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Suwáá/Unknown: Difference between revisions

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(y > e)
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''vód'' || ''vód'''ov''''' || ''vód'''a''''' || ''vód'''ava''''' || ''vód'''y''''' || ''vód'''yly'''''
| ''vód'' || ''vód'''ov''''' || ''vód'''a''''' || ''vód'''ava''''' || ''vód'''e''''' || ''vód'''ele'''''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''júm'' || ''júm'''ov''''' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''ava''''' || ''júm'''y''''' || ''júm'''yly'''''
| ''júm'' || ''júm'''ov''''' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''ava''''' || ''júm'''e''''' || ''júm'''ele'''''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''fob'' || ''fob'''jev''''' || ''fob'''ja''''' || ''fob'''java''' || ''fob'''je''''' || ''fob'''jely'''''
| ''fob'' || ''fob'''jev''''' || ''fob'''ja''''' || ''fob'''java''' || ''fob'''je''''' || ''fob'''jele'''''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''vrá'' || ''vraqov'' || ''vraqa'' || ''vraqava'' || ''vraqy'' || ''vraqyly''
| ''vrá'' || ''vraqov'' || ''vraqa'' || ''vraqava'' || ''vraqe'' || ''vraqele''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''ráh'' || ''ryhov'' || ''ryha'' || ''ryhava'' || ''ryhy'' || ''ryhyly''
| ''ráh'' || ''rehov'' || ''reha'' || ''rehava'' || ''rehe'' || ''rehele''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''ryho'' || ''ryhovo''''' || ''ryhě'' || ''ryhěvě'' || ''ryhi'' || ''ryhili''
| ''reho'' || ''rehovo''''' || ''rehě'' || ''rehěvě'' || ''rehi'' || ''rehili''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! direct
! direct
| ''omyn'''íc''''' || ''omyn'''ita''''' || ''omyn'''ijác'''''
| ''omen'''íc''''' || ''omen'''ita''''' || ''omen'''ijác'''''
|-
|-
! gen./acc.
! gen./acc.
| ''omyn'''ito''''' || ''omyn'''icě''''' || ''omyn'''ijaci'''''
| ''omen'''ito''''' || ''omen'''icě''''' || ''omen'''ijaci'''''
|}
|}


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Nouns with "irregular" declension or broken plurals became nigh-extinct by the time of Proto-Socovíc; however, some still remain.  
Nouns with "irregular" declension or broken plurals became nigh-extinct by the time of Proto-Socovíc; however, some still remain.  


*''ęs'' (pl. nom. indef. ''onasy'') 'person'
*''ęs'' (pl. nom. indef. ''onase'') 'person'
*''sem'' (pl. nom. indef. ''osamy'') 'name'
*''sem'' (pl. nom. indef. ''osame'') 'name'


====Possessed nouns====
====Possessed nouns====
Possessed nouns, or nouns that take possessive suffixes, are a closed class; this group covers only the nuclear family nouns ''ob'' 'father' (pl. ''obáje''), ''óm'' 'mother' (pl. ''ómác''), ''oḫ'' (pl. ''oḫovy'') 'brother', ''oḫoc, oḫc-/oḫt-'' 'sister' (pl. ''oḫovác''), ''ben, bn-'' (pl. ''bnáje'') 'son', ''bęc, bęc-/bęt-'' 'daughter' (pl. ''bnác''). Only the singular has possessed forms: ''oḫi'' 'my brother', but ''oḫava li'' 'my two brothers'. The possessive suffixes make the noun definite. Note that the plurals are all irregular in order to disambiguate the plural case-marked forms from the singular possessed forms.
Possessed nouns, or nouns that take possessive suffixes, are a closed class; this group covers only the nuclear family nouns ''ob'' 'father' (pl. ''obáje''), ''óm'' 'mother' (pl. ''ómác''), ''oḫ'' (pl. ''oḫove'') 'brother', ''oḫoc, oḫc-/oḫt-'' 'sister' (pl. ''oḫovác''), ''ben, bn-'' (pl. ''bnáje'') 'son', ''bęc, bęc-/bęt-'' 'daughter' (pl. ''bnác''). Only the singular has possessed forms: ''oḫi'' 'my brother', but ''oḫava li'' 'my two brothers'. The possessive suffixes make the noun definite. Note that the plurals are all irregular in order to disambiguate the plural case-marked forms from the singular possessed forms.


