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{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language
| name        = Shoundavish
|image            = File:Flag_of_Shoundafland.jpg
| creator     = Mohamed Kaseb
|imagesize        = 185px
| region      = Shoundafland
|imagecaption      = Flag of Shoundafland
| familycolor = Germanic
|name             = Shoundavish
| protoname  = Proto-West Germanic
|nativename       = Skundavisk
| child1      = Western Shoundavish
|pronunciation     = ʃʊndaβɪʃ
| child2      = Eastern Shoundavish
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Shoundavish
|state            = Shoundafland
|setting          = Alt-history [[w:Europe|Europe]], Northern [[w:Germany|Germany]]
|created          = 2008
|familycolor       = Indo-European
|fam2              = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3              = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|ancestor          = Proto-West-Germanic
|creator          = Mohamed Kaseb
|dia1              = Western Shoundavish
|dia2              = Eastern Shoundavish
}}
}}


'''Shoundavish''' (sh.: ''skundavisk'', /ʃyndaβɪʃ/) is a West Germanic language spoken in Shoundafland, a Northern Europe country located between Germany, Poland and Denmark. It evolved from the Old Saxon dialects that were spoken in the Sleswijk and Holtsat (German Schleswig and Holstein) in the early Middle Ages, and is thus closely related to English, Dutch, Low Saxon, the Frisian languages and (High) German. Because of the huge influence it exerced on the Scandinavian languages during the Middle Ages, Shoundavish bears many similarities with Danish, Swedish and Norwegian. Reversely, Shoundavish underwent a slight North Germanic influence by contact with the Nordic countries, which is reflected by the presence of Scandinavian loanwords in its vocabulary, especially from Old Norse and Early Modern Danish.
'''Skundavisk''' (sh.: /ʃʊndaβɪʃ/), also known by its anglicized name '''Shoundavish''', is a Germanic constructed language created by Mohamed Kaseb. Designed as a West Germanic language, it has been developed from the Old Saxon dialects spoken in what is now Schleswig and Holstein in the early Middle Ages, and is thus closely related to English, Dutch, Low Saxon, the Frisian languages and (High) German. Shoundavish also underwent a slight North Germanic influence due to contacts with the Nordic countries, which is reflected by the presence of Scandinavian loanwords in its vocabulary, especially from Old Norse and Early Modern Danish. Consequently, despite being a West Germanic language, Shoundavish shares some similarities with Danish, Swedish and Norwegian, especially in phonology and vocabulary.


Shoundavish didn't take part in the High German consonant shift, and is overall one of the most conservative Germanic languages regarding the consonants. Because of its preservation of the sounds /θ/, /ð/ and /w/, along with a large common vocabulary, Shoundavish is one of the closest languages to English. However, both languages underwent very different vowel shifts over time, which makes them sound quite different. Besides, while English borrowed many words from the Romance languages (especially French), the Shoundavish vocabulary remained mostly Germanic, and very few words were borrowed from non-Germanic sources. Therefore, words like "biology" or "litterature" are built using Germanic roots instead of Latin or Greek ones. While being very conservative in its phonology and lexicon, Shoundavish didn't preserve the complex grammar of Proto-Germanic, and the medieval case system has been reduced to scattered remnants in the modern language.
Shoundavish didn't take part in the High German consonant shift, and is overall one of the most conservative Germanic languages regarding the consonants. Because of its preservation of the sounds /θ/, /ð/ and /w/, along with a large common vocabulary, Shoundavish is one of the closest languages to English. However, both languages underwent very different vowel shifts over time, which makes them sound quite different. Besides, while English borrowed many words from the Romance languages (especially French), the Shoundavish vocabulary remained mostly Germanic, and very few words were borrowed from non-Germanic sources. Therefore, words like "biology" or "litterature" are built using Germanic roots instead of Latin or Greek ones. While being very conservative in its phonology and lexicon, Shoundavish didn't preserve the complex grammar of Proto-Germanic, and the medieval case system has been reduced to scattered remnants in the modern language.


