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Note: | Note: | ||
* The "laryngeal" *q may have been a uvular plosive */q/, a glottal stop */ʔ/, a pharyngeal, or something else. In modern Ash it allophonically varies between [ʔ~ɦ~ħ]. | * The "laryngeal" {{ash|*q}} may have been a uvular plosive {{IPA|*/q/}}, a glottal stop {{IPA|*/ʔ/}}, a pharyngeal, or something else. In modern Ash it allophonically varies between {{IPA|[ʔ~ɦ~ħ]}}. | ||
* The nasals were likely poststopped or prestopped as they are in modern Ash and because they appear to derive at least in part from */NP/ clusters or prenasalised stops in PAI. | * The nasals were likely poststopped or prestopped as they are in modern Ash and because they appear to derive at least in part from {{IPA|*/NP/}} clusters or prenasalised stops in PAI. | ||
* The bilabial plosive *p was likely derived from */kɰ/ clusters or labialised */k/ in PAI, as Ish seems to preserve this more conservative configuration. | * The bilabial plosive {{ash|*p}} was likely derived from {{IPA|*/kɰ/}} clusters or labialised {{IPA|*/k/}} in PAI, as Ish seems to preserve this more conservative configuration. | ||
* Likewise the bilabial nasal *m would have come from simultaneously prenasalised and labialised {{ | * Likewise the bilabial nasal {{ash|*m}} would have come from simultaneously prenasalised and labialised {{IPA|*/nPw~ⁿPʷ/}} clusters or phonemes. | ||
Additionally the approximants might be viewed as allophones of the corresponding vowels: | Additionally the approximants might be viewed as allophones of the corresponding vowels: | ||
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| {{ash|*j~i}} | | {{ash|*j~i}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Clusters of a glide followed or preceded by a regular vowel were allowed, as were any {{IPA|*/CC/}} clusters. | |||
Proto-Ash does not appear to have had any particular form of stress but later in the development of Ash stress would shift to the last heavy syllable of a phonetic word, resulting in various reductions and elisions of unstressed vowels. | Proto-Ash does not appear to have had any particular form of stress but later in the development of Ash stress would shift to the last heavy syllable of a phonetic word, resulting in various reductions and elisions of unstressed vowels. | ||
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns were inflected for grammatical case | Nouns were inflected for grammatical case inherited from PAI. Reconstructed case forms of {{ash|*majk}} "fire": | ||
Reconstructed case forms of {{ash|*majk}} "fire": | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Verb constructions with an auxiliary in transitive phrases was inherited from PAI. The main verb phrase was preceded by the auxiliary phrase, the latter eventually becoming the various agency-marking prefixes in modern Ash. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! colspan="2" | Ash | ! colspan="2" | Ash | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ash|* | | {{ash|*qak{{=}}mik-a{{=}}qa:}} | ||
| "applies fire | | "applies fire" | ||
| → {{ash|ảdnahga}} | | → {{ash|ảdnahga}} | ||
| "burns it, scorches it" | | "burns it, scorches it" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ash|* | | {{ash|*qat{{=}}mik-a:{{=}}qa:}} | ||
| "applies fire | | "applies to fire" | ||
| → {{ash|ảsnahga}} | | → {{ash|ảsnahga}} | ||
| "is burned, is scorched" | | "is burned, is scorched" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ash|* | | {{ash|*qaq{{=}}ja/wa mik-a:{{=}}qa:}} | ||
| "applies | | "applies this/that one to fire" | ||
| → {{ash|ảyınahga}} | | → {{ash|ảyınahga}} | ||
| "burns oneself, scorches oneself" | | "burns oneself, scorches oneself" | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Developments== | ==Developments== | ||
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! (Modern) Ash | ! (Modern) Ash | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ash|*mik-a{{=}}qa:}} | | {{ash|*mik-a(:){{=}}qa:}} | ||
| → {{ash|*nʲì.ga.ʔá}} | | → {{ash|*nʲì.ga.ʔá}} | ||
| → {{ash|*nək.ʔá}}, {{ash|nəʔ.ká}} | | → {{ash|*nək.ʔá}}, {{ash|nəʔ.ká}} |
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