All nouns in this class follow the same declension w.r.t. possession. The oblique can be formed by adding ''-bi'' to the end of the accusative/genitive possessed forms.
All nouns in this class follow the same declension w.r.t. possession. The oblique can be formed by adding ''-bi'' to the end of the accusative/genitive possessed forms.
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|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''obi'' || ''obyna'' || ''obyny''
| ''obi'' || ''obena'' || ''obene''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''obyko''  
| ''obeko''  
|rowspan="2"| ''obykma'' || ''obykmy''
|rowspan="2"| ''obekma'' || ''obekme''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
| ''obyč''  || ''obykno''
| ''obeč''  || ''obekno''
|-
|-
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''oby''  
| ''obe''  
|rowspan="2"| ''obyma'' || ''obymy''
|rowspan="2"| ''obema'' || ''obeme''
|-
|-
! 3.f
! 3.f
| ''obá'' || ''obyno''
| ''obá'' || ''obeno''
|-
|-
! colspan="5" | Accusative/Genitive
! colspan="5" | Accusative/Genitive
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|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''obajo'' || ''obana'' || ''obany''
| ''obajo'' || ''obana'' || ''obane''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''obako''  
| ''obako''  
|rowspan="2"| ''obakma'' || ''obakmy''
|rowspan="2"| ''obakma'' || ''obakme''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
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! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''obav''  
| ''obav''  
|rowspan="2"| ''obama'' || ''obamy''
|rowspan="2"| ''obama'' || ''obame''
|-
|-
! 3.f
! 3.f
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''tab'' || ''tab'''ov''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ava''''' || ''tab'''y''''' || ''tab'''yly'''''
| ''tab'' || ''tab'''ov''''' || ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ava''''' || ''tab'''e''''' || ''tab'''ele'''''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''bošor'''í''''' || ''bošor'''ív''''' || ''bošor'''ija''''' || ''bošor'''íva''''' || ''bošor'''ije''''' || ''bošor'''íly'''''
| ''bošor'''í''''' || ''bošor'''ív''''' || ''bošor'''ija''''' || ''bošor'''íva''''' || ''bošor'''ije''''' || ''bošor'''íle'''''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
|''nák''|| ''nahna'' || ''nahny''
|''nák''|| ''nahna'' || ''nahne''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
|''li''|| ''lona'' || ''lony''
|''li''|| ''lona'' || ''lone''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
|''níc'', ''ni''|| ''nác'', ''na'' || ''nýc'', ''ny''
|''níc'', ''ni''|| ''nác'', ''na'' || ''néc'', ''ne''
|-  
|-  
! Oblique
! Oblique
|''bi''|| ''bna'' || ''bny''
|''bi''|| ''bna'' || ''bne''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
|''ǫto''|| ''ǫc'' || ''ǫtma'' || ''ǫtmy''* || ''ǫcna'' || ''hy'' || ''hi'' || ''homa'' || ''homy'' || ''hen''
|''ǫto''|| ''ǫc'' || ''ǫtma'' || ''ǫtme''* || ''ǫcna'' || ''he'' || ''hi'' || ''homa'' || ''home'' || ''hen''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
|''loko''|| ''loč'' || ''lókma'' || ''lókmy'' || ''lóčna'' ||''lú''||''lá''||''luma''||''lumy''||''lěn''
|''loko''|| ''loč'' || ''lókma'' || ''lókme'' || ''lóčna'' ||''lú''||''lá''||''luma''||''lume''||''lěn''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
|''kác'', ''ka'', ''k'' ||''číc'', ''či'', ''č''|| ''kmác'', ''kma'' || ''kmýc'', ''kmy'' ||''čnác'', ''čna''||''hóc'', ''ho'' ||''hác'', ''ha''||''homác'', ''homa''||''homýc'', ''hom'' ||''henác'', ''hen''
