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'''Ilithian''' ('' | '''Ilithian''' (''gľaudhiſſká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avishviya]] (''Awiſſwigá''), inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic. | ||
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi? | |||
Switch everything to Brethren spelling | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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| | | | ||
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/ | | '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/ | ||
| | | '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''t''' /t/ | | '''t''' /t/ | ||
| '''č''' /tʃ/ | | '''č''' /tʃ/ | ||
| '''ť | | '''ť''' /c/ | ||
| '''k''' /k/ | | '''k''' /k/ | ||
| | | | ||
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| '''d''' /d/ | | '''d''' /d/ | ||
| '''dž''' /dʒ/ | | '''dž''' /dʒ/ | ||
| '''ď | | '''ď''' /ɟ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| [f] | | [f] | ||
| '''s''' /s/ | | '''s''' /s/ | ||
| ''' | | '''ſſ''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| ''' | | '''w''' /v/ | ||
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || ''' | | || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ || || '''h''' /ɦ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"| Liquid | !colspan="2"| Liquid | ||
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| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/ | | '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/ | ||
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/ | | '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/ | ||
| '''ľ | | '''ľ''' /ʎ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung. | Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung. | ||
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids | |||
Vowels: a e i u á é | |||
PIE oey > | PIE oey > eg | ||
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style? | Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style? | ||
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all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization" | all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization" | ||
mjs, mjnes- 'month' | |||
ja > je? | ja > je? | ||
=== Iotation === | === Iotation === | ||
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh | k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š | ||
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'. | This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'. | ||
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! | ! | ||
! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind | ! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind | ||
! colspan=3| '' | ! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat | ||
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey | ! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé'' | |''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech'' | ||
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú'' | |''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou'' | |''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou'' | ||
|''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou'' | |''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh'' | |''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh'' | ||
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh'' | |''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch'' | |''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch'' | ||
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú'' | |''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh'' | |''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh'' | ||
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh'' | |''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi'' | |''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi'' | ||
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi'' | |''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš'' | |''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš'' | ||
|''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš'' | |''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!'' | |''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!'' | ||
|'' | |''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!'' | ||
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!'' | |''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! colspan=3| '' | ! colspan=3| ''žmů'' (m.) = human | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|'' | |''žmů''||''žmenů''||''žmené'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|'' | |''žmenej'' ||''žmenabhou'' ||''žmenabh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|'' | |''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenech'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|'' | |''žmenách'' ||''žmenabhou'' ||''žmenabh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|'' | |''žmený'' ||''žmenabhí'' ||''žmenéch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|'' | |''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|'' | |''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!'' ||''žmené!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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=== -ýr nouns === | === -ýr nouns === | ||
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, | TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr'' | ||
==== Masculine ==== | ==== Masculine ==== | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! colspan=3| '' | ! colspan=3| ''gů'' (f.) = cow | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Nominative''' | |align="right"|'''Nominative''' | ||
|'' | |''gů''||''gavé''||''gavech'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|'' | |''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
|'' | |''gaváj'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|'' | |''gou, gavou'' ||''gavé''||''gůch, gavech'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
|'' | |''gouch'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | |align="right"|'''Instrumental''' | ||
|'' | |''gavá, gůjá'' ||''gůbhí'' ||''gůbhi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|'' | |''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|'' | |''gů!'' || ''gavé!''||''gavech!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! ins. | ! ins. | ||
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch'' | | ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! loc. | ! loc. | ||
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš'' | | ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
The possessive pronouns '' | The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form. | ||
=== Demonstrative === | === Demonstrative === | ||
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== Numerals == | == Numerals == | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
géw, géwá, géwa (m/f/n) = 1 | |||
dwů, dwé, dwé (m/f/n) = 2 | |||
třj, třis, třj (m/f/n) = 3 | |||
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4 | četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4 | ||
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5 | |||
ſſeſſ = 6 | |||
septa - 7 | septa - 7 | ||
aſſtů = 8 | |||
gnewa = 9 | |||
deſſa = 10 | |||
géwurdeſſa = 11 | |||
dwůrdeſſa = 12 | |||
třjrdeſſa = 13 | |||
četurdeſſa = 14 | |||
penčurdeſſa = 15 | |||
ſſeſſurdeſſa = 16 | |||
septurdeſſa = 17 | |||
aſſtůrdeſſa = 18 | |||
gnewurdeſſa = 19 | |||
wjžati = 20 | |||
géwurwjžati = 21 | |||
třjžat = 30 | |||
četuržat = 40 | |||
pendžat = 50 | |||
ſſežžat = 60 | |||
septažat = 70 | |||
aſſtůžat = 80 | |||
gnewažat = 90 | |||
ſſata = 100 | |||
žílj = 1000 | |||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená | Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená ŋágma ŋáget''. (Using ''ŋágma'' 'song' as an object of ''ŋágeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''ŋáget''.) | ||
Ilithian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first: | |||
*'' | *''džená ŋágma ŋáget'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'') | ||
*'' | *''ŋágma ŋáget džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'') | ||
*'' | *''žmenau dwů gstau'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'') | ||
*'' | *''tam ſſwů gest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'') | ||
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants. | The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants. | ||
==Sample text== | ==Sample text== | ||
=== UDHR === | === UDHR === | ||
'' | ''Wiſſvé žmené swapátěbhi ženigánté; téſſau gsutwrtitáť andauſſijéče líŋé gsant.'' | ||
=== Ilithian textbook === | === Ilithian textbook === | ||
==== Lesson 2 ==== | ==== Lesson 2 ==== | ||
'' | ''Sſi wjr gest. Wjr Gsužen rekté, taſſ gnama Gſſužen gest. Sſjč džená gest. Džená Auháľá rekté. Gsužen Auhálěch pať gest, Auháľáč Gsuženaſſ patnj. Žmátů gstau. Tébhau třj dhýná gsant, súnů dhwatýrče.'' | ||
===Schleicher's Fable=== | ===Schleicher's Fable=== | ||
''' | '''Awi geſſwéče''' | ||
'' | ''Awi, kasmáj wlná nébhú, widat geſſwauch: jéwa táŋu waha wehanti, jéwače maha bhara, jéwače žmena aſſu bheranti.'' | ||
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]] | [[Category:Indo-European languages|C]] | ||
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'''Ilithian''' | '''Ilithian''' | ||
'' | ''GÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Ŋeŋrýſſ gaha tasmeg agaweg, kasmi se žmeniſſkág maťág wiſſtjm ater gsúrtami wlkamič bháněti wgážet, wjdas gaha wiſſtjtá ater žmenéſſ stámená rtěchče prawekauchče rbhjchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté gmeži nepawá bhúti dauſſá, ga se gsu, ku kaný žmenau ſſtidhý se andůgau, meš am kaga praweka džjwatau anadůtj bhúgát, maťágmi.'' | ||
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka) | '''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka) |
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