==Development==
==Development==
The earliest developments of Shoundavish started in 2008, but at this stage, the language was only a rough mix of Dutch and Scandinavian. In 2016, Shoundavish was refounded completely, and a full set of sound shifts were defined to yield consistent word derivation from Proto-Germanic to Modern Shoundavish. The language started being promoted on Facebook constructed language communities through linguistic lessons, translated texts and memes in late 2017, and a page dedicated to Shoundavish was created in May 2019 <ref name="ref2">{{cite web |url= https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100083003658565|title=The Facebook page of Shoundavish |author=Mohamed Kaseb |year=2019| accessdate= 2023-05-02}}</ref>
The earliest developments of Shoundavish started in 2008, but at this stage, the language was only a rough mix of Dutch and Scandinavian. In 2016, Shoundavish was refounded completely, and a full set of sound shifts were defined to yield consistent word derivation from Proto-Germanic to Modern Shoundavish. The language started being promoted on Facebook inside constructed language communities through language lessons, translated texts and memes in late 2017, and a page dedicated to Shoundavish was created in May 2019 <ref name="ref2">{{cite web |url= https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100083003658565|title=The Facebook page of Shoundavish |author=Mohamed Kaseb |year=2019| accessdate= 2023-05-02}}</ref>
. As of 2023, the page has more than 800 followers.
. As of 2023, the page has more than 800 followers.


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The 16th century saw a drastic simplification of the grammar, all the cases disappeared (except the very formal genitive case which survived in the written language) and the use of the subjunctive mood declined. Several vowels shifted during this period, especially the long vowels which split into diphthongs or were significantly modified (ex. Middle Shoundavish driven /dri:βən/, hus /hu:s/, stan /sta:n/ > Modern Shoundavish drijven /drɪjβən/, hous /hows/, stån /sto:n/). Since Sleswijk was under Danish rule during this time, Shoundavish borrowed a few words from Danish, and adopted a Scandinavian-looking orthography using the letters å, æ, ø and y. Since then, the language didn't undergo any significant change, therefore the 17th century texts almost don't differ with actual texts in style, grammar and vocabulary.
The 16th century saw a drastic simplification of the grammar, all the cases disappeared (except the very formal genitive case which survived in the written language) and the use of the subjunctive mood declined. Several vowels shifted during this period, especially the long vowels which split into diphthongs or were significantly modified (ex. Middle Shoundavish driven /dri:βən/, hus /hu:s/, stan /sta:n/ > Modern Shoundavish drijven /drɪjβən/, hous /hows/, stån /sto:n/). Since Sleswijk was under Danish rule during this time, Shoundavish borrowed a few words from Danish, and adopted a Scandinavian-looking orthography using the letters å, æ, ø and y. Since then, the language didn't undergo any significant change, therefore the 17th century texts almost don't differ with actual texts in style, grammar and vocabulary.


While the other Germanic languages were adopting many new scientific and technical words, which were coined from Latin and Greek roots, Shoundavish coined its own scientific vocabulary using Germanic roots. For example, words like biology, physics or gene are translated as lijfkunthe, byrdkunthe and erfthe (literally "life-knowledge", "nature-knowledge" and "heritage" with a "-the" suffix related to English "-th"). It is therefore possible to write a Shoundavish text dealing with science or technology without any loanword from Latin or Greek, as it is the case in Icelandic.
While the other Germanic languages were adopting many new scientific and technical words, which were coined from Latin and Greek roots, Shoundavish coined its own scientific vocabulary using Germanic roots. For example, words like biology, physics or gene are translated as lijfkunde, byrdkunde and erfþe (literally "life-knowledge", "nature-knowledge" and "heritage" with a "-þe" suffix related to English "-th"). It is therefore possible to write a Shoundavish text dealing with science or technology without any loanword from Latin or Greek, as it is the case in Icelandic.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 109: Line 119:
  ! colspan="1" | central
  ! colspan="1" | central
  ! colspan="1" | back
  ! colspan="1" | back
|-
! colspan="1" | close
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" |
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" |
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ʊ
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="1" | near-close
  ! colspan="1" | near-close
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ɪ ʏ
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ɪ ʏ
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" |  
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" |  
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" |  
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ʊ
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="1" | close-mid
  ! colspan="1" | close-mid
Line 146: Line 151:
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
===Phonotactics===
Some Shoundavish phonemes are written by combining two characters. Some of these combinations are remnants of older consonant clusters that were then simplied (like '''sk''', formerly pronouned /sk/ before shifting to /ʃ/), while others are simply due to the limitations of the Latin script (like '''th''' and '''gh''').
● /g/+/h/=/x/ or /χ/
● /n/+/g/=/ŋ/
● /s/+k/=/ʃ/
● /t/+/h/=/θ/ or /ð/
● /h/+/w/=/ʍ/


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Line 181: Line 172:
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | common
  ! colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | common
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | the
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðe
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | the
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðe
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | thet
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðet
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | the
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðe
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | genitive
  ! colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | genitive
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | thes
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðes
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ther
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðer
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | thes
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðes
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ther
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðer
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgreen" | indefinite
  ! colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgreen" | indefinite
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While nouns can be either masculine, feminine or neuter, the gender distinction is chiefly reflected in the determiners and vestigial adjective endings, not on the nouns themselves. An exception is the genitive case marker '''-s''', which is only appended to masculine and neuter nouns:
While nouns can be either masculine, feminine or neuter, the gender distinction is chiefly reflected in the determiners and vestigial adjective endings, not on the nouns themselves. An exception is the genitive case marker '''-s''', which is only appended to masculine and neuter nouns:


● '''the hund''' = the dog > '''thes hunds''' = of the dog
● '''ðe hund''' = the dog > '''ðes hunds''' = of the dog


● '''the mous''' = the mouse > '''ther mous''' = of the mouse
● '''ðe mous''' = the mouse > '''ðer mous''' = of the mouse


● '''the skåp''' = the sheep > '''thes skåps''' = of the sheep
● '''ðe skåp''' = the sheep > '''ðes skåps''' = of the sheep


An important remnant of the old Germanic noun class system is the way plurals are formed. Consequently, Shoundavish has five main plural markers, depending on which Germanic class the noun comes from. Some of these classes contain nouns of only one gender, while others contain nouns of all three genders.
An important remnant of the old Germanic noun class system is the way plurals are formed. Consequently, Shoundavish has five main plural markers, depending on which Germanic class the noun comes from. Some of these classes contain nouns of only one gender, while others contain nouns of all three genders.
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi skijnen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi skijnen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou skinst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou skinst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skijnt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skijnt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou skinst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou skinst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skijnt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skijnt
  |-
  |-
Line 307: Line 298:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi skeenen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi skeenen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou skeenst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou skeenst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skeent
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skeent
  | style="text-align:center" | thou skeenest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou skeenest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skeenet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji skeenet
  |-
  |-
Line 351: Line 342:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi fleugen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi fleugen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou fliegst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou fliegst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji fleugt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji fleugt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou fliegst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou fliegst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji fleugt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji fleugt
  |-
  |-
Line 367: Line 358:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi fløgen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi fløgen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou floogst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou floogst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji floogt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji floogt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou fløgest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou fløgest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji fløget
  | style="text-align:center" | ji fløget
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi singen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi singen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou singst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou singst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji singt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji singt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou singst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou singst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji singt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji singt
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi sængen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi sængen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou sangst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sangst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sangt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sangt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou sængest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sængest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sænget
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sænget
  |-
  |-
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  | style="text-align:center" | wi spreken
  | style="text-align:center" | wi spreken
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou sprikst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sprikst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sprekt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sprekt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou sprikst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sprikst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sprekt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sprekt
  |-
  |-
Line 487: Line 478:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi spræken
  | style="text-align:center" | wi spræken
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou sprakst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sprakst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sprakt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sprakt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou sprækest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sprækest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji spræket
  | style="text-align:center" | ji spræket
  |-
  |-
Line 531: Line 522:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi lesen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi lesen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou lisst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou lisst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji lest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji lest
  | style="text-align:center" | thou lisst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou lisst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji lest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji lest
  |-
  |-
Line 547: Line 538:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi læsen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi læsen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou lasst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou lasst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji last
  | style="text-align:center" | ji last
  | style="text-align:center" | thou læsest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou læsest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji læset
  | style="text-align:center" | ji læset
  |-
  |-
Line 591: Line 582:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi wasken
  | style="text-align:center" | wi wasken
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wæskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wæskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji waskt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji waskt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wæskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wæskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji waskt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji waskt
  |-
  |-
Line 607: Line 598:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi wøsken
  | style="text-align:center" | wi wøsken
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wooskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wooskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wooskt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wooskt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wøskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wøskest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wøsket
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wøsket
  |-
  |-
Line 651: Line 642:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi slåpen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi slåpen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou slæpst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou slæpst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slåpt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slåpt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou slæpst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou slæpst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slåpt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slåpt
  |-
  |-
Line 667: Line 658:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi slepen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi slepen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou slepst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou slepst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slept
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slept
  | style="text-align:center" | thou slepest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou slepest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slepet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji slepet
  |-
  |-
Line 713: Line 704:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi maken
  | style="text-align:center" | wi maken
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou makst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou makst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji makt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji makt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou makst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou makst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji makt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji makt
  |-
  |-
Line 729: Line 720:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi makten
  | style="text-align:center" | wi makten
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou maktest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou maktest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji maktet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji maktet
  | style="text-align:center" | thou maktest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou maktest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji maktet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji maktet
  |-
  |-
Line 777: Line 768:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi følen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi følen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou følst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou følst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji følt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji følt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou følst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou følst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji følt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji følt
  |-
  |-
Line 793: Line 784:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi følten
  | style="text-align:center" | wi følten
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou foltest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou foltest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji foltet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji foltet
  | style="text-align:center" | thou føltest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou føltest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji føltet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji føltet
  |-
  |-
Line 813: Line 804:


{| class="wikitable alternance  mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| class="wikitable alternance  mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
  ! colspan="5" style="background-color:white" | thenken
  ! colspan="5" style="background-color:white" | þenken
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="2" | infinitive
  ! colspan="2" | infinitive
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thenken
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | þenken
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="2" | present participle
  ! colspan="2" | present participle
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thenkend
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | þenkend
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="2" | past participle
  ! colspan="2" | past participle
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | gethaght
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | geþaght
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="2" | auxiliary
  ! colspan="2" | auxiliary
Line 832: Line 823:
  |-
  |-
  ! rowspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | present
  ! rowspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | present
  | style="text-align:center" | ik thenke
  | style="text-align:center" | ik þenke
  | style="text-align:center" | wi thenken
  | style="text-align:center" | wi þenken
  | style="text-align:center" | ik thenke
  | style="text-align:center" | ik þenke
  | style="text-align:center" | wi thenken
  | style="text-align:center" | wi þenken
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou thenkst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou þenkst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji thenkt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji þenkt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou thenkst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou þenkst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji thenkt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji þenkt
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit thenkt
  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit þenkt
  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si thenken
  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si þenken
  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit thenke
  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit þenke
  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si thenken
  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si þenken
  |-
  |-
  ! rowspan="3" style="background-color:lightgreen" | preterite
  ! rowspan="3" style="background-color:lightgreen" | preterite
  | style="text-align:center" | ik thaghte
  | style="text-align:center" | ik þaghte
  | style="text-align:center" | wi thaghten
  | style="text-align:center" | wi þaghten
  | style="text-align:center" | ik thæghte
  | style="text-align:center" | ik þæghte
  | style="text-align:center" | wi thæghten
  | style="text-align:center" | wi þæghten
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou thaghtest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou þaghtest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji thaghtet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji þaghtet
  | style="text-align:center" | thou thæghtest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou þæghtest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji thæghtet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji þæghtet
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit thaghte
  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit þaghte
  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si thaghten
  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si þaghten
  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit thæghte
  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit þæghte
  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si thæghten
  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si þæghten
  |-
  |-
  ! scope="row" style="background-color:lightyellow" | imperative
  ! scope="row" style="background-color:lightyellow" | imperative
  | style="text-align:center" | thenk
  | style="text-align:center" | þenk
  | style="text-align:center" | thenkt (ji)
  | style="text-align:center" | þenkt (ji)
  ! style="background-color:lightgrey" |   
  ! style="background-color:lightgrey" |   
  ! style="background-color:lightgrey" |   
  ! style="background-color:lightgrey" |   
Line 899: Line 890:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi kunnen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi kunnen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou kant
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou kant
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kunnt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kunnt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou kunnst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou kunnst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kunnt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kunnt
  |-
  |-
Line 915: Line 906:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi kynden
  | style="text-align:center" | wi kynden
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou kondest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou kondest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kondet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kondet
  | style="text-align:center" | thou kyndest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou kyndest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kyndet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji kyndet
  |-
  |-
Line 961: Line 952:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi sijn
  | style="text-align:center" | wi sijn
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou er
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou er
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sijd
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sijd
  | style="text-align:center" | thou sijst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sijst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sijd
  | style="text-align:center" | ji sijd
  |-
  |-
Line 977: Line 968:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi wæren
  | style="text-align:center" | wi wæren
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wast
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wast
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wert
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wert
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wærest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wærest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wæret
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wæret
  |-
  |-
Line 1,019: Line 1,010:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi haven
  | style="text-align:center" | wi haven
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou hast
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou hast
  | style="text-align:center" | ji haft
  | style="text-align:center" | ji haft
  | style="text-align:center" | thou hafst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou hafst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji haft
  | style="text-align:center" | ji haft
  |-
  |-
Line 1,035: Line 1,026:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi hædden
  | style="text-align:center" | wi hædden
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou haddest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou haddest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji haddet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji haddet
  | style="text-align:center" | thou hæddest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou hæddest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji hæddet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji hæddet
  |-
  |-
Line 1,077: Line 1,068:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi gån
  | style="text-align:center" | wi gån
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou gåst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou gåst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji gåt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji gåt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou gåst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou gåst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji gåt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji gåt
  |-
  |-
Line 1,093: Line 1,084:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi gingen
  | style="text-align:center" | wi gingen
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou gingst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou gingst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji gingt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji gingt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou gingest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou gingest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji ginget
  | style="text-align:center" | ji ginget
  |-
  |-
Line 1,135: Line 1,126:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi doon
  | style="text-align:center" | wi doon
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou dost
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou dost
  | style="text-align:center" | ji dot
  | style="text-align:center" | ji dot
  | style="text-align:center" | thou dost
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou dost
  | style="text-align:center" | ji dot
  | style="text-align:center" | ji dot
  |-
  |-
Line 1,151: Line 1,142:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi deeden
  | style="text-align:center" | wi deeden
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou deedst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou deedst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji deedet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji deedet
  | style="text-align:center" | thou deedest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou deedest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji deedet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji deedet
  |-
  |-
Line 1,193: Line 1,184:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi bijn
  | style="text-align:center" | wi bijn
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou biest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou biest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji beut
  | style="text-align:center" | ji beut
  | style="text-align:center" | thou bijst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou bijst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji bijt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji bijt
  |-
  |-
Line 1,209: Line 1,200:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi wæren
  | style="text-align:center" | wi wæren
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wast
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wast
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wert
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wert
  | style="text-align:center" | thou wærest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wærest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wæret
  | style="text-align:center" | ji wæret
  |-
  |-
Line 1,251: Line 1,242:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi stån
  | style="text-align:center" | wi stån
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou ståst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou ståst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji ståt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji ståt
  | style="text-align:center" | thou ståst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou ståst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji ståt
  | style="text-align:center" | ji ståt
  |-
  |-
Line 1,267: Line 1,258:
  | style="text-align:center" | wi støden
  | style="text-align:center" | wi støden
  |-
  |-
  | style="text-align:center" | thou stoodst
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou stoodst
  | style="text-align:center" | ji stoodet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji stoodet
  | style="text-align:center" | thou stødest
  | style="text-align:center" | ðou stødest
  | style="text-align:center" | ji stødet
  | style="text-align:center" | ji stødet
  |-
  |-
Line 1,368: Line 1,359:
  ! colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background-color:lightgreen" | 2nd person
  ! colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background-color:lightgreen" | 2nd person
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | nominative
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | nominative
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thou
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðou
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ji
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ji
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | accusative
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | accusative
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thig
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðig
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jyw
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jyw
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | genitive
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | genitive
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thijn
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðijn
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jer
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jer
  |-
  |-
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | dative
  ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | dative
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thir
  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðir
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jyw
  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jyw
  |-
  |-
Line 1,453: Line 1,444:
| deup || deep || djip || diep || deip || tief || djúpur || djup || djup || dyb || *đeupaz
| deup || deep || djip || diep || deip || tief || djúpur || djup || djup || dyb || *đeupaz
|-
|-
| erthe || earth || ierde || aarde || Ird || Erde || jörð || jord || jord || jord || *erþō
| ðat || that || dat || dat || dat || das || það || det || det || det || *þat
|-
| erþe || earth || ierde || aarde || Ird || Erde || jörð || jord || jord || jord || *erþō
|-
|-
| ej || egg<ref>The English word is a loan from Old Norse.</ref> || aei, aai || ei || Ei || Ei || egg || egg || ägg || æg || *ajjaz
| ej || egg<ref>The English word is a loan from Old Norse.</ref> || aei, aai || ei || Ei || Ei || egg || egg || ägg || æg || *ajjaz
Line 1,478: Line 1,471:
|-
|-
| søken || seek || sykje || zoeken || säuken || suchen || sækja || søkja || söka || søge || *sōkjanan
| søken || seek || sykje || zoeken || säuken || suchen || sækja || søkja || söka || søge || *sōkjanan
|-
| that || that || dat || dat || dat || das || það || det || det || det || *þat
|-
| thank || thank (noun) || tank || dank || Dank || Dank || þökk || takk || tack || tak  || *þankaz
|-
|-
| tryw || true || trou || trouw || tru || treu || tryggur || trygg || trygg || tryg || *trewwaz
| tryw || true || trou || trouw || tru || treu || tryggur || trygg || trygg || tryg || *trewwaz
|-
|-
| twee || two || twa || twee || twei || zwei, zwo || tveir, tvær, tvö || to<ref>Dialectally tvo, två, tvei (m), tvæ (f), tvau (n).</ref> || två, tu || to || *twō(u)
| twee || two || twa || twee || twei || zwei, zwo || tveir, tvær, tvö || to<ref>Dialectally tvo, två, tvei (m), tvæ (f), tvau (n).</ref> || två, tu || to || *twō(u)
|-
| þank || thank (noun) || tank || dank || Dank || Dank || þökk || takk || tack || tak  || *þankaz
|-
|-
| uns || us || ús || ons || uns || uns || oss || oss || oss || os || *uns-  
| uns || us || ús || ons || uns || uns || oss || oss || oss || os || *uns-  
Line 1,541: Line 1,532:
The following text is a translation of Grimms' tale The Fox and the Geese.  
The following text is a translation of Grimms' tale The Fox and the Geese.  


''The foks kamm eens up eene weethe, hwar eene herde skøner fetter gænse satt, than laghte hi and sagde "ik komme als geroopen, ji sittet winig bij elkantheren, so kann ik eene after the anthere freten." The gænse kakelden af skrekk, sprangen up, fengen an te jåmeren and klæglijk um here lijve te bidden. Meden the foks wolde over neets høren and sagde "thar is nee genåthe, ji mootet sterven."
''Ðe foks kamm eens up eene weeðe, hwar eene herde skøner fetter gænse satt, ðan laghte hi and sagde "ik komme als geroopen, ji sittet winig bij elkanðeren, so kann ik eene after ðe anðere freten." Ðe gænse kakelden af skrekk, sprangen up, fengen an te jåmeren and klæglijk um here lijve te bidden. Meden ðe foks wolde over neets høren and sagde "ðar is nee genåðe, ji mootet sterven."


''Endlijk took eene sijn gante mood and sagde "skullen wi armen gænse unser junge friske lijf than though laten, so skenk uns eene eenigste gunst and orloof uns nogh een gebed, tharmid sterven wi neet in synde : tharafter willen wi uns in eene reewe stellen, tharmid kant thou eewe the fettste outsøken."
''Endlijk took eene sijn gante mood and sagde "skullen wi armen gænse unser junge friske lijf ðan ðough laten, so skenk uns eene eenigste gunst and orloof uns nogh een gebed, ðarmid sterven wi neet in synde : ðarafter willen wi uns in eene reewe stellen, ðarmid kant ðou eewe ðe fettste outsøken."


'' "Ja," sagde the foks "thet is fornømstig, and is een froom wynsk: bedet, ik will so lange wachten." So feng the erste een reght lang gebed an, jet eewe "gak! gak!" and als si though neet uphålden wolde, wachtete the tweede neet, til thet kerd an her kamm, sunderen feng ook an "gak! gak!" The thridde and fierthe folgden hir, and sån kakelden si alle tegader.
'' "Ja," sagde ðe foks "ðet is fornømstig, and is een froom wynsk: bedet, ik will so lange wachten." So feng ðe erste een reght lang gebed an, jet eewe "gak! gak!" and als si ðough neet uphålden wolde, wachtete ðe tweede neet, til ðet kerd an her kamm, sunderen feng ook an "gak! gak!" Ðe þridde and fierþe folgden hir, and sån kakelden si alle tegader.


''And hwann si mid thet gebed over sind, skall thet mærken wijder ortåld beun, si beden jethough gantertijd nogh eewe forth.''
''And hwann si mid ðet gebed over sind, skall ðet mærken wijder ortåld beun, si beden jeðough gantertijd nogh eewe forþ.''


English translation :
English translation :
Zvlorg
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