Linguifex

Ash: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Ash (view source)

Revision as of 09:27, 30 January 2024

132 bytes added ,  30 January 2024
m
→‎Locative verbs: me > ne + updated semantic range
m (→‎Locative verbs: me > ne + updated semantic range)
 
(14 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 403: Line 403:
As the conjunct form denotes merely whether the assertor is somehow involved in the action, the assertor need not necessarily be the agent. A conjunct form would still be used to denote first person involvement as a patient in some statements.
As the conjunct form denotes merely whether the assertor is somehow involved in the action, the assertor need not necessarily be the agent. A conjunct form would still be used to denote first person involvement as a patient in some statements.


{{gloss
{{interlinear|abbreviations=PROX:proximal deixis; INTS:intensive; MOD:modal auxiliary verb; CLF:classifier auxiliary verb; INV:inverse agency; CONJ:conjunct involvement
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ya ẻsbadsas yo {{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga}}
|{{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo}} {{ash|ya ẻsbadsas yo}} {{ash|ảo ga}}
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=CLF DET:PROX=PROX-INV-hand.INTS-CONJ=MOD:DECL Ao=CLF
|PROX-head{{=}}CLF DET{{=}}PROX-INV-braid-CONJ{{=}}MOD Ao{{=}}CLF
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair.
|Ao is braiding my hair.
}}
}}


Line 700: Line 700:
|-
|-
| {{ash|mea}}
| {{ash|mea}}
| {{ash|me}}
| {{ash|ne}}
| :PYR
| :PYR
| Fire (by extension core or centre)
| Inside, essence, fire
|-
|-
| {{ash|baa}}
| {{ash|baa}}
Line 918: Line 918:
===Reported speech===
===Reported speech===


As mentioned previously, while languages with speaker's involvement marking will often express reported speech from the perspective of the one whose speech is being reported, this is not the case in Ash. However there are direct and indirect modals for reported speech in Ash which may depend on who was talking to whom.
As mentioned previously, while languages with speaker's involvement marking will often express reported speech from the perspective of the one whose speech is being reported, this is not the case in Ash. However there are direct and indirect modals for reported speech in Ash which may depend on who was talking to whom. Some examples follow below.
 
Below are some examples of increasingly complex reports of speech also demonstrating obviation.


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|dosmo ga ỏhgaa e ebmo͠o na booda hga}}
|phrase={{ash|dosmo ga ỏsgaas yo ebmo͠o na booda hga}}
|gloss=Dosmo=CLF said=MOD:EXP PROX-head=CLF big=MOD:DIR
|gloss=Dosmo=CLF DIST-INV-say-CONJ=MOD:DECL PROX-head=CLF big=MOD:DIR
|translation=Dosmo told me my head is big.
|translation=Dosmo told me my head is big.
}}
}}


{{gloss
Here the speaker uses the declarative modal {{ash|yo}} as they were spoken to directly so no evidential is needed. The actual reported speech is followed by the {{ash|ıhga}} modal marking a direct report, i.e. something the speaker heard personally.
|phrase={{ash|dosmo ga ỏhgaa e obmo͠o na booda hga}}
|gloss=Dosmo=CLF said=MOD:EXP DIST-head=CLF big=MOD:DIR
|translation=Dosmo told me their (Dosmo's) head is big.
}}
 
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|dosmo ga ỏhgaa e oas gã bmo͠o na booda hga}}
|gloss=Dosmo=CLF said=MOD:EXP Oas=CLF head=CLF big=MOD:DIR
|translation=Dosmo told me Oas's head is big.
}}
 
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|dosmo ga wa ỏhgaa e oas ga yy obmo͠o na booda hga}}
|gloss=Dosmo=CLF DET=said=MOD:EXP Oas=CLF MOD:DECL DIST-head=CLF big=MOD:DIR
|translation=I saw/heard Dosmo tell Oas their (Oas's) head is big.
}}


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|dosmo ga wa ỏhgaa e oas ga yy oa gõ bmo͠o na booda hga}}
|phrase={{ash|dosmo ga wa ỏhgaa e oas ga yy oa gõ bmo͠o na booda hga}}
|gloss=Dosmo=CLF DET=said=MOD:EXP Oas=CLF MOD:DECL DET=CLF head=CLF big=MOD:DIR
|gloss=Dosmo=CLF DET=DIST-DIR-say=MOD:EXP Oas=CLF MOD:DECL DET=CLF head=CLF big=MOD:DIR
|translation=I saw/heard Dosmo tell Oas their (Dosmo's) head is big.
|translation=I saw/heard Dosmo tell Oas their (Dosmo's) head is big.
}}
}}
This sentence has more referents and so additional markers are necessary to keep track of things. The experiential evidential {{ash|e}} is now used as the speaker was not spoken to but merely witnessed a conversation. The contrastive function of determiners is used to shift the topic back to Dosmo after Oas is introduced.


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|dosmo ga wa ỏhgaa hga oas ga yy obmo͠o na booda wwa}}
|phrase={{ash|dosmo ga wa ỏhgaa hga oas ga yy obmo͠o na booda wwa}}
|gloss=Dosmo=CLF DET=said=MOD:DIR Oas=CLF MOD:DECL DET=CLF head=CLF big=MOD:INDIR
|gloss=Dosmo=CLF DET=DIST-DIR-say=MOD:DIR Oas=CLF MOD:DECL DET=CLF head=CLF big=MOD:INDIR
|translation=I'm told Dosmo told Oas their (Dosmo's) head is big.
|translation=I'm told Dosmo told Oas their (Dosmo's) head is big.
}}
}}


All examples except the last have the experiential modal {{ash|e}} to denote that the speaker directly saw or heard what Dosmo said, and the modal {{ash|ıhga}} marking a direct report of speech (the speaker heard it). The last example instead uses {{ash|hga}} in the first half to denote that the speaker was told by someone else what Dosmo had said and so the actual speech must be reported using the indirect speech report marker {{ash|ıwwa}} instead.
This last example uses {{ash|ıhga}} in the first half to denote that the speaker was told by someone else what Dosmo had said and so the actual speech must be reported using the indirect speech report marker {{ash|ıwwa}} instead.
 
<div begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/><div style="display:none;">
PROX:proximal deixis
INTS:intensive
MOD:modal auxiliary verb
CLF:classifier auxiliary verb
INV:inverse agency
CONJ:conjunct involvement
</div><div end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
Prinsessa
1,089

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/346219...346911"