|''kác'', ''ka'', ''k'' ||''číc'', ''či'', ''č''|| ''kmác'', ''kma'' || ''kméc'', ''kme'' ||''čnác'', ''čna''||''hóc'', ''ho'' ||''hác'', ''ha''||''homác'', ''homa''||''homéc'', ''hom'' ||''henác'', ''hen''
|-  
|-  
! Oblique
! Oblique
|''beko''||''beč''||''bekma''||''bekmy''||''bečna''||''bí''||''bě''||''bíma''||''bímy''||''bín''
|''beko''||''beč''||''bekma''||''bekme''||''bečna''||''bí''||''bě''||''bíma''||''bíme''||''bín''
|}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 2nd person masculine plural is also used as a polite pronoun.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> 2nd person masculine plural is also used as a polite pronoun.
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''vy'' || ''věc'' || ''va'' || ''věta'' || ''ely'' || ''elác''
| ''ve'' || ''věc'' || ''va'' || ''věta'' || ''ele'' || ''elác''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
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|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''vylu'' || ''větla'' || ''věluma''''' || ''větluma''''' || ''elilúm'' || ''elátlěn''
| ''velu'' || ''větla'' || ''věluma''''' || ''větluma''''' || ''elilúm'' || ''elátlěn''
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Oblique
| ''vybi'' || ''větbě'' || ''věbima'' || ''větbima'' || ''elibím'' || ''elátbín''
| ''vebi'' || ''větbě'' || ''věbima'' || ''větbima'' || ''elibím'' || ''elátbín''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''ovy'' || ''ověc'' || ''ova'' || ''ověta'' || ''óly'' || ''ólác''
| ''ove'' || ''ověc'' || ''ova'' || ''ověta'' || ''óle'' || ''ólác''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
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|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''ovylu'' || ''ovětla'' || ''ověluma''''' || ''ovětluma''''' || ''ólilúm'' || ''ólátlěn''
| ''ovelu'' || ''ovětla'' || ''ověluma''''' || ''ovětluma''''' || ''ólilúm'' || ''ólátlěn''
|-
|-
! Oblique
! Oblique
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*All other numerals are declined as nouns and require the noun they modify to be in the genitive plural.
*All other numerals are declined as nouns and require the noun they modify to be in the genitive plural.
**Words ''šolaf'' (3) through ''cés'' (9) or in ''qošor'' (10-19) are declined like feminine singular nouns in adnominal position (''Hén šolafa onasi'' 'There are three people') and like masculine singular nouns in nominal position (''Hén šolaf'' 'There are three'). This derives from the original Semitic chiastic agreement.
**Words ''šolaf'' (3) through ''cés'' (9) or in ''qošor'' (10-19) are declined like feminine singular nouns in adnominal position (''Hén šolafa onasi'' 'There are three people') and like masculine singular nouns in nominal position (''Hén šolaf'' 'There are three'). This derives from the original Semitic chiastic agreement.
**Words ''qošory'' (20), ''šolafy'' (30), ..., ''césy'' (90) are declined as masculine plural nouns.
**Words ''qošore'' (20), ''šolafe'' (30), ..., ''cése'' (90) are declined as masculine plural nouns.
**Units such as ''meja'' (100, ''f''), ''olop'' (1000, ''m''), ''milijon'', ''milijarda'', etc. are declined as ordinary nouns, taking the appropriate number and case.
**Units such as ''meja'' (100, ''f''), ''olop'' (1000, ''m''), ''milijon'', ''milijarda'', etc. are declined as ordinary nouns, taking the appropriate number and case.


