1,439
edits
Sceptrian: Difference between revisions
m
no edit summary
m (→Apophony) |
mNo edit summary |
||
| Line 358: | Line 358: | ||
*Aspiration/breathy voice: ''phó'' [pʰɔ]~[ɸɔ] (along), ''kébhar'' [kɛˈbʱɑ˞]~[kɛˈβɑ˞] (I will wash), ''tha'' [tʰä]~[θä] (abstract "it"), ''dhaka'' [dʱɑkä]~[ðɑkä] (abstract "that"). | *Aspiration/breathy voice: ''phó'' [pʰɔ]~[ɸɔ] (along), ''kébhar'' [kɛˈbʱɑ˞]~[kɛˈβɑ˞] (I will wash), ''tha'' [tʰä]~[θä] (abstract "it"), ''dhaka'' [dʱɑkä]~[ðɑkä] (abstract "that"). | ||
**Aspirated plosives of unstressed, schwa-syllables turn into the corresponding fricatives. In casual register, this happens with all unstressed syllables. ''dhoku'' /ðəˈkuˑ/ (head) | **Aspirated plosives of unstressed, schwa-syllables turn into the corresponding fricatives. In casual register, this happens with all unstressed syllables. ''dhoku'' /ðəˈkuˑ/ (head) | ||
*Nasalization: ''on'' [ə̃]~[ɘ̃] (compare ''oń'' /ən/) when ''n'' in [[Sceptrian#Phonotactics|coda]] | *Nasalization: ''on'' [ə̃]~[ɘ̃]~[<sup>N</sup>C] (compare ''oń'' /ən/) when ''n'' in [[Sceptrian#Phonotactics|coda]] | ||
**Close vowels (u, o, ó | **Vernacularly, nasalized schwa appears as prenasalization | ||
**Close vowels (u, i, e, o, and ó) are always nasalized between two nasals and all vowels after short ng: ''mónge'' /mɔ̃ŋẽ/ (indeed), but nasalization does not occur with open vowels and long ''ńg'': ''dothé naańgé'' /dəˈθɛˑ næŋ:ɛˑ/ (O sweaty man!). | |||
*Rhotacization: ''or'' /ɚ/, ''ar'' /ä˞/ (compare ''oŕ'' [ər]~[r̩] and ''aŕ'' /är/) | *Rhotacization: ''or'' /ɚ/, ''ar'' /ä˞/ (compare ''oŕ'' [ər]~[r̩] and ''aŕ'' /är/) | ||
**Nasalization does not occur simultaneously with rhoticization, except in Fanish dialect (near the border of Negovia): ''karon'' → ''karn'' [kæ̃˞] (soup) | **Nasalization does not occur simultaneously with rhoticization, except in Fanish dialect (near the border of Negovia): ''karon'' → ''karn'' [kæ̃˞] (soup) | ||
| Line 414: | Line 415: | ||
|} | |} | ||
*When stressed root syllable has vowel ''ee, ó, aa, uu, ii'' or ''óo'' as nucleus, the apophony is only partial. | *When stressed root syllable has vowel ''ee, ó, aa, uu, ii'' or ''óo'' as nucleus, the apophony is only partial. ''joqódh''>''joqødh'' (disgusting) | ||
*With ''é, ø, æ, i, ei'' or ''oi'' as root vowels, all forms are the same. Only formal register uses ''ée'' as the second apophony of ''ee''. | *With ''é, ø, æ, i, ei'' or ''oi'' as root vowels, all forms are the same, e.g. ''luwidh'' (beautiful). Only formal register uses ''ée'' as the second apophony of ''ee''. | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
| Line 688: | Line 689: | ||
| Ae || Asl || ii || Fé || lFé || Né || Nin || -wé || -wésh || Pé || Plé || lé | | Ae || Asl || ii || Fé || lFé || Né || Nin || -wé || -wésh || Pé || Plé || lé | ||
|} | |} | ||
*''A'': vowels ''a | *''A'': vowels ''a, æ, o, ó'' and ''ø'' | ||
**Ae: ae = æ, óe = ø & | **Ae: ae = æ, æe = ææ, oe=é, óe = ø & øe = øø | ||
*''F'': fricatives ''f, th, s, sh'' and ''h''; voiced counterparts and affricates ''ts'' and ''tsh'' are followed by ''o'' before plosive endings. | *''F'': fricatives ''f, th, s, sh'' and ''h''; voiced counterparts and affricates ''ts'' and ''tsh'' are followed by ''o'' before plosive endings. | ||
*''N'': nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng'' | *''N'': nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng'' | ||
| Line 795: | Line 796: | ||
Many nouns share same origins and these endings are the most common forms of derivation: | Many nouns share same origins and these endings are the most common forms of derivation: | ||
