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Tonuao: Difference between revisions
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|script = [[w:新字体|新字体]] and [[w:Katakana|Katakana]] | |script = [[w:新字体|新字体]] and [[w:Katakana|Katakana]] | ||
|notice = IPA | |notice = IPA | ||
|creator = | |creator = [[User:deslee|済百永本]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
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Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), {{PAGENAME}} is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come before early in the sentence, and the accusative argument must come after the verb. There are no particles to mark subject or object. {{PAGENAME}} tries to have the verb be second-to-last, comparable but backwards to the Germanic [[w:V2 word order]]. Like most Asian languages, {{PAGENAME}} has two verbs corresponding to European "is", 乃 and 有. The first "to be equal to", the second is "to have" or "to exist". Only 乃 may be dropped, and it usually is. | Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), {{PAGENAME}} is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come before early in the sentence, and the accusative argument must come after the verb. There are no particles to mark subject or object. {{PAGENAME}} tries to have the verb be second-to-last, comparable but backwards to the Germanic [[w:V2 word order]]. Like most Asian languages, {{PAGENAME}} has two verbs corresponding to European "is", 乃 and 有. The first "to be equal to", the second is "to have" or "to exist". Only 乃 may be dropped, and it usually is. | ||
In the East Asian style, {{PAGENAME}} is very topic-prominent. The topic is marked with the postposition | In the East Asian style, {{PAGENAME}} is very topic-prominent. The topic is marked with the postposition ヘ ''he'', derived from 兮 ''hei''. Typically, if present, it will come first in the sentence. The dative argument may be unmarked, if easily discernible from context, but is more often marked with the postposition ユ ''yu'', derived from 于 ''yu''. A genitive relationship is 之 ''ji'' which is not written in katakana most of the time. | ||
{| class="bluetable" | {| class="bluetable" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Topic | ! Topic | ||
| | | ヘ ''he'' | ||
| | | 兮 ''hei'' | ||
| as for | | as for | ||
| - | | - | ||
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| 은/는 (n)ǔn | | 은/는 (n)ǔn | ||
| cái | | cái | ||
|- | |||
! Vocative | |||
| | |||
| 哉 ''jai'' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Perfective | ! Perfective | ||
| | | リ ''li'' | ||
| | | 已 ''i'' | ||
| -ed | | -ed | ||
| 了 le | | 了 le | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | 아/어 a/ǒ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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! Nominalizer | ! Nominalizer | ||
| シ ''si'' | | シ ''si'' | ||
| 事 | | 事 ''ji'' | ||
| -ing | | -ing | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Adnominalizer | |||
| チ ''ti'' | |||
| 之 ''ji'' | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Adverbializer | |||
| ヤヌ ''yanu'' | |||
| 様 ''yanu'' | |||
| -ly | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Sentence Final Particles=== | |||
* フ ''hu'', derived from 乎 ''huo'', forms polar questions at the end of an utterance. | |||
=== Pronouns === | === Pronouns === | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left; float:left; " | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: left; float:left; " | ||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" |Casual | |||
! First | ! First | ||
| 我 ''a'' | | 我 ''a'' | ||
| 我ト ''ato'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Second | ! Second | ||
| 汝 '' | | 汝 ''yo'' | ||
| 汝ト ''yoto'' | |||
|- | |||
! Third | |||
| 彼人 ''pinin'' | |||
| 彼人ト ''pininto'' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="margin-left:20px; text-align: left; float:left; " | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" |Polite | |||
! First | |||
| | |||
| ト ''to'' | |||
|- | |||
! Second | |||
| 君 ''kun'' | |||
| 君ト ''kunto'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
<br clear="both" /> | <br clear="both" /> | ||
== Lexica == | == Lexica == | ||
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== Links == | == Links == | ||
[https://www.facebook.com/groups/cjkvauxlang/ CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group] | #[https://www.facebook.com/groups/cjkvauxlang/ CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group] | ||
#[http://danayo.referata.com/wiki/Main_Page Sister language 単亜語] | |||
== References == | == References == | ||