Examples:
Examples:
*''qošory júmi'' '20 days', ''qošory sonáci'' '20 years'
*''qošore júmi'' '20 days', ''qošory sonáci'' '20 years'
*''qošory v ahod júm'' '21 days', ''qošory v ahda sona'' '21 years'
*''qošore v ahod júm'' '21 days', ''qošory v ahda sona'' '21 years'
*''qošory vo fla júma'' '22 days', ''qošory vo flota sonota'' '22 years'
*''qošore vo fla júma'' '22 days', ''qošory vo flota sonota'' '22 years'
*''qošory v šolafa júmi'' '23 days', ''qošory v šolafa sonaci'' '23 years'
*''qošore v šolafa júmi'' '23 days', ''qošory v šolafa sonaci'' '23 years'
*''milijona dolari'' '2 million dollars'
*''milijona dolari'' '2 million dollars'
*''mejota milijoni dolari'' '200 million dollars'
*''mejota milijoni dolari'' '200 million dollars'
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|0
|0
|''nul''
|''nul''
|''novyl''
|''novel''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
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|3
|3
|''šolaf, šolafa''
|''šolaf, šolafa''
|''šolyf''
|''šolef''
|''mošólef''
|''mošólef''
|-
|-
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|5
|5
|''ḫǫs, ḫǫsa''
|''ḫǫs, ḫǫsa''
|''ḫonys''
|''ḫones''
|''moḫónes''
|''moḫónes''
|-
|-
|6
|6
|''séf, séfa''
|''séf, séfa''
|''sodyf''
|''sodef''
|''mosódef''
|''mosódef''
|-
|-
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|8
|8
|''fomán, fomána''
|''fomán, fomána''
|''fomyn''
|''fomen''
|''mofómen''
|''mofómen''
|-
|-
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|10
|10
|''qošor, qošora''
|''qošor, qošora''
|''qosyr''
|''qoser''
|''moqósyr''
|''moqóser''
|-
|-
|11
|11
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|-
|-
|20
|20
|''qošory''
|''qošore''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|21
|21
|''qošory v ahod''
|''qošore v ahod''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|30
|30
|''šolafy''
|''šolafe''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|40
|40
|''roboqy''
|''roboqe''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|50
|50
|''ḫǫsy''
|''ḫǫse''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|60
|60
|''séfy''
|''séfe''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|70
|70
|''sópy''
|''sópe''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|80
|80
|''fomány''
|''fománe''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|90
|90
|''césy''
|''cése''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
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|-
|-
|3000
|3000
|''šolafa olpy''
|''šolafa olpe''
|''šolafaolpí''
|''šolafaolpí''
|''-''
|''-''
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! colspan="4" | Stative passive participle
! colspan="4" | Stative passive participle
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | ''kotyl''  
| colspan="4" | ''kotel''  
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Past participle
! colspan="4" | Past participle
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! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''ktol!''  
| ''ktol!''  
|rowspan="2"| ''ktola!'' || ''ktoly!''
|rowspan="2"| ''ktola!'' || ''ktole!''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
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|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''bektli'' || ''bektolna'' || ''bektolny''
| ''bektli'' || ''bektolna'' || ''bektolne''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''bektlok''
| ''bektlok''
|rowspan="2"| ''bektolkma'' || ''bektolkmy''
|rowspan="2"| ''bektolkma'' || ''bektolkme''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
Line 1,007: Line 1,007:
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''bektlu''  
| ''bektlu''  
|rowspan="2"| ''bektolma'' || ''bektolmy''
|rowspan="2"| ''bektolma'' || ''bektolme''
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
Line 1,017: Line 1,017:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''noktol'' || ''noktla'' || ''noktly''
| ''noktol'' || ''noktla'' || ''noktle''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''toktol''
| ''toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''toktla'' || ''toktly''
|rowspan="2"| ''toktla'' || ''toktle''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
Line 1,028: Line 1,028:
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''jektol''
| ''jektol''
