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Simplify some consonant clusters like a few cht's? | Simplify some consonant clusters like a few cht's? | ||
Introduce random sound changes in the evolution of | Introduce random sound changes in the evolution of Glommish, e.g. | ||
*PWGmc *gardaz -> gerdaz -> żard | *PWGmc *gardaz -> gerdaz -> żard | ||
Should be a koiné (some "Low | Should be a koiné (some "Low Glommish" dialects can have PIE dh/vernerized t -> z which shows up in some words) | ||
Weird vowel mixups (eh2 -> ó instead of á in a few words) | Weird vowel mixups (eh2 -> ó instead of á in a few words) | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
A somewhat controversial Simon Stevin-like figure who reformed the language, by essentially creating and promoting his own dialect of | A somewhat controversial Simon Stevin-like figure who reformed the language, by essentially creating and promoting his own dialect of Glommish (which eventually turned into modern American Glommish dialects) -- he was a scholar of Germanic philology and invented coinages based on Old English and Old Dutch; he also published a dictionary of the ancient Langobardic language | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
===Native script=== | ===Native script=== | ||
Glommish today uses an alphabetic writing system inspired by the Arabic script, written from right to left but with a Latin aesthetic. It was devised by Andrie Hóchenhym. | |||
There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for ''þ''), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -''ie'', but -''ie'' was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation). In North Africa, the most common writing system for | There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for ''þ''), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -''ie'', but -''ie'' was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation). In North Africa, the most common writing system for Glommish was the Arabic abjad. Today, the latter is used for ceremonial purposes. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} phonology is characterized by retroflexion and pairs of hard (unpalatalized) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Palatalization is as strong as in Russian in the traditional pronunciation of | {{PAGENAME}} phonology is characterized by retroflexion and pairs of hard (unpalatalized) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Palatalization is as strong as in Russian in the traditional pronunciation of Glommish. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
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*Hard /ɾ/ is generally a retroflex approximant or flap. It retroflexes alveolars that follow it, as in Swedish and Norwegian; when this retroflexion happens, it compensatorily lengthens the preceding vowel. | *Hard /ɾ/ is generally a retroflex approximant or flap. It retroflexes alveolars that follow it, as in Swedish and Norwegian; when this retroflexion happens, it compensatorily lengthens the preceding vowel. | ||
*Soft /rʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ''ř''. The Czech-ř pronunciation predominates in Connecticut and is often known as ''þe konetekatske żírь'' 'the Connecticut buzz'. | *Soft /rʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ''ř''. The Czech-ř pronunciation predominates in Connecticut and is often known as ''þe konetekatske żírь'' 'the Connecticut buzz'. | ||
*For younger speakers of | *For younger speakers of Glommish in New York, the distinction between non-palatalized and palatalized is neutralized in labials and alveolars, except for labials before back vowels where palatalized labials become /Cj/: ''biar ik'' [bjaɹ ɪk~bjɛɹ ɪk] 'I carry' vs. ''bierier þú'' [bɛɹəɹ ðʊ] 'you carry'. Furthermore, palatalized t d n are pronounced as in Polish ć dź ń, /ʃ ʒ/ are pronoounced as /ʂ ʐ/, and non-palatalized v is pronounced /w/. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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Word-initially '''i''' and '''í''' are pronounced [jɪ] and [jiː]. | Word-initially '''i''' and '''í''' are pronounced [jɪ] and [jiː]. | ||
*Short ''u'' lengthens to /u:/ after soft consonants in younger New York | *Short ''u'' lengthens to /u:/ after soft consonants in younger New York Glommish. | ||
* In younger NY | * In younger NY Glommish, /a/ is [æ] except after a soft consonant, where it becomes [ɛ] or [jɛ]. | ||
==Dialects== | ==Dialects== | ||
Different | Different Glommish dialects mainly vary in grammar and vocabulary, and extent of English influence. | ||
*Connecticut | *Connecticut Glommish | ||
*New York | *New York Glommish | ||
**Younger New York | **Younger New York Glommish (not quite an English accent of Glommish, it underwent its own peculiar changes) | ||
*a | *a Glommish-English creole | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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====Articles==== | ====Articles==== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} uses the indefinite article ''a'' and the definite article ''þe''. Due to historical Arabic influence, | {{PAGENAME}} uses the indefinite article ''a'' and the definite article ''þe''. Due to historical Arabic influence, Glommish uses the definite article the same way Arabic does: nonspecific nouns take the definite article, unlike in English. | ||
* ''Mir davienь þá amblen'' 'I like almonds (in general)' | * ''Mir davienь þá amblen'' 'I like almonds (in general)' | ||
* ''Ik ví amblen'' 'I want almonds (specific indefinite plural noun)' | * ''Ik ví amblen'' 'I want almonds (specific indefinite plural noun)' | ||
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Predicative adjectives use the bare stem. | Predicative adjectives use the bare stem. | ||
Glommish retains attributive adjective forms, but has lost the distinction between strong and weak adjectives still extant in German. For attributive adjectives, the following declension is used regardless of gender or definiteness (the following is the declension of ''hóch'' 'high, tall'): | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '''Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives''' | |+ '''Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives''' | ||
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: (German: Ich gebe ihn ihm. / Ich kann ihn ihm geben. / Ich kann ihm den Computer geben.) | : (German: Ich gebe ihn ihm. / Ich kann ihn ihm geben. / Ich kann ihm den Computer geben.) | ||
In modern | In modern Glommish, phrasal verbs are always separated, except in derived agent and verbal nouns. Colloquial Glommish does so even in agent and verbal nouns derived with -erь and -eng, using the borrowed English construction ''VERB-erь/-eng PREP-erь/-eng'' (cf. English ''fixer-upper''). Only the second suffix takes declension inflection. | ||
: '''''húżen út''''' | : '''''húżen út''''' | ||
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====Simple past==== | ====Simple past==== | ||
The simple past is like the English simple past. Except for common short verbs like ''bión'' 'to be', ''hán'' 'to have' or ''gán'' 'to go', and auxiliaries, it's used mostly in New York | The simple past is like the English simple past. Except for common short verbs like ''bión'' 'to be', ''hán'' 'to have' or ''gán'' 'to go', and auxiliaries, it's used mostly in New York Glommish, especially by younger speakers. | ||
====Imperative==== | ====Imperative==== | ||
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===Compound tenses=== | ===Compound tenses=== | ||
====Progressive==== | ====Progressive==== | ||
Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary ''bión'' is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes ''at'' 'at' + infinitive. In formal | Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary ''bión'' is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes ''at'' 'at' + infinitive. In formal Glommish, the direct object of the verb takes the genitive. | ||
* ''Ik jém at jaten þe apel.'' "I am eating the apple." | * ''Ik jém at jaten þe apel.'' "I am eating the apple." | ||
* ''Þe hund vaz at þróten jan.'' "The dog was threatening him." | * ''Þe hund vaz at þróten jan.'' "The dog was threatening him." | ||
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====Perfect==== | ====Perfect==== | ||
The perfect is used like the English perfect; it uses the auxiliary ''hán'' + past participle. In modern | The perfect is used like the English perfect; it uses the auxiliary ''hán'' + past participle. In modern Glommish there's a tendency to use the perfect where normative Glommish would use the simple past; this is especially true of Connecticut Glommish. | ||
* ''Ik há gejaten þe apel.'' "I have eaten the apple"; in Connecticut | * ''Ik há gejaten þe apel.'' "I have eaten the apple"; in Connecticut Glommish also "I ate the apple" | ||
====Future==== | ====Future==== | ||
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==Names== | ==Names== | ||
TODO: P-Celtic, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and Arabic names; Anglicized | TODO: P-Celtic, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and Arabic names; Anglicized Glommish surnames | ||
*Biarhard (m.) ("bear-hard"; ~ Bernard) | *Biarhard (m.) ("bear-hard"; ~ Bernard) | ||
*Gardie (f.) (~ Gerðr) | *Gardie (f.) (~ Gerðr) |
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