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Old Grekelin: Difference between revisions
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In the 11th century, following the [[w:Battle_of_Manzikert|Battle of Manzikert]] and with the Byzantine Empire constantly declining, many Greeks from Asia Minor began moving to the Kingdom of Hungary, which offered them prestigious rights within the state in exchange for volunteering in the army and protecting the Kingdom's borders. As the number of them began increasing, they began founding Greek villages in the countryside, where they could still communicate as they now amounted up to 100.000. The first villages were built along the Danube, in Hungarian and Serb majority areas back then. | In the 11th century, following the [[w:Battle_of_Manzikert|Battle of Manzikert]] and with the Byzantine Empire constantly declining, many Greeks from Asia Minor began moving to the Kingdom of Hungary, which offered them prestigious rights within the state in exchange for volunteering in the army and protecting the Kingdom's borders. As the number of them began increasing, they began founding Greek villages in the countryside, where they could still communicate as they now amounted up to 100.000. The first villages were built along the Danube, in Hungarian and Serb majority areas back then. | ||
From the mid-14th to the 17th century Ottoman expansion in the Balkans reached Grekelin-speaking areas, reducing the spoken language's population significantly. Regardless, the language managed to remain alive within the Austrian Empire (Where the most conservative dialects are found as well), which had conquered the northernmost parts of what is now Slovakia and Czechia. Ottoman rule imported some words that are cognates with Greek ones (Eg. **Χαράτσι, Haradza** (Unjustified high tax), **Μπαχάρι, | From the mid-14th to the 17th century Ottoman expansion in the Balkans reached Grekelin-speaking areas, reducing the spoken language's population significantly. Regardless, the language managed to remain alive within the Austrian Empire (Where the most conservative dialects are found as well), which had conquered the northernmost parts of what is now Slovakia and Czechia. Ottoman rule imported some words that are cognates with Greek ones (Eg. **Χαράτσι, Haradza** (Unjustified high tax), **Μπαχάρι, Baharya** (Spice)). The language however, being spoken for over 300 years at this point, had changed significantly, and, due to constant wars and rebellions in the region, now had three different dialects. | ||
Already by the 16th century however, Grekelin was largely different, both in phonetics and grammar. In addition, Grekelin was by now written exclusively with the Latin alphabet, as few Greek scholars were left to teach the Greek one. Further attempts in the 17th century to convert the Grekelin-speaking population to Catholicism resulted in the introduction of many foreign (Latin and Hungarian) words, and by the 19th century Grekelin would be completely different, grammatically and lexically. | Already by the 16th century however, Grekelin was largely different, both in phonetics and grammar. In addition, Grekelin was by now written exclusively with the Latin alphabet, as few Greek scholars were left to teach the Greek one. Further attempts in the 17th century to convert the Grekelin-speaking population to Catholicism resulted in the introduction of many foreign (Latin and Hungarian) words, and by the 19th century Grekelin would be completely different, grammatically and lexically. | ||
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:: - Savvian Dialect (The least significant in socio-linguistic terms, due to its low population (Just above 2.000) and their late divergence from Greek). | :: - Savvian Dialect (The least significant in socio-linguistic terms, due to its low population (Just above 2.000) and their late divergence from Greek). | ||
The Savvian dialects were far more divergent than the other three, possibly due to their late settlement (13th century, during the Slavic raids into Greece) and their nearly complete isolation from Hungarian influence. Some could call them an entirely separate language, as they remained very conservative and close to Greek up until the 19th century (When the last speaker was identified). The following parts compare the sentence "I | The Savvian dialects were far more divergent than the other three, possibly due to their late settlement (13th century, during the Slavic raids into Greece) and their nearly complete isolation from Hungarian influence. Some could call them an entirely separate language, as they remained very conservative and close to Greek up until the 19th century (When the last speaker was identified). The following parts compare the sentence "I saw it with my eyes" (Modern [[Grekelin]]: " Ivlo davto mi ek opiek mei, /iv.ˈlo ˈdɑv.to mi ɛk ˈopjɛk mʲi/" | ||
===Danubian dialects=== | ===Danubian dialects=== | ||
The Danubian dialects are the root of Modern Grekelin. | The Danubian dialects are the root of Modern Grekelin. They were named after the Danube river, which crossed the Grekelin-speaking areas or even separated them. The basic changes in this dialect were: | ||
:: - Palatalization of /k/ and /t/ into /t͡s/ | |||
:: - Meltdown of the tense system of Medieval Greek into four tenses: Present, Past, Past Perfect and Future. | |||
:: - Voicing of the /ks/ affricate into /gz/ | |||
:: - Rounding of the /i/ vowel into /y/ in first or final syllable | |||
:: - Introduction of the /nd/ consonant cluster where Medieval Greek has /d/ | |||
:: - Loss of the future article ('''[θa]''' in Modern Greek) and replacement with '''[ɛˈnɑ]''' | |||
'''Indo dafto mi tes opies mu [ˈiːndo ˈda.fto mi tes ˈopjes mu]''' | |||
==Slavic Dialects== | ==Slavic Dialects== | ||
The Slavic dialects, which took their name from the Slavic-speaking areas they evolved at, and their quite Slavic sound (Palatalization, nasal vowels, raising unstressed vowels) are the only dialect group to actually survive to this day in the form of Slavic Grekelin. The Slavic dialects used to be far more spoken than their Danubian counterparts; This would last until the rise of nationalism saw the mass assimilation of them. This dialect shares the same changes with the Danubian ones (Except for the /nd/ introduction and the rounding of /i/) due to their common ancestor, along with the changes mentioned above. | |||
'''Smotro dáfto mi opíes mu [ˈzmo.tr̩o ˈdãfto mi opĩez mu]'''* | |||
<small>For the sake of convenience, nasal vowels take an accute accent above them.</small> | |||
==Northern Dialect== | ==Northern Dialect== | ||
This dialect is the only dialect to introduce glottalization between vowels and replace word-final /n/ with a glottal stop in the next word. A few subdialects went a step ahead and completely replaced the /k/ plosive with the /q/ one in multiple occasions, and another interesting change is the collapse of /v/ into /u/. The northern dialect is technically itself a subdialect of the Danubian dialects, as it developed following mass fleeing of Grekelin Orthodox people (Following the battle of Mohacs) into Austria and Bavaria. It would go extinct not very long afterwards. | |||
'''Ido dauto mi uges mu [ˈiːdo ˈdauːto mi ʉːges mu]''' | |||
==Savvian Dialect== | ==Savvian Dialect== | ||
The Savvian dialect is not directly a dialect of Old Grekelin as it split off from Medieval Greek two centuries afterwards. However, it is conventially treated as one. | The Savvian dialect is not directly a dialect of Old Grekelin as it split off from Medieval Greek about two centuries afterwards. However, it is conventially treated as one, for two reasons: (1) The same origin with Grekelin itself and (2) their settlement near Grekelin-speaking areas. The dialect takes its name from the Sava river between Hungary and Croatia. It was a small and very conservative dialect, and, as a result, it was already extinct by the late 15th century. One of its most interesting features is the deletion of definite articles and their replacement by a word-final -e, possibly influenced by Hungarian. | ||
'''Idha tutto me oftalmuse m' [ˈiðɑ tuto me of.talmʲusem]''' | |||
==Example Texts== | ==Example Texts== | ||