|rowspan="2"| ''jektla'' || ''jektly''
|rowspan="2"| ''jektla'' || ''jektle''
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
Line 1,042: Line 1,042:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''noktól'' || ''noktóla'' || ''noktóly''
| ''noktól'' || ''noktóla'' || ''noktóle''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''toktól''
| ''toktól''
|rowspan="2"| ''toktóla'' || ''toktóly''
|rowspan="2"| ''toktóla'' || ''toktóle''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
Line 1,053: Line 1,053:
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''jektól''
| ''jektól''
|rowspan="2"| ''jektóla'' || ''jektóly''
|rowspan="2"| ''jektóla'' || ''jektóle''
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
Line 1,063: Line 1,063:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''de noktol'' || ''de noktla'' || ''de noktly''
| ''de noktol'' || ''de noktla'' || ''de noktle''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''de toktol''
| ''de toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''de toktla'' || ''de toktly''
|rowspan="2"| ''de toktla'' || ''de toktle''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
Line 1,074: Line 1,074:
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''de jektol''
| ''de jektol''
|rowspan="2"| ''de jektla'' || ''de jektly''
|rowspan="2"| ''de jektla'' || ''de jektle''
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
Line 1,084: Line 1,084:
|-
|-
! 1.m
! 1.m
| ''de nočon kotol''|| ''de nočona kotla'' || ''de nočony kotly''
| ''de nočon kotol''|| ''de nočna kotla'' || ''de nočne kotle''
|-
|-
! 1.f
! 1.f
| ''de nočon kotla'' || ''de nočona kotlota'' || ''de nočony kotlác''
| ''de nočon kotla'' || ''de nočna kotlota'' || ''de nočne kotlác''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''de točon kotol'' || ''de točona kotla'' || ''de točony kotly''
| ''de točon kotol'' || ''de točna kotla'' || ''de točne kotle''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
| ''de točoni kotla''|| ''de točona kotlota'' || ''de točonno kotlác''
| ''de točni kotla''|| ''de točna kotlota'' || ''de točonno kotlác''
|-
|-
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''de ječon kotol'' || ''de ječona kotla'' || ''de ječony kotly''
| ''de ječon kotol'' || ''de ječna kotla'' || ''de ječne kotle''
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
| ''de ječoni kotla''|| ''de ječona kotlota'' ||  ''de ječonno kotlác''
| ''de ječni kotla''|| ''de ječna kotlota'' ||  ''de ječonno kotlác''
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Perfect
! colspan="4" | Perfect
Line 1,106: Line 1,106:
|-
|-
! 1.m
! 1.m
| ''nák kotol'' || ''nána kotla'' || ''nány kotly''
| ''nák kotol'' || ''nahna kotla'' || ''nahne kotle''
|-
|-
! 1.f
! 1.f
| ''nák kotla'' || ''nána kotlota'' || ''nány kotlác''
| ''nák kotla'' || ''nahna kotlota'' || ''nahne kotlác''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''ǫto kotol'' || ''ǫtma kotla'' || ''ǫtmy kotly''
| ''ǫto kotol'' || ''ǫtma kotla'' || ''ǫtme kotle''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
Line 1,118: Line 1,118:
|-
|-
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''(hy) kotol'' || ''(homa) kotla'' || ''(homy) kotly''
| ''(he) kotol'' || ''(homa) kotla'' || ''(home) kotle''
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
Line 1,128: Line 1,128:
|-
|-
! 1.m
! 1.m
| ''nočyn kotol'' || ''nočyna kotla'' || ''nočyny kotly''
| ''nočen kotol'' || ''nočena kotla'' || ''nočene kotle''
|-
|-
! 1.f
! 1.f
| ''nočyn kotla'' || ''nočyna kotlota'' || ''nočyny kotlác''
| ''nočen kotla'' || ''nočena kotlota'' || ''nočene kotlác''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''točyn kotol'' || ''točyna kotla'' || ''točyny kotly''
| ''točen kotol'' || ''točena kotla'' || ''točene kotle''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
| ''točyni kotla'' || ''točyna kotlota'' || ''točynno kotlác''
| ''točeni kotla'' || ''točena kotlota'' || ''točenno kotlác''
|-
|-
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''ječyn kotol'' || ''ječyna kotla'' || ''ječyny kotly''
| ''ječen kotol'' || ''ječena kotla'' || ''ječene kotle''
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
| ''ječyni kotla'' || ''ječyna kotlota'' || ''ječynno kotlác''
| ''ječeni kotla'' || ''ječena kotlota'' || ''ječenno kotlác''
|}
|}