*place, region, nearby area: abstract with LOC with ''sk''-ending; fricative and ''u''-ending ABS.PL with final ''t''; nasal ABS.PL with final ''ku''; plosive ABS.PL and ''l''-declension receive an ''s''-suffix | *place, region, nearby area: abstract with LOC with ''sk''-ending; fricative and ''u''-ending ABS.PL with final ''t''; nasal ABS.PL with final ''ku''; plosive ABS.PL and ''l''-declension receive an ''s''-suffix | ||
*collection, group: ABS.PL receives ''óf'' in animate ''óp'' in inanimate class; ''mulfóf'' (school of fish) | *collection, group: ABS.PL receives ''óf'' in animate, ''óp'' in inanimate class; ''mulfóf'' (school of fish) | ||
*being, person, creature: ABS with ''(o)s'': ''trs'' (smith; compare ''trk'' "smithy") | *being, person, creature: ABS with ''(o)s'': ''trs'' (smith; compare ''trk'' "smithy") | ||
**doer, agent: ERG with ''tu'': ''kepeetu'' (washer) | **doer, agent: ERG with ''tu'': ''kepeetu'' (washer) | ||
| Line 843: | Line 844: | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives in Sceptrian agree with the gender, number and cases of their head. When an adjective is used as a predicative, it comes before its head, but when as an attributive, it comes after. Adjective declension follows approximately the same rules as [[Sceptrian#Cases|noun declension]]. In the common ''dh''-ending F-declension, ''o'' is added between ''dh'' and case-endings with consonants. Changes in both casual and poetic speech include mirroring onset into coda: '' | Adjectives in Sceptrian agree with the gender, number and cases of their head. When an adjective is used as a predicative, it comes before its head, but when as an attributive, it comes after. Adjective declension follows approximately the same rules as [[Sceptrian#Cases|noun declension]]. In the common ''dh''-ending F-declension, ''o'' is added between ''dh'' and case-endings with consonants. Changes in both casual and poetic speech include mirroring onset into coda: ''dothklu jadadh'''ulk''''' (near nice men) | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
| Line 857: | Line 858: | ||
[[Sceptrian#Apophony|Apophony]] in the stressed syllable is used to indicate the gender: base for inanimate, first apophony with animate and second with abstract gender: ''eja | [[Sceptrian#Apophony|Apophony]] in the stressed syllable is used to indicate the gender: base for inanimate, first apophony with animate and second with abstract gender: ''eja jadædh, doth jadaadh, latep jadadh'' | ||
Polite adjectives are formed from the abstract form with predicative prefix ''nga'' and attributive suffix ''æ'': '' | Polite adjectives are formed from the abstract form with predicative prefix ''nga'' and attributive suffix ''æ'': ''ngaluwidh Nith'' (You are beautiful), ''shosleetha luwidhæ'' (a beautiful knight) | ||
====Comparison==== | ====Comparison==== | ||
| Line 878: | Line 879: | ||
===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||
Adverbs are derived from adjectives through second apophony and their genitive form being suffixed with ''é'': ''zaivia | Adverbs are derived from adjectives through second apophony and their genitive form being suffixed with ''é'': ''zaivia jadædhoré'' (I sing pleasantly) | ||
Placed after adjective: ''luwidh | Placed after adjective: ''luwidh òomidhoré'' (very beautiful < "largely") | ||
'''Comparative adverb''' is formed by changing the ending ''é'' into ''ei'': ''zaivió | '''Comparative adverb''' is formed by changing the ending ''é'' into ''ei'': ''zaivió jadædhorei'' (she sings more pleasantly) | ||
'''Superlative adverb''' is similar to adjective superlative with its reduplication and ''a''-ending: ''zaivie | '''Superlative adverb''' is similar to adjective superlative with its reduplication and ''a''-ending: ''zaivie jadædhorera'' (you sing most pleasantly) | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
| Line 904: | Line 905: | ||
=====Root===== | =====Root===== | ||
Verbs are given in their 3SG.INAN GNO form which is used to form all of the third person forms. | Verbs are given in their 3SG.INAN GNO form which is used to form all of the third person forms. With first and second person subjects, the first apophony is used in indicative inceptive and future. Polite second person forms use the second apophony | ||
=====Affixes===== | =====Affixes===== | ||
| Line 1,005: | Line 1,006: | ||
*+ indicates voicing of the final consonant together with aspiration | *+ indicates voicing of the final consonant together with aspiration | ||
**simple ''h'' becomes ''qh'' | **simple ''h'' becomes ''qh'' | ||
*Formal register draws a distinction between abstract and animate genders by adding ''wa'' directly after the ''ó'' of animate and removing the ''j'' from past perfective. Same can be done with agent prefixes. '' | *Formal register draws a distinction between abstract and animate genders by adding ''wa'' directly after the ''ó'' of animate and removing the ''j'' from past perfective. Same can be done with agent prefixes. ''Glerkøtówajin shosleetha.'' (A knight was swinging a mace.) | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
| Line 1,107: | Line 1,108: | ||
====Aspect==== | ====Aspect==== | ||
Gnomic-static aspect is used to indicate general truths (sun rises) and static situations (I can speak | Gnomic-static aspect is used to indicate general truths ''Zaitó Hala.'' (sun rises) and static situations ''Mépa lusha.'' (I can speak Sceptrian). It can be used with expressions of time to specify when something was static ''Petsipha kas arakha.'' (dress-STAT.1SG this.COM yesterday.TEMP "I was dressed in these clothes yesterday (as well).") | ||
Present progressive describes dynamic actions (I'm reading | Present progressive describes dynamic actions ''Anbaplóph lusha kha.'' (I'm reading Sceptrian at the moment). Present inceptive is used when an action is about to begin or someone is starting to do something. | ||
*Inceptive is only used once: Subject inceptive with intransitive and agent inceptive with translative verbs. Object ending is either PRES.PROG, when something was begun only a moment ago, or FUT, when something is about to begin. | *Inceptive is only used once: Subject inceptive with intransitive and agent inceptive with translative verbs. Object ending is either PRES.PROG, when something was begun only a moment ago, or FUT, when something is about to begin. | ||
| Line 1,118: | Line 1,119: | ||
Endings with different tenses may be mixed: | Endings with different tenses may be mixed: | ||
*PRES retrospective: PST.PFV+verb+STAT: ''ai-tesos-Ø næ ka'' (I've seen this), ''ai-latep-a næ'' (I've taken myself dancing) | *PRES retrospective: PST.PFV+verb+STAT: ''ai-tesos-Ø næ ka'' (I've seen this), ''ai-latep-a næ'' (I've taken myself dancing) | ||
*PRES prospective: PRES.INCEP+verb(+FUT): ''tsa- | *PRES prospective: PRES.INCEP+verb(+FUT): ''tsa-lateep(-ar) (I'm starting to dance (and I'll be doing it for a while)) | ||
====Mood==== | ====Mood==== | ||
| Line 1,126: | Line 1,127: | ||
=====Realis===== | =====Realis===== | ||
'''Gnomic'''-static verb form can be considered representing gnomic mood since it can't be used with other moods: '' | '''Gnomic'''-static verb form can be considered representing gnomic mood since it can't be used with other moods: ''Zaitó Hala urakha.'' (Sun rises tomorrow as well) | ||
'''Indicative''' is the basic mood which is used for factual statements: ''Latepar urakha.'' (I'll dance tomorrow.) | '''Indicative''' is the basic mood which is used for factual statements: ''Latepar urakha.'' (I'll dance tomorrow.) | ||
| Line 1,134: | Line 1,135: | ||
'''Interrogative''' is not conjugated, but indicated through rising pitch and changing primary stress onto the first syllable. Formal register uses the particle ''shóo'' which is placed after the verb: ''¿Rotlast shóo?'' (Shall we go?) | '''Interrogative''' is not conjugated, but indicated through rising pitch and changing primary stress onto the first syllable. Formal register uses the particle ''shóo'' which is placed after the verb: ''¿Rotlast shóo?'' (Shall we go?) | ||
'''Imperative''' is the first apophony of base form (3SG.INAN GNO). It is used for commanding and may be accompanied by vocatives: '' | '''Imperative''' is the first apophony of base form (3SG.INAN GNO). It is used for commanding and may be accompanied by vocatives: ''Rót posné!'' (Go, O servant of mine!) | ||
*The softer imperative is derived from the base with an ''r'' being added before present inceptive conjugated for person and number: '' | *The softer imperative is derived from the base with an ''r'' being added before present inceptive conjugated for person and number: ''Rótrest fo.'' (You should leave.). It is used as a hortative as well: ''Rótrlast!'' (Let's go!) | ||
'''Subjunctive''' is formed | '''Subjunctive''' is formed through initial left-to-right reduplication and with second apophony in the original syllable: if consonant-initial, CV body is duplicated, but if vowel-initial, VC part of the first and second syllable is duplicated: '''''la'''latép'' (may dance), '''''ak'''aktæsos'' (may hear), ''rorøt'' (may go) | ||
*The first reduplicated syllable undergoes independent apophony depending on the subject. | |||
*The mood is used when something is uncertain, doubted or wished | *The mood is used when something is uncertain, doubted or wished | ||
| Line 1,145: | Line 1,147: | ||
Realis | Realis | ||
*''pai'' mirative (with soft imperative in present): '' | *''pai'' mirative (with soft imperative in present): ''Rótóji pai!'' (He went!?) | ||
**with adjectives or as an adverb: ''Luwi pai!'' (How beautiful!) | **with adjectives or as an adverb: ''Luwi pai!'' (How beautiful!) | ||
| Line 1,153: | Line 1,155: | ||
Irrealis | Irrealis | ||
*''norka'' dubitative (with subjunctive): '' | *''norka'' dubitative (with subjunctive): ''Rorøtóji norka.'' (I doubt he went.) | ||
*''gana'' volitive (with future subjunctive): '' | *''gana'' volitive (with future subjunctive): ''Lalatépar gana.'' (I wish I could dance.) | ||
Conditional (with subjunctive) | Conditional (with subjunctive) | ||
*''ta'' apodosis: '' | *''ta'' apodosis: ''Arziizeither ta'' (I will raise you...) | ||
*''-ti-'' infixed between reduplicated form for protasis: '' | *''-ti-'' infixed between reduplicated form for protasis: ''boutiboisen'' (if you fall) | ||
Hortatives (with soft imperative which itself works as an adhortative or dehortative with negation (unwillingness)) | Hortatives (with soft imperative which itself works as an adhortative or dehortative with negation (unwillingness)) | ||
*Cohortative: ''Latéprlast kha!'' (Let's dance now!), ''Rótrlastonget khugu.'' (Let's not go there.) | *Cohortative: ''Latéprlast kha!'' (Let's dance now!), ''Rótrlastonget khugu.'' (Let's not go there.) | ||
*''jokæ'' exhortative (inhortative through negation): '' | *''jokæ'' exhortative (inhortative through negation): ''Rótrest jokæ.'' (You really should go.) | ||
Formal register differences: | Formal register differences: | ||
*''aktasosai'' (hears) conjugated for hearsay: '' | *''aktasosai'' (hears) conjugated for hearsay: ''Røtathi aiaktasosóji.'' (I heard from her that you left.) | ||
*''tesos'' (sees) conjugated for visual evidentiality: ''Rotóji tesosai.'' (I saw her go.) | *''tesos'' (sees) conjugated for visual evidentiality: ''Rotóji tesosai.'' (I saw her go.) | ||
*''tsmaadhoré'' (doubtfully) used for dubitative | *''tsmaadhoré'' (doubtfully) used for dubitative | ||
*''tutaadhoré'' (wishfully) used for volitive | *''tutaadhoré'' (wishfully) used for volitive | ||
*''alké'' permissive with dative: '' | *''alké'' permissive with dative: ''Rótest alké foki.'' (You may leave.) | ||
**prohibitive with negated (inability) imperative infinitive: ''Rótrostodi alké foki.'' (You aren't allowed to leave.) | **prohibitive with negated (inability) imperative infinitive: ''Rótrostodi alké foki.'' (You aren't allowed to leave.) | ||
*both conditional particles are used separately and they are prefixed with the subjunctive reduplication: '' | *both conditional particles are used separately and they are prefixed with the subjunctive reduplication: ''Arziizeither zaita bouboisen bouti.'' (I will raise you if you fall.) | ||
In literature to express the peaking pitch of ironical statements and lowered pitch of sarcastic expressions: | In literature to express the peaking pitch of ironical statements and lowered pitch of sarcastic expressions: | ||
| Line 1,230: | Line 1,232: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Examples: ''Ailat''' | Examples: ''Ailat'''é'''p'''out'''óji.'' (I couldn't dance with him), ''¿Tse'''fó'''lateephar?'' (You don't want to begin dancing with me?) | ||
'''Honoring negation''' for 2nd person polite forms consists of (second person) negation affixes with second apophony and ''saal''-particle placed after the verb: ''K''' | '''Honoring negation''' for 2nd person polite forms consists of (second person) negation affixes with root second apophony and ''saal''-particle placed after the verb: ''K'''é'''p'''oz'''athar saal.'' (You'll be unable to wash Yourself, unfortunately.) | ||
Second apophony of negation | Second apophony of negation affixes with subjunctive mood: ''Rorøthórn'''ø'''rt.'' (He may not be willing to go.) | ||
====Non-finite forms==== | ====Non-finite forms==== | ||
| Line 1,295: | Line 1,297: | ||
Sceptrian distinguishes between two voices, active and antipassive. Passive is very similar to active since Sceptrian is absolutive-ergative, and thus isn't considered a true change in voice. Antipassive is used to reduce the valency of the verbs by removing the object of a transitive clause. | Sceptrian distinguishes between two voices, active and antipassive. Passive is very similar to active since Sceptrian is absolutive-ergative, and thus isn't considered a true change in voice. Antipassive is used to reduce the valency of the verbs by removing the object of a transitive clause. | ||
Active construction: verb-agent-object and verb-object-agent are used so that a comment (rheme) precedes the topic (theme). [[Sceptrian#Emphasizing_clitics|Emphasizing clitics]] are used to mark the topic. | Active construction: verb-agent-object and verb-object-agent are used so that a comment (rheme) precedes the topic (theme). [[Sceptrian#Emphasizing_clitics|Emphasizing clitics]] are used to mark the topic. | ||
| Line 1,504: | Line 1,505: | ||
One may use inanimate verb forms as anti-honorific? ''Ondakon næ ka Nithki.'' (I humbly offer this to You) | One may use inanimate verb forms as anti-honorific? ''Ondakon næ ka Nithki.'' (I humbly offer this to You) | ||
Apophony of basic prepositions with root ''oi'': ''Oisti Hala, óosti vakuhanga, ousti qorel'' (under the Sun, under my hand, under the earth) | |||
In formal register, it is preferred to use only animate nouns as agents while abstract and inanimate are as antipassive subjects: ''luwi... nas'' ("beauty-of.yours it-un-eye-ful-makes me-with", your beauty makes me blind) vs. ''en fø na'' (you are making me blind) | In formal register, it is preferred to use only animate nouns as agents while abstract and inanimate are as antipassive subjects: ''luwi... nas'' ("beauty-of.yours it-un-eye-ful-makes me-with", your beauty makes me blind) vs. ''en fø na'' (you are making me blind) | ||