||''gavech!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! ins. | ! ins. | ||
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch'' | | ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! loc. | ! loc. | ||
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš'' | | ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
The possessive pronouns '' | The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form. | ||
=== Demonstrative === | === Demonstrative === | ||
Demonstratives: | Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral) | ||
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach | |||
==Adjectives== | ==Adjectives== | ||
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|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté'' | |''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté'' | ||
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||'' | |''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých'' | ||
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá'' | |''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | |''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | ||
|'' | |''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | ||
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | |''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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=== Participles === | === Participles === | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' ' | |+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
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četuržat = 40 | četuržat = 40 | ||
pendžat = 50 | pendžat = 50 | ||
šežžat = 60 | |||
septažat = 70 | septažat = 70 | ||
aštůžat = 80 | aštůžat = 80 | ||
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.) | |||
Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first: | Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first: | ||
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*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'') | *''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'') | ||
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'') | *''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'') | ||
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical | The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants. | ||
==Sample text== | ==Sample text== | ||
=== UDHR === | === UDHR === | ||
''Višvé | ''Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou jsutvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.'' | ||
=== | === Ilithian textbook === | ||
==== Lesson 2 ==== | ==== Lesson 2 ==== | ||
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš | ''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš jnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů dhvatýrče.'' | ||
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter. | This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter. | ||
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'''Avi ješvéče''' | '''Avi ješvéče''' | ||
''Avi, | ''Avi, kasmáj vlná nébhú, vidat ješvouch: jéva tangu vaha vehanti, jévače maha bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.'' | ||
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]] | [[Category:Indo-European languages|C]] | ||
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'''Ilithian''' | '''Ilithian''' | ||
''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH | ''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, kasmi se žmeniškáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté jmeži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, ku kaný žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.'' | ||
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka) | '''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka) |
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