===N-stems: ''jękotyl''===
===N-stems: ''jękotal''===


===D-stems: ''jokótél''===
===D-stems: ''jokótél''===
Line 1,168: Line 1,168:
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''pólež!''  
| ''pólež!''  
|rowspan="2"| ''pólža!'' || ''pólžy!''
|rowspan="2"| ''pólža!'' || ''pólže!''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
Line 1,178: Line 1,178:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''nopólež'' || ''nopólža'' || ''nopólžy''
| ''nopólež'' || ''nopólža'' || ''nopólže''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''topólež''
| ''topólež''
|rowspan="2"| ''topólža'' || ''topólžy''
|rowspan="2"| ''topólža'' || ''topólže''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
Line 1,189: Line 1,189:
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''jepólež''
| ''jepólež''
|rowspan="2"| ''jepólža'' || ''jepólžy''
|rowspan="2"| ''jepólža'' || ''jepólže''
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
Line 1,199: Line 1,199:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''nopóléž'' || ''nopóléža'' || ''nopóléžy''
| ''nopóléž'' || ''nopóléža'' || ''nopóléže''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''topóléž''
| ''topóléž''
|rowspan="2"| ''topóléža'' || ''topóléžy''
|rowspan="2"| ''topóléža'' || ''topóléže''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
Line 1,209: Line 1,209:
|-
|-
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''jepóléž'' || ''jepóléža'' || ''jepóléžy''
| ''jepóléž'' || ''jepóléža'' || ''jepóléže''
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
Line 1,240: Line 1,240:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''čanec, čon, jočyn, čan, čun'' 'be'
! colspan="4" | ''čanec, čon, jočen, čan, čun'' 'be'
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
Line 1,260: Line 1,260:
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''čon!''  
| ''čon!''  
|rowspan="2"| ''čona!'' || ''čony!''
|rowspan="2"| ''čona!'' || ''čone!''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
Line 1,270: Line 1,270:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| (''nák'') || (''nána'') || (''nány'')
| (''nák'') || (''nahna'') || (''nahne'')
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| (''ǫto'')
| (''ǫto'')
|rowspan="2"| (''ǫtma'') || (''ǫtmy'')
|rowspan="2"| (''ǫtma'') || (''ǫtme'')
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
Line 1,281: Line 1,281:
! 3.m
! 3.m
| (''ho'')
| (''ho'')
|rowspan="2"| (''homa'') || (''homy'')
|rowspan="2"| (''homa'') || (''home'')
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
Line 1,291: Line 1,291:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''nočyn'' || ''nočyna'' || ''nočyny''
| ''nočen'' || ''nočena'' || ''nočene''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''točyn''
| ''točen''
|rowspan="2"| ''točyna'' || ''točyny''
|rowspan="2"| ''točena'' || ''točene''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
| ''točyni'' || ''jočynno''
| ''točeni'' || ''jočenno''
|-
|-
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''jočyn''  
| ''ječen''  
|rowspan="2"| ''jočyna'' || ''jočyny''
|rowspan="2"| ''ječena'' || ''ječene''
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
| ''jočyni'' || ''jočynno''
| ''ječeni'' || ''ječenno''
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Future
! colspan="4" | Future
Line 1,312: Line 1,312:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''de nočon'' || ''de nočna'' || ''de nočny''
| ''de nočon'' || ''de nočna'' || ''de nočne''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''de točon''
| ''de točon''
|rowspan="2"| ''de točna'' || ''de točny''
|rowspan="2"| ''de točna'' || ''de točne''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
Line 1,322: Line 1,322:
|-
|-
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''de jočon''
| ''de ječon''
|rowspan="2"| ''de jočna'' || ''de jočny''
|rowspan="2"| ''de ječna'' || ''de ječne''
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
| ''de jočni'' || ''de jočonno''  
| ''de ječni'' || ''de ječonno''  
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | Subjunctive
Line 1,333: Line 1,333:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''nočon'' || ''nočna'' || ''nočny''
| ''nočon'' || ''nočna'' || ''nočne''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''točon''
| ''točon''
|rowspan="2"| ''točna'' || ''točny''
|rowspan="2"| ''točna'' || ''točne''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
Line 1,344: Line 1,344:
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''jočon''
| ''jočon''
|rowspan="2"| ''jočna'' || ''jočny''
|rowspan="2"| ''jočna'' || ''jočne''
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
Line 1,440: Line 1,440:
===Nominal sentences===
===Nominal sentences===
As in most Semitic and many Slavic languages, present indicative does not require a copula:
As in most Semitic and many Slavic languages, present indicative does not require a copula:
:'''''Eláh ibošorí.''''' (also: ''Eláh hy ibošorí.'' Obviously, a Muslim might say ''Alláh (hy) ibošorí.'')
:'''''Eláh ibošorí.''''' (also: ''Eláh he ibošorí.'' Obviously, a Muslim might say ''Alláh (he) ibošorí.'')
:''God is incorporeal.''
:''God is incorporeal.''


Line 1,462: Line 1,462:
As is the case in most European languages, but unlike in e.g. Arabic, relative pronouns agree with the gender and number of the head, but are case-marked for their syntactic position within the relative clause.
As is the case in most European languages, but unlike in e.g. Arabic, relative pronouns agree with the gender and number of the head, but are case-marked for their syntactic position within the relative clause.


The choice of the relative pronoun depends on the definiteness/specificity of the noun. Specific referents use ''vy'' as the relative pronoun, whereas indefinite or hypothetical nouns use ''mǫ'' (animate)/''ma'' (inanimate).
The choice of the relative pronoun depends on the definiteness/specificity of the noun. Specific referents use ''ve'' as the relative pronoun, whereas indefinite or hypothetical nouns use ''mǫ'' (animate)/''ma'' (inanimate).


==Derivational morphology==
==Derivational morphology==
Line 1,488: Line 1,488:
*''-íc'' abstract noun suffix from nouns and adjectives
*''-íc'' abstract noun suffix from nouns and adjectives
**''nopsíc'' 'identity' < ''nopos, nops-'' 'self'
**''nopsíc'' 'identity' < ''nopos, nops-'' 'self'
**''omyníc'' 'truth' < ''omyn'' 'true'
**''omeníc'' 'truth' < ''omen'' 'true'
**''onasíc'' 'humanity (human species)' < ''onasy'' 'people (pl.)' (compare ''ęsíc'' 'humanity (being human)' < ''ęs'' 'person (sg.)'; cf. German ''Menschheit'' vs. ''Menschlichkeit'')
**''onasíc'' 'humanity (human species)' < ''onase'' 'people (pl.)' (compare ''ęsíc'' 'humanity (being human)' < ''ęs'' 'person (sg.)'; cf. German ''Menschheit'' vs. ''Menschlichkeit'')
**''polaríc'' 'polarity' < ''polarí'' 'polar'
**''polaríc'' 'polarity' < ''polarí'' 'polar'
*''-izom, -izm-'' '-ism'
*''-izom, -izm-'' '-ism'
Line 1,500: Line 1,500:
*''c'' (in affixes) > ''s'': ''socovis'' : ''socovíc''
*''c'' (in affixes) > ''s'': ''socovis'' : ''socovíc''
*f.pl. ending (all cases) is ''-as'', def. ''-alas''
*f.pl. ending (all cases) is ''-as'', def. ''-alas''
*''e'', ''y'' and ''ě'' are all /e/
*''e'' and ''ě'' merge to /e/
*Netagin-esque mutation?
*Netagin-esque mutation?


Line 1,535: Line 1,535:
===Italian-influenced===
===Italian-influenced===
*Geminates are preserved; {{recon|VCC}} did not turn into {{recon|VːC}}
*Geminates are preserved; {{recon|VCC}} did not turn into {{recon|VːC}}
*{{recon|''ū''}} > {{recon|''y''}} merges into ''i''
*{{recon|''ū''}} > {{recon|''y''}} merges into ''i'' rather than ''e''
**Plural verb ending is still ''-e''
**Plural verb ending is still ''-e''
*No gender distinction in plural
*No gender distinction in plural
Line 1,547: Line 1,547:
*''Ma smov lók/lóč?'' 'What is your (m.sg/f.sg) name?'
*''Ma smov lók/lóč?'' 'What is your (m.sg/f.sg) name?'
*''Smov li [name].'' 'My name is [name].'
*''Smov li [name].'' 'My name is [name].'
*''Staqpu/Staqpovi/Staqpova/Staqpovy/Staqpuna li!'' (to one man/one woman/two people/m.pl./f.pl) 'Excuse me!'
*''Staqpu/Staqpovi/Staqpova/Staqpove/Staqpuna li!'' (to one man/one woman/two people/m.pl./f.pl) 'Excuse me!'
*''Oj vil ma!'' 'No worries!'
*''Oj vil ma!'' 'No worries!'
*''Čok.'' 'Yes.'
*''Čok.'' 'Yes.'
Line 1,554: Line 1,554:
==Texts==
==Texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1===
:'''''Čóly onasyly jǫvolydy horary v savije en qosrovo v tahikili.'''''
:'''''Čóle onasele jǫvolade horare v savije en qosrovo v tahikili.'''''
:<small>all-PL.M.NOM human.PL.DEF.NOM 3.PRES-beget/PASS-PL.M free-PL.M.NOM and equal-PL.M.NOM in worth-SG.DEF.INS and right-PL.DEF.INS</small>
:<small>all-PL.M.NOM human.PL.DEF.NOM 3.PRES-beget/PASS-PL.M free-PL.M.NOM and equal-PL.M.NOM in worth-SG.DEF.INS and right-PL.DEF.INS</small>
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.''
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.''


:'''''Mǫsyčaly me mosbáro v tostočíno, homy mǫpokady no joptaqly okrobokroblu en ḫnumoto oḫovíto.'''''
:'''''Mǫsečale me mosbáro v tostočíno, home mǫpokade no joptaqle okrobokroblu en ḫnumoto oḫovíto.'''''
:<small>PART-empower/PASS-PL.M.NOM with reason-SG.GEN and conscience-SG.GEN 3.PL.M.NOM PART-obligate/PASS-PL.M.NOM SUBJ 3-behave/PRES-PL.M each_other-SG.M.DAT in spirit-SG.GEN brotherhood-SG.GEN</small>
:<small>PART-empower/PASS-PL.M.NOM with reason-SG.GEN and conscience-SG.GEN 3.PL.M.NOM PART-obligate/PASS-PL.M.NOM SUBJ 3-behave/PRES-PL.M each_other-SG.M.DAT in spirit-SG.GEN brotherhood-SG.GEN</small>
:''Empowered with reason and conscience, they ought to behave toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
:''Empowered with reason and conscience, they ought to behave toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
Line 1,566: Line 1,566:
===Pater noster===
===Pater noster===
<poem>
<poem>
''Obyny, ovy ǫto en somájili!''
''Obene, ove ǫto en somájili!''
''C jektódas smov lók.''
''C jektódas smov lók.''
''C jéce memlóčov lók.''
''C jéce memlóčov lók.''
''C jępoqyly roþív lók, ěma en somájili ěvi v en orþěto.''
''C jępoqele roþív lók, ěma en somájili ěvi v en orþěto.''
''Ḫlebov lony jumív cen lony ojúm.''
''Ḫlebov lone jumív cen lone ojúm.''
''V staqpu lony ḫotálác lony, ěvi v nahny nostaqpovy ḫotálác nož lony.''
''V staqpu lone ḫotálác lone, ěvi v nahne nostaqpove ḫotálác nož lone.''
''V la ny sabé en tonésíny, éla žal ny leč rogovo.''
''V la ne sabé en tonésíne, éla žal ne leč rogovo.''
''Amen.''
''Amen.''
</poem>
</poem>


===Schleicher's fable===
===Schleicher's fable===
'''''Sověc v porosyly'''''
'''''Sověc v porosele'''''


:''Sova větla bo foječon qobáj jerí porosi; ahod foježórer čobid merčab, ahod fojeshab rób homol, v ahod fojeshab ęso išǫ. Sověc jamári porosili: «Lébov li bemoraru, rájoto ęso mosožéro porosi.» Porosyly jamáry: «Stosmeqi, sova, lébov lony bemoraru, rájili vy: ęs, baqlov, beqši noposlu qobájvobi sověto ham molbes. Vén sovětla bo jef qobáj.» Someqa vy, sověc jebráhi en mesvójovo.''
:''Sova větla bo foječon qobáj jerí porosi; ahod foježórer čobid merčab, ahod fojeshab rób homol, v ahod fojeshab ęso išǫ. Sověc jamári porosili: «Lébov li bemoraru, rájoto ęso mosožéro porosi.» Porosele jamáre: «Stosmeqi, sova, lébov lone bemoraru, rájili ve: ęs, baqlov, beqši noposlu qobájvobi sověto ham molbes. Vén sovětla bo jef qobáj.» Someqa ve, sověc jebráhi en mesvójovo.''


([[Media:Schleicher_{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|audio]])
([[Media:Schleicher_{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|audio]])
IlL
139,361

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