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| == ORTHOGRAPHY == | | == ORTHOGRAPHY == |
| ABCL exploits eight vowels available in different languages, but without lengthening and lowering them. Besides the common vowels “a, e, i, o, u”, also “ö and ü” (from German and Turkish for example) and “ı” (ɯ- close back unrounded vowel, which is not common in ABC’s but in Turkish), will be utilized. | | ABCL exploits all eight vowels available in some languages, but without lengthening and lowering them. Besides the common vowels “a, e, i, o, u”, also “ö and ü” (from German for example) and “ı” (ɯ- close back unrounded vowel, which is not common in ABC’s), will be utilized. The letter “ı” is very common in Turkish. It is not difficult in pronunciation at all, even though it seems so for outsiders. Although it doesn’t exist in English ABC, it can be heard very often in daily talks, for example in vocabularies ending with “_tion” like “station”, which would be written in ABCL as “sıteyşın”. The first “ı” may not be distinguished (as in clusters “st”) but the second one is articulated also in English lengthened and stressed. Even though ABCL could abstain theoretically from using it in case of nouns, where we have huge possibility of the word creation without utilization of ”ı” (and others as the consonant “j” for example), in some cases however (like verbs) they are needed for the creation of the sufficient numbers of the words. Close sounds of the vowel “e” (like a-umlaut in German) have been also dismissed. |
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| It is not difficult in pronunciation at all, even though it seems so for outsiders. Although it doesn’t exist in English ABC, it can be heard very often in daily talks, for example in vocabularies ending with “_tion” like “station”, which would be written in ABCL as “sıteyşın”. The first “ı” may not be distinguished (as in clusters “st”) but the second one is articulated also in English, lengthened and stressed. Even though ABCL abstains from using it in case of nouns, where we have huge possibility of the word creation without utilization of ”ı” (and others as the consonants “j” and “h” for example), in some cases however (like verbs and particles) they are needed for the creation of the sufficient numbers of the words.
| | ABCL uses 20 consonants, however only 18 will be utilized generally. These 18 include also the consonants “ç” and “ş” (English digraphs ch and sh). The “w” has been omitted for sounding very close to “v” and “q” close to “k”. The “j”, itself sounding as in the French word “je”, has been included for marking the questions, numerals and a few adjectives. Besides, this letter may be necessary for the second level of ABCL, if there is a shortage in the creation of CV and VC type ‘two letters’ particles (prepositions/conjunctions and adverbs) in the Level 2. |
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| Close/similar sounds of the vowel “e” (like a-umlaut in German) have been also dismissed.
| | The last questionable consonant used here seldom (for ordinal numbers only), is “ğ” which sound like “gh” in “though” in English. “X” sounds same as in English and used for negations/ antonyms only, mostly at the end of the word it modifies. Below is the complete table of the spelling pronunciation with other examples. |
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| ABCL uses 20 consonants, however only 18 will be utilized generally. These 18 include also the consonants “ç” and “ş” (English digraphs ch and sh). The “w” has been omitted for sounding very close to “v” and “q” close to “k”. The “j”, itself sounding as in the French word “je”, has been included for marking the questions and numerals.
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| Besides it will be necessary for the second level of ABCL, if there is a shortage in the creation of CV and VC type ‘two letters’ particles (adjectives, prepositions, pronouns) in Level 2.
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| The last questionable consonant used here seldom (e.g. for ordinal numbers), is “ğ” which sound like “gh” in “though” in English. “x” sounds same as in English and is used for negations only (at the end of the word it modifies). See next sheet for the complete table of the spelling pronunciation with other examples. | |
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| == ALPHABET and PRONUNCIATION == | | == ALPHABET and PRONUNCIATION == |
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| |} | | |} |
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| ABCL does not rely on the exact pronunciation of the letters. Words are constructed such a way that it is not sensitive to the diversions such as aspect and accenting. But it is essential to stress the vowels in V, VC, CV, VCV, CVC formations and the second vowel in CVCCV and longer formations. | | IPA pronunciatios of the letters not existing or different in English are given in brackets. |
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| | ABCL as a conlang does not rely on the exact pronunciation of the letters. Words are constructed such a way that it is not sensitive to the diversions such as aspect and accenting. But it is essential to stress the vowels in V, VC, CV, VCV, CVC formations and the second vowel in CVCCV and longer formations. |
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| == VOCABULARY, LEXICON, WORD FORMATION/DERIVATION == | | == VOCABULARY, LEXICON, WORD FORMATION/DERIVATION == |
| Words are created according to the following scheme: | | Words are created according to the following scheme: |
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| Nouns have the scheme CVCCV, verbs CVC, adverbs VCV, adjectives CV and VCV, conjunctives and prepositions VC. Pronouns have V and VCV respectively. In case a scheme is used for more than one category (as VCV), certain vowels or consonants are allocated to one class only so that a mix up can be avoided (e.g. for the adjectives VCV, the first vowels are “a and e”; for the adverbs “o, ö, u and ü”; for the pronouns “i”.). Number of letters for each category is chosen considering the possible combinations in creation of the required number of a lexical category. (e.g. although for nouns (with CVCCV), combinations over 500 000 may be required and can be created theoretically, for the verbs, three letters CVC may covers the required range). | | Nouns have the scheme CVCCV, verbs CVC, adjectives VCV, the arithmetic numerals (digits 1 to 9) CV, geometric numerals (10, 100, 1000, 10000 …) CVC, adverbs VC, conjunctives and prepositions CV. Pronouns have V and VCV respectively. In case a scheme is used for more than one category (as VCV), certain vowels or consonants are allocated to one class only so that a mix up can be avoided. (e.g. for the adjectives VCV, the first vowels are “a, e o, ö, u, ü”; for the pronouns “i”.) Number of letters for each category is chosen considering the possible combinations in creation of the required number of a lexical category. (e.g. although for nouns (with CVCCV), combinations over 500 000 may be required and can be created theoretically; for the verbs, three letters CVC may cover the required range of about four thousand). |
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| ABCL lexicon (ABCL- English) has been prepared in form of an Excel file, separated in groups of lexical categories: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction and preposition, pronoun, derived nouns (and additionally a table with the affixes for inflections, conjugations and declensions). The category “noun” consists of 15 noun classes, each of them placed in a separate Excel page. Further details have been explained under the related page title “NOUN”. Verbs are separated also in classes, similar to nouns, placed under one Excel page, which includes also the derived verbs separately. Similarly, to each other category, an Excel page has been allocated. A word can be searched using the “search” function of Excel in both direction. A direct visual search is also possible, if the correct class of the word can be judged before, while looking in the relevant page and under the corresponding subtitle. | | ABCL lexicon (ABCL- English) has been prepared in form of an Excel file, separated in groups of lexical categories: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction and preposition, pronoun. Additionally, tables for derived nouns, derived adjectives, verbs and adverbs indicating the derivation suffixes and many examples have been created. Also tables showing the affixes for inflections, conjugations and declensions have been placed at relevant capitals. |
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| Word formation/creation by the derivation between verb-noun-adjective-adverbs has been done with the help of the suffixes. Suffixes are selected for each logically defined group separately. They have been explained in the following with examples for each type of the syntactic category separately. ABCL has about 3800 root nouns (including 3000 most common nouns of English listed by Britannica Dictionary), 1600 root verbs, 600 adjectives, over 100 adverbs, 100 conjunctions/prepositions and 60 pronouns defined in English translation. With some defined derivations the vocabulary has reached almost seven thousand words, which is considered sufficient for the daily use of World languages. | | The category “noun” consists of 19 noun classes, each of them placed in a separate Excel page. Further details have been explained under the related title “NOUN” below. Verbs are separated also in classes, similar to nouns, placed under one Excel page, which includes also rules for the derived verbs separately. Similarly, to each other category, an Excel page has been allocated. A word can be searched using the “search” function of Excel in both directions. A direct visual search is also possible, if the correct class of the word can be judged before, while looking in the relevant page and under the corresponding subtitle. |
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| As explained below for individual cases the word creation system of ABCL is able to create huge number of the root words additionally. Nevertheless with the help of the created rules for the word derivations, one will be able to find a word which he needs to express himself easily. Thus, we can estimate the vocabulary of ABCL at this stage already about 8000 to 10000 words.
| | Word formation/creation by the derivation between verb-noun-adjective-adverbs has been done with the help of the suffixes. Suffixes are selected for each logically defined group separately. They have been explained in the following with examples for each type of the syntactic category separately. ABCL has about 3800 root nouns (including 3000 most common nouns of English listed by Britannica Dictionary), 1600 root verbs, 600 adjectives, over 120 adverbs, 120 conjunctions/prepositions and 55 pronouns defined in English translation. With some defined derivations the vocabulary has almost seven thousand words, which is considered sufficient for the daily use of World languages. |
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| | As explained below for individual cases the word creation system of ABCL is able to create huge number of the root words additionally. Nevertheless, with the help of the created rules for word derivations, one will be able to find a word which he needs to express himself easily. Thus, we can estimate the vocabulary of ABCL at this stage already about 8000 to 10000 words. |
| == NOUNS of ABCL == | | == NOUNS of ABCL == |
| === BASIC/ROOT NOUNS === | | === BASIC/ROOT NOUNS === |
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| Verbs are transitive, intransitive and also both even though identical in writing (and speaking as in English). A transitive verb in one language may be intransitive in another language. Because English includes many such verbs, for the translation from English to ABCL, ABCL needed two different verbs for each type of the meaning in order to overcome the ambiguity. | | Verbs are transitive, intransitive and also both even though identical in writing (and speaking as in English). A transitive verb in one language may be intransitive in another language. Because English includes many such verbs, for the translation from English to ABCL, ABCL needed two different verbs for each type of the meaning in order to overcome the ambiguity. |
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| Thus, the ergative mood has been introduced with the suffix “_t” after the intransitive verb to make it “transitive”. Accordingly, a verb defined in ABCL lexicon is intrinsically intransitive, if it is not clearly transitive by its own inherent sense. Therefore the lexicon does not contain transitive verbs which can be flexed with the suffix “_t” from the intransitive verb except those used very frequently. With other words, if one search the lexicon for the ABCL translation of an English verb, the counterpart verb will be the one with the intransitive meaning. | | Thus, the ergative mood has been introduced with the suffix “_t” after the intransitive verb to make it “transitive”. Accordingly, a verb defined in ABCL lexicon is intrinsically intransitive, if it is not clearly transitive by its own inherent sense. Therefore the lexicon does not contain transitive verbs which can be flexed with the suffix “_t” from the intransitive verb except those used very frequently. With other words, if one search the lexicon for the ABCL translation of an English verb, the counterpart verb will be |
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| This is however not a big issue, because a verb in a clause accompanied by an object will be understood as transitive in any way.
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| === DERIVED VERBS ===
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| Verbs will be derived from nouns and adjectives by adding suffixes according to a fixed scheme. They will typically end also on a consonant as the root verbs.
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| For the derivation of verbs from the nouns the suffixes “_k” (for transitive) and “_l” (for intransitive) will be added (thus we will have a four and five (for negation with _x) letter verb. For the adjectives also the suffix “_l” is chosen (these type of verbs are always intransitive). The number of letters may be increased up to seven letters.
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| ==== Derived Verbs from Nouns (Denominal Verbs) ====
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| - ''(first noun of the rows translated only)
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| ''
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| {|
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| !'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''English verb''' (examples)
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| |-
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| |'''(noun)_k'''|| || çanko.k, dengo.k||_, _en, _ize||''fire'', ''salt'', frighten(vt), vocalize(vt), terrorize, idolise
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| |-
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| |(noun)_k|| || pesçi.k||_ate||''liberate'', hyphenate, concentrate, oscillate
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| |-
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| |'''(noun)_l'''|| ||vesne.l/posbo.l||_en, get …||''sun/sunbathe'', get angry, lighten, get old, prink up
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| |-
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| |(noun)_l|| || vönni.l||_ize/ise||''vaporize'', get icy, materialize(vi),
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| |-
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| |(noun)_lx|| ||tanrı.lx||get …||''get no fever''
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| |}
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| ==== Derived Verbs from Adjectives ====
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| {|
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| !'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English verb''' (examples)
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| |-
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| |'''_l, _lx'''|| ||efi.l- efil.x||''be new-become old''
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| |-
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| |_l, _lx|| ||ene.l- enel.x||''greaten/biggen-become small/diminish''
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| |-
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| |_l, _lx|| ||emi.l- emi.lx||''shine-become dull/tarnish/dim''
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| |-
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| |_l, _lx|| ||egi.l- egix.l||''be fresh/freshen-be stale (wither)''
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| |-
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| |_l, _lx|| ||ebi.l- ebix.l||''become beautiful-be ugly''
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| |-
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| |}
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| The negation suffix “x” is normally placed at the end of the word which it negates. If “x” follows or followed by a consonant, a short sounded “ı or i” introduced in between (in accordance with the vowel harmony) in speaking, but not in writing.
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| === Verbal Forms in ABCL ===
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| Many verbs in English are ambitransitive (transitive and intransitive, depending on the context) such as burn, sink, read, break etc. where the separation is provided either by their context (receiving an object) or by the special prepositions/particles. ABCL tries to minimize and to simplify this duality. The verbs defined in lexicon are either inherently intransitive (among others linking verbs like appear, be, become, feel, get, grow, keep, look, seem, sound, smell, stay, turn etc.) i.e. they cannot take object or inherently transitive, i.e. they take object. Equivalent of any ambitransitive English verb is defined in ABCL always as transitive too (e.g. the verb “sink=yus” is in ABCL transitive only even though in English it may have the meanings such as: the boat sank (intransitive) and the storm has sunk the bot (transitive)). Intransitive includes also reflexive and reciprocal. Because there are too many transitive verbs which can be transformed by reflexion in to (semi-)intransitive verbs, ABCL introduced the suffix “_t” for this purpose. Similar approach has been chosen also for the reciprocal verbs with the suffix “_k”. With this approach the problem of the ambitransitive verbs would be overcome in ABCL. Other way around to make out of an intransitive verb a transitive one (ergative) ABCL defined the suffix “_t”.
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| English uses also different word or auxiliary to make out of an inherently intransitive verb a transitive verb (like “die-kill”, “sleep- get/make… sleep”) or opposite. Contrary to ABCL, it creates from transitive verb intransitive reflexive verbs by using reflexive pronouns (protect-protect oneself).
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| Other suffixes for further verbal forms are listed in the table under the title: Modal Verbs, Inflexions and Modus in ABCL further below.
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| == ADJECTIVES ==
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| === BASIC/ROOT ADJECTIVES ===
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| Basic adjectives consist of two/three letters as CV/x and VCV/x, yielding about 500, but doubling by using of “x” at the ends giving an adverse meaning such as “ebi” for beautiful and “ebix” for ugly. Adjectives have also been separated in classes. Two letter adjectives “CV*” with the titles: “interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite (quantifier), indefinite numerical, main colours, placing and possessive" where C indicates the group and “a” to “ü” varying vowels denoting the adjectives.
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| Three letters are separated in to two main groups as “DESCRIPTIVE-QUALIFYING (DQ)” and “DESCRIPTIVE–PEOPLE (DP)” (personality and behaviour mainly). Each of them has been subdivided internally according to the scheme V#V (eC*e; eC*i; … eC*ü for the first main group and aC*a; aC*e; aC*i; … aC*ü, eC*a for the remaining). Each subtitle indicates a special type of the adjectives such as “aC*e-being”, “aC*i-behaviour” or “eC*ü-nature/science. Physical features, appearance, human attribute, opinion-view etc., each consonant representing one heading with vowels varying.
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| Examples for Root Adjectives:
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| {|
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| !Indefinite (Quantifier): şV*||||English|| || ||DQ: eC*e|||| ||Physical Descr. of Things|| ||DP: aC*i|||| ||Person-Behaviour
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| |-
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| |şa|| ||more|||| ||ebe-x|||| ||sweet-bitter|| ||abi-x|||| ||polite/kind/gentle-impolite/rude
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| |-
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| |şe|| ||most|||| ||ece||||- |||| ||aci-x|||| ||fair-biased
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| |-
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| |şi-şix|| ||several/many/much -few/little|||| ||eçe|||| ||sour|| ||açi-x|||| ||just-devious
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| |-
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| |şo-şox|| ||some_ - any_|||| ||ede-x|||| ||hot-cold|| ||adi-x|||| ||sedate-excited
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| |-
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| |şö|| ||each|||| ||efe-x|||| ||warm- cool|| ||afi|||| ||superficial
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| |-
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| |şu-şux|| ||every_ -no_|||| ||ege-x|||| ||wide-narrow|| ||agi|||| ||keen/eager
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| |}
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| Possessive Determiners: az, oz, uz, ez, öz, üz- my, your, its, our, your, their
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| Possesive determiners are adjective in their role in syntax but because genitive suffix "_z" is placed after the word it modifies the rule that adjective ends upon vowel (CV) changed here to VC exceptionally.
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| '''
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| === DERIVED ADJECTIVES ===
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| '''
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| Adjectives will be derived by adding suffixes to the verbs and nouns. As the root adjectives, also derived ones end with a vowel, typical for adjectives. Thus they will have six to eight letters.
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| ==== Deverbal Adjectives ====
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| They will be derived by the suffixes “_ado/_adox” (in place of the English suffixes "_ful, _less, _ant/-ent, _ive, _ile, _ic, _ate, _y/ly,_ic, _ous, etc.), "_ako" (for capability "_able/_ible"), “_amo” (for past participle _ed) and “_ana” (for present participle _ing).
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| Examples for Deverbal Adjectives:
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| {|
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| !_ado-adox||||_ful-less||||(_azo)ado||||_ant/-ent||||_ako||||_able, _ible||||_amo||||p.p _ed/irregular
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| |-
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| |bip.ado-x||||hope.ful-less||||tüm.ado||||relaxant||||kir.ako||||breakable||||dul.amo||||boiled
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| |-
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| |yaz.ado-x||||use.ful-less||||sik.ado||||pleasant||||moy.ako||||admirable||||mad.amo||||known
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| |-
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| |rol.ado-x||||harm.ful-less||||feh.ado||||dominant||||höç.akox||||incredible||||bür.amo||||worried
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| |}
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| '''
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| ==== Denominal Adjectives ====
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| '''
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| Denominal adjectives will be derived by the suffixes “_do/_dox” (in place of the English affixes "_ful, _less, _ive, _ulent, _ile, _holic, _ic, _ate, _y/ly,_ic, _ous, un_, im_...etc.) and "_ko" (for capability "_able/_ible")
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| Examples
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| {|
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| !_do||||_ful, _ous||||_dox||||-less, in-, ir-||||_ko||||_able,_ible
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| |-
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| |pasba.do||||peaceful||||pasba.dox||||hope.less||||pösvi.ko||||fashionable
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| |-
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| |sinte.do||||handful||||camya.dox||||timeless||||pisbe.ko||||taxable
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| |-
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| |pössi.do-x||||merciful-cruel||||hanya.dox||||homeless||||menyö.ko||||sociable
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| |}
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| With these 8 suffixes (ado, adox, ako, amo, ano, do, dox, ko) it is possible to get unnumbered new adjectives from verbs and nouns additionally to 520 root adjectives.
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| === NUMBERS in ABCL ===
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| Also for the numbers, the suffix “_x” meaning zero, a differing system has been created.
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| 1 to 10: bi, çi, fi, ki, li, vi, pi, si, yi, bix
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| {|
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| !||||||||1-9||||10-90||||11-19||||100-900||||1 Th-9 Th||||10 Th-90 Th||||100 Th-900 Th||||1 Mln-9 Mln
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| |-
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| !||||||||#i||||#ix||||bi#i||||#iç||||#if||||#ik||||#il||||#iv
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| |-
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| |1||||||||bi||||bix||||bibi||||biç||||bif||||bik||||bil||||biv
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| |-
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| |2||||||||çi||||çix||||biçi||||çiç||||çif||||çik||||çil||||çiv
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| |-
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| |3||||||||fi||||....||||....||||.....|||| fif|||| .....|||| .....|||| ...||||
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| |-
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| |4||||||||ki||||....||||....||||.....|||| .....|||| kik|||| .....|||| ...||||
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| |-
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| |5||||||||li||||....||||....||||.....|||| .....|||| .....|||| lil|||| ...||||
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| |-
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| |6||||||||vi||||....||||....||||.....|||| .....|||| .....|||| .....|||| viv||||
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| |-
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| |7||||||||pi||||....||||....||||.....|||| .....|||| pik|||| pil|||| ...||||pip
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| |-
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| |8||||||||si||||....||||....||||.....|||| .....|||| .....|||| .....|||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||sis
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| |-
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| |9||||||||yi||||yix||||biyi||||yiç||||yif||||yik||||yil||||yiv||||yip |||||||||||||||||||| yis|||||||||||||||| ||||yiy
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| |}
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| An example: The number 6 572 120 is written in ABCL: viv.lil.pik.çif.biç.çix (includes 18 letters). The same digit written in English extends to 52 letters.
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| The system continues in such “ten” times pattern as:
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| bip, bis(billion), biy, bim, bir(trillion), bit, biv, biş(quadrillion). Over that, the system follows one thousand pattern such as "bix big, biç big, bif big, bil big, biv big" etc.
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| At the first sight it seems to be some ambiguity with some verbs, e.g. “biv” means as verb “fume” but as number “million” or “bibi” means “caused” but as number “eleven”. However in the syntax a mix up is not possible due to the fact that the verbs are placed secondly after the subject where the numbers stay as adjectives before the noun they modify. (e.g.: a bibi bibi hünsü çux camba=I (have) caused eleven accidents last year.) and they always get a suffix when used in a sentence.
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| == ADVERBS ==
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| === BASIC ADVERBS ===
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| Basic adverbs consist of three letters in scheme of V*-ç/- ş/-l/-n/-y-V*, covering mostly used adverbs in many languages. As in English, in many other languages also adverbs have often the same spelling with the adjectives and conjunctives. For the sake of ambiguity they also will have separate three letters wordings in ABCL, if used as adverb. Also here there are separate headings for subdivision, indicated by choose of the vowels, for example first two letters “oçV*, öçV*, uçV*, üçV*, oşV*, öşV*, uşV*, üşV*” for adverbs indicate “time” and “quantity” where the third vowel varies from “a” to “ü” (* means always “varying letters” in this article). This way 56 words can be created if needed (without the use of the vowel “ı”). The middle consonant “y” denotes the “adverbs of manner” which are subdivided into four such as direction (oyV*), descriptive (öyV*) etc.
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| Examples:
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| {|
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| !'''Time'''|||| '''Quantity'''||||||'''Manners'''||(direction)||||'''Manners'''||(descriptive)
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| |-
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| !'''oçV*'''|||| '''oşV*'''||||||'''oyV*'''||||||'''öyV*'''||
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| |-
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| |oça||yet||oşa||more,_er||||oya||ahead/forward||||öya||otherwise||
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| |-
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| |oçe||still||oşe||most||||oye-x||in(side)-out(side)||||öye||aright||
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| |-
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| !uçV*|| || öşV*
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| |-
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| |uça|| immediately|| öşa|| often
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| |-
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| |uço|| now|| öşi|| some||
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| |}
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| '''
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| === DERIVED ADVERBS ===
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| '''
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| Also here there are deviations in the number of basic letters while deriving adverbs from verbs, nouns and adjectives.
| |
| Examples for some derivations: ''(The English words in italic are translated in to ABCL only''
| |
| | |
| '''
| |
| ==== Derived from Root Verbs ====
| |
| '''
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| !ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
| |
| |-
| |
| |_içe||||fag.içe|||| ||||help(ing)fully||
| |
| |-
| |
| |_içe||||eh.içe||||_ing(ly)||||''laughingly'', knowingly||
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''
| |
| ==== Derived from Root Adjectives ====
| |
| '''
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| !ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
| |
| |-
| |
| |_çi||||fag.ado.çi||||(ful(ly), _(a)bly||||''helpfully'', notably, passably, incredibly, fortunately||
| |
| |-
| |
| |_çi||||ebi.çi (ebix.çi), atö.çi||||_ly||||''nicely (ugly), tensely'', clearly, actively, quickly||
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Derived from Root Nouns'''
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| !ABCL suffix||||ABCL adverb||||English suffix||||English adverbs||
| |
| |-
| |
| |_çö||||pisba.çö, monba.çö ||||_ally,_(ful)ly||||''econimi.c.ally, joy.ful.ly''||
| |
| |-
| |
| |_ça||||süb.ça, hünbe.ça, ehe.ça||||a_||||''a.miss, away, along'', ahead, apart, alone ||
| |
| |}
| |
| The number of derived adverbs from the verbs and adjectives only would yield about two thousands.
| |
| | |
| == CONJUNCTIVES-PREPOSITIONS ==
| |
| | |
| Conjunctives-prepositions consist of two letters like some adjective groups but as VC. Logical groupings have been built systematically, such as conjunction particals (and, or, then, so… ), particals for subordinate clauses (so that, even if, unless etc.) and prepositions. For example, the end consonant “s” points out to the locational prepositions, like in, at, on, out, under, above, behind etc. with the vowel varying from “a” to “ü”. C* and V* indicate varying consonants and vowels respectively.
| |
| | |
| === CONJUNCTIONS ===
| |
| (Examples)
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| !Coordinating|| ||||||Subordinating||||||Correlative|| ||||Interrogative||
| |
| |-
| |
| |Conjunct.|| ||||||Subclause||||||Conjunct.|| ||||Conjunct.||
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''_y, k, p, r''': C*|| ||||||'''_f, l, m''':C*
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''V*n'''|| ||||||'''V*f'''|| ||||||||||'''V*t'''||
| |
| |-
| |
| |i ||and|||| ||af|| even if||||ün…en (ün)||either...or||||at|| what||
| |
| |-
| |
| |or|| or|||| ||ef|| as if|| ||ünx..enx (ünx)||neither...nor||||et|| how||
| |
| |-
| |
| |ey|| but|||| ||if|| if|| ||ay (adj.)||as.(adjective).as|||| it|| why||
| |
| |-
| |
| |oy|| still/yet||||||of||in case that(of)||||ay.ehe||as long as||||ot,ot.in,ot.iç|| where,to-,from-||
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''
| |
| === PREPOSITIONS ===
| |
| (Examples)
| |
| {|
| |
| !Preposition|| ||||||Locational Prepos.|| ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''_ş, ç, v'''|| ||||||'''_s, z, y'''|| ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''_V*ş'''|| |||||| '''_V*s'''|| ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |aş|| at|| ||||as|| between||
| |
| |-
| |
| |eş|| yes/OK|| ||||es|| among||
| |
| |-
| |
| |iş|| for|| |||||is|| near||
| |
| |-
| |
| |oş|| no|||||| os|| beside||
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == PRONOUNS ==
| |
| Pronouns consist of one and three letters (V, VCV). The personal pronouns are “a, o, u, e, ö, ü”. All other pronouns have VCV where first vowel is always “i” with which they would be recognizable and differ from adjectives and adverbs.
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| !Personal|| Pronoun(pp)|| ||||Possessive|| Pronouns||
| |
| |-
| |
| ||| |||||| '''iz.V*(pp)'''||(pp).own||
| |
| |-
| |
| |a|| I|| |||| iza|| mine||
| |
| |-
| |
| |o|| you|| |||| izo|| yours||
| |
| |-
| |
| |u|| she, he, it|| ||||izu||her, his, its||
| |
| |-
| |
| |e|| we|| |||| ize||ours||
| |
| |-
| |
| |ö|| you|| |||| izö|| yours||
| |
| |-
| |
| |ü|| they|| |||| izü||theirs||
| |
| |-
| |
| |(i)|| (own)||
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| !Demonstr.|| |||| Pronouns|| ||Relative|| Pronouns||Nonperson|| Pronouns
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''is.V*'''|| || ||'''ip.V*'''|| || '''it.V*'''|| ||'''iş.V*'''|| ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |isa|| this||||ipa|| this (one)|| ita|| what|| işa|| more||
| |
| |-
| |
| |iso|| that||||ipo|| that (one)|| ito|| how|| işe|| most||
| |
| |-
| |
| |isu|| that||||ipu|| other|| ite|| why|| işi-x|| many-few||
| |
| |-
| |
| |ise|| these||||ipe|| here|| ito,iton,itoç|| where,to-,from-||işo-x||some-any||
| |
| |-
| |
| |isö|| those||||ipö|| that (place name)||itö||when||işö||each ||
| |
| |-
| |
| |isü|| those||||ipü|| there|| itu|| who|| işu|| ones||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || || |||| itü|| which|| işü|| all||
| |
| |-
| |
| ||| || || |||| ite (adj.)|| how (many, old, etc.)|| işı|| either||
| |
| |-
| |
| ||| || || |||| ita.pis||how much||
| |
| |}
| |
| '''Relat. Pronouns as Subordinate Conjunction'''. em...... which/that/who
| |
| | |
| == PLURAL, NEGATION AND QUESTIONS ==
| |
| | |
| Plural will be indicated by the suffix “_i”. To create a fluid link from the preceding end vowel of the noun in the suffix-vowel “i” in speech, a very small /y/ can be added in-between without stopping the airflow between words.
| |
| | |
| Negation of the act is done by adding suffix “_x” at the end of the conjugated verb. With “_x” as suffix, ABCL constructs also antonym for adjectives, adverbs and conjunctives/prepositions where appropriate. “X” is also used for the number “zero”. If the suffix “_x” follows a consonant a “short-soundless “ı” (like “ion-loud” in “station”) or the preceding vowel will be repeated shortly before “x” for vowel harmony.
| |
|
| |
| Questions will be indicated by the letter “J”, in case of the pronouns as prefix and in case of the nouns as partical before subject noun, spoken with a “short-soundless “ı” sound (like “ion-loud” in “station” (explained before)). It can also be built vocal harmony with the first syllables of the following noun which will be however omitted in writing.
| |
| | |
| Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?);
| |
| J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?)
| |
| | |
| == TENSES, ASPECTS and IRREALIS ==
| |
|
| |
| === TENSES and ASPECTS ===
| |
| | |
| Verbs are conjugated for five tempus “future, simple present, present continuous, simple past (Past 1=P1) and imperfect/durational past/history” (Past 2=P2) , with the corresponding vocals “a, e, i, o/ö, u/ü” placed after verbs as suffix. (u/ü and o/ö can be interchanged for the vocal harmony) If a verb phrase has more than four letters, it will end up on a consonant not vowel, in order to prevent a mix up with root nouns.
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| !Tenses|| ||Suffix|| || Examples ABCL|| ||English
| |
| |-
| |
| |Future|||| _a|||| yal.a||||will go
| |
| |-
| |
| |Simple present|||| _e|||| yal.e.x||||doesn’t go
| |
| |-
| |
| |Present continuous|||| _i|||| koy.i.n.x /koy.n.i.x||||is not painted
| |
| |-
| |
| |Simple past (P1)|||| _o/ö|||| dul.o.t||||(I) boiled
| |
| |-
| |
| |Durational past(P2)||||_u/ü|||| koy.u.n||||had been painted (in a week)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Past 1 includes all verbs indicating a completed/finished action, independently how many time it had occurred in the past and happened recently or long time ago.
| |
|
| |
| Past 2 includes all verbs inheriting a continuity. It doesn’t make a difference whether the effect of the act is still relevant at the presence or it happened before any relative time point. It matters only that it has a duration in the past. Also here it is not relevant whether it happened recently or long time ago.
| |
| | |
| Since the primary goal of ABCL is the simplicity, I tried to simplify various aspects used in many languages as far as possible without omitting any useful/necessary aspect utilized in spoken languages at different ways. Normally none of the aspects itself express the speaker’s intention alone. To overcome this he needs additionally different auxiliary particles, especially temporal adverbs. As a matter of fact, a language missing one “useful” aspect of another language, is still able to express the same content by utilizing these auxiliaries. With other words, it is possible for people to express themself also by other means, without the help of a big range of the aspects.
| |
|
| |
| ABCL has none of the complicated aspects requiring the usage of auxiliaries, root modification of the verbs and suffixes such as in Germanic languages (progressive, perfect, past perfect, progressive perfect, past perfect progressive, future perfect progressive, conditional perfect progressive) nor in other languages (habitual, recent/far past, simultaneous, gnomic/generic etc.) All those aspects such as the frequency of occurrence and timely relation (recently, long time ago) will be expressed by the temporal adverbs and numbers where and if required.
| |
| | |
| I considered e.g. the present perfect tense not necessary because whether or not a past event extends its affect in the presence, has no or very limited relevance for expressing the intent of the speaker. If it would be really necessary he can describe it by the auxiliary means. In fact, the differentiating of simple past and present perfect, as a relic of past, disappear slowly as seen in spoken German language.
| |
|
| |
| The duration of an act in the past could not be easily described by adverbs and other means or by the inherit sense of the verb itself. Therefore and because it could be important in many situations, I introduced Past 2 in order to cover such aspects. Historical events are naturally events of hearsay, which could not have been witnessed by the speaker. So transferred events will be also covered in ABCL with the Past 2 with or without duration of the event. Again, the adverbial auxiliaries can help also here in cases of uncertainty.
| |
| | |
| Future progressive, perfect and perfect progressive aspects could not easily be replaced by auxiliaries also. There I introduced for these cases as modal the verb “to be” which is named “bab” in ABCL. Its future tense “bab.a” serves for future followed by the aspect which is indicating the presence or past of the conjugated main event.
| |
|
| |
| Below, some examples for the cases explained above for the tenses and aspects used in English and their equivalent in ABCL:
| |
| | |
| '''Aspects of the English present tense and their counterpart in ABCL:'''
| |
| {|border=1
| |
| |Present simple |||| "I eat"|||| A dek.e
| |
| |-
| |
| |Present progressive || || "I am eating" |||| A dek.i
| |
| |-
| |
| |Present perfect || || "I have eaten"|||| A dek.ö
| |
| |-
| |
| |Present perfect progressive || || "I have been eating"|||| A dek.ü
| |
| |-
| |
| |I have been eating last year often outside.|||| (This year I eat at home)|||| A dek.ü mü camba öşa oye.
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Aspects of the English past tense (and in brackets, how it is expressed in ABCL reverse translation with the help of auxiliaries):'''
| |
| {|
| |
| |Past simple |||| "I ate" (once) (often)|||| A dek.ö (üçu) (öşa)
| |
| |-
| |
| |I used to eat|||| (I ate habitually) |||| A dek.ö (oli)
| |
| |-
| |
| |Past progressive |||| "I was eating" (for a while) (sweets)|||| A dek.ü ülü (densö)
| |
| |-
| |
| |Past perfect|||| "I had eaten" (already) (as you have arrived)|||| A dek.ö öçi…
| |
| |-
| |
| |Past perfect progressive|||| "I had been eating"|||| A dek.ü
| |
| |-
| |
| |I had been eating always outdoor,|||| (after 2018 I have cooked at home)|||| A dek.ü öçi oye, ….
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Aspects of the future tense:'''
| |
| {|
| |
| |Simple future: "I will eat"|||| A dek.a
| |
| |-
| |
| |Future progressive: "I will be eating" tomorrow at time of your arrival.|||| A bab.a dek.i üçe …
| |
| |-
| |
| |Future perfect: "I will have eaten" tomorrow at time of your arrival.|||| A bab.a dek.ö üçe …
| |
| |-
| |
| |Future perfect progressive: "I will have been eating"|||| A bab.a dek.ü üçe...
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Subjunctives of future:'''
| |
| | |
| For future, would and should are used to combine future or hypothetical-counterfactual reference with aspectual meaning:
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |Simple conditional: "I would eat" (if...)|||| A dek.a.ç
| |
| |-
| |
| |Future conditional progressive: "I would be eating"|||| A bab.a dek.i.ç
| |
| |-
| |
| |Future conditional perfect: "I would have eaten"|||| A bab.a dek.ö.ç
| |
| |-
| |
| |Future conditional perfect progressive: "I would have been eating"|||| A bab.a dek.ü.ç (üçe…)
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === IRREALIS in ABCL ===
| |
| | |
| '''ABCL considers two main irrealis''':
| |
| | |
| 1. Event is hypothetical, but possible, expressing: dependency, emotion, hopes, expectation, wish, desire, possibility, probability, likelihood, uncertainty, doubt, dubiousness, judgment, opinion, obligation, inferential (hearsay), not confirmed, necessity, imploring, asking, guessing, requiring, encouraging or action that has not yet occurred (present subjunctive)
| |
| | |
| 2. Event (counterfactual) cannot occur anymore because the prior dependency, necessity and condition set in the past, had not been fulfilled. Also an event cannot be realized in future because the required condition for its realization could not be met.
| |
| | |
| Irrealis are expressed in various world languages by modal verbs in past tense (as would, should, might), by modification of verb stem, by adjectives, by conjunctives (if, that), by suitable verbs in subordinate clauses, by special particles and by suffixes to the verbs or by combinations of that.
| |
|
| |
| Item 1 events will be expressed in real tenses of ABCL without the usage of any suffix, subjunctive modal and modification of the verb stem but with suitable adverbs, conjunction (mainly “am”=”that”in English), verbs in subordinate clauses and special particles. Irrealis/subjunctivity will be ensured by the suitable choice of these words.
| |
| | |
| '''Examples for Item 1:'''
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |If I could (have) slept )||if a bdar.o …
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''''If-clauses (conditional present):'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| |I would eat, if I were hungry :|| if a dak.e (if a eka) a dek.e
| |
| |-
| |
| |We would stay at home if it snowed || e yüm.e hanya if venre ven.e
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''''That-clauses'':'''
| |
| |-
| |
| |I suggested that Paul should eat an apple|| a fuy.o am Paul (c)dek.e şerbe
| |
| |-
| |
| |He recommends that you be careful|| u füy.e am o buh.e
| |
| |-
| |
| |It is important that she stay (with you) by your side|| ebo am u yüm.e (oş o) oz vunze
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''''Desirative-Wish-clauses''''':
| |
| |-
| |
| |I wish I had a car then I wouldn't get on the bus|| ah (a mih.e) a man.e hunbe ona a yol.ex
| |
| |-
| |
| |I wish I knew Japanese || ah a mad.e Nippon.sa
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''''Necessity/must-modal-clauses:'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| |I should be able to sleep (I ought to be able to sleep)|| a büb.ö bdar.ı
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''''Hearsay-inferential'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| |"He must have gone" or "he is said to have gone " (allegedly):|| (a büy.e/mid.e/gay.e) (am) u yal.o una
| |
| |-
| |
| |Martina says that she be in love with you (can be true or not):|| Martina çay.e am u bas.e o
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Examples for Item 2 clauses:'''
| |
| | |
| Item 2 clauses are all irreal subjunctive events mostly with conditional (if-clauses) and other dependent sub clauses. Unreality in this sense is possible in past only. Also hypothetical future events which cannot be realized because dependent conditions of other events in the past are not fulfilled, are included here.
| |
| | |
| There are also irrealis clauses with “hidden/not outspoken” dependencies. This item includes further unreal desires and wishes (I wish/ if only) and necessity/must cases (should) as well.
| |
|
| |
| Item 2 events in ABCL will have “the contrafactual suffix –ç” added to the conjugated verb, indicating that all clauses with this verb suffix are irrealis past subconjuntive.
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |