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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
=== External classification === | |||
{{clade | {{clade | ||
|label1= | |label1=''Homo sapiens'' (?) | ||
|1={{Clade | |1={{Clade | ||
|1=Paleoafrican | |1=Paleoafrican | ||
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|label1=Austran | |label1=Austran | ||
|1={{clade | |1={{clade | ||
|1=Indo- | |1=Indo-Austro-Pacific | ||
|2='''Atlanto-Mediterranean''' | |2='''Atlanto-Mediterranean''' | ||
}} | }} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
=== Internal classification === | |||
{{clade | |||
|label1='''Atlanto-Mediterranean''' | |||
|1={{Clade | |||
|label1=''Homo neanderthalensis'' (?)|state1=dashed | |||
|1={{clade | |||
|label1=Eastern European (?)|state1=dashed | |||
|1={{clade | |||
|1=xǂəʙ|state1=dashed | |||
}} | |||
|label2=Western European (?)|state2=dashed | |||
|2={{clade | |||
|1=bǁēɳ|state1=dashed | |||
|2=ɬándɮa|state2=dashed | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
|label2= | |||
|2={{Clade | |||
|1=Anatolian | |||
|label2= | |||
|2={{Clade | |||
|1=Pontic | |||
|label2=European | |||
|2={{Clade | |||
|label1=Eastern | |||
|1={{clade | |||
|1=Nordic | |||
|2=Alpine|state2=dashed | |||
|3=Dinaric | |||
}} | |||
|label2=Western | |||
|2={{clade | |||
|1=Atlantic | |||
|2=British|state2=dashed | |||
|3=Mediterranean | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
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|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
! colspan="3" |Click | ! colspan="3" |Click | ||
|* | |(*ʘ > *pǀ) | ||
|*ǀ | |*ǀ | ||
|*ǃ | |*ǃ | ||
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| colspan="2" |*ǂ | | colspan="2" |*ǂ | ||
| | | | ||
|* | |(*ʞ > *qǂ) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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=== Auxiliar stem: *(C)=VC[V] === | === Auxiliar stem: *(C)=VC[V] === | ||
*=əʔ- : to be (auxiliar verb | *=əʔ- : to be (auxiliar verb) | ||
*= | |||
* | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Verbal and auxiliar ablaut patterns | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" |Realis | |||
! rowspan="2" |Irrealis | |||
|- | |||
!Imperfective | |||
!Perfective | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Finitive | |||
!Positive | |||
|*-a- | |||
|*-i- | |||
|*-e- | |||
|- | |||
!Negative | |||
|*-ɑ- | |||
|*-u- | |||
|*-o- | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Infinitive | |||
|*-ɐ- | |||
|*-ɨ- | |||
|*-ə- | |||
|} | |||
=== Pronominal stem: *C[V]-(CV) === | === Pronominal stem: *C[V]-(CV) === | ||
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|*nə-dɮə > *ɳə | |*nə-dɮə > *ɳə | ||
|*nə-dʑə > *ɲə | |*nə-dʑə > *ɲə | ||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Morphosyntactic alignment | |||
! | |||
!Impersonal | |||
!Intransitive | |||
!Transitive | |||
!Ditransitive | |||
|- | |||
!Subject | |||
| - | |||
|Nominative-Absolutive | |||
|Accusative-Ergative | |||
|Accusative-Ergative | |||
|- | |||
!Direct object | |||
| - | |||
| - | |||
|Accusative-Absolutive | |||
|Accusative-Absolutive | |||
|- | |||
!Indirect object | |||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | |||
|Dative | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Nominal and pronominal ablaut patterns | |||
! | |||
!Indefinite | |||
!Singular | |||
!Plural | |||
|- | |||
!Nominative-Absolutive | |||
|*-e- | |||
|*-a- | |||
|*-i- | |||
|- | |||
!Accusative-Ergative | |||
|*-ə- | |||
|*-ɐ- | |||
|*-ɨ- | |||
|- | |||
!Accusative-Absolutive | |||
|*-o- | |||
|*-ɑ- | |||
|*-u- | |||
|- | |||
!Dative | |||
|*-e- / *-o- | |||
|*-a- / *-ɑ- | |||
|*-i- / *-u- | |||
|- | |||
!Genitive-Oblique | |||
|*-e(ː)- / *-o(ː)- | |||
|*-a(ː)- / *-ɑ(ː)- | |||
|*-i(ː)- / *-u(ː)- | |||
|- | |||
!Vocative | |||
|*-e(ː)- / *-ə(ː)- | |||
|*-a(ː)- / *-ɐ(ː)- | |||
|*-i(ː)- / *-ɨ(ː)- | |||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Numerals | |+Numerals | ||
! colspan="2" |Numbers | |||
!Cardinal | |||
!Ordinal | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan="5" |First set | ||
!1 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !2 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !3 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !4 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !5 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="5" |Second set | |||
!6 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !7 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !8 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !9 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !10 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="5" |Third set | ||
!11 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !12 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !13 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !14 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !15 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="5" |Fourth set | ||
!16 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !17 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !18 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !19 | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!20 | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
<!--Phonotactics Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> | <!--Phonotactics Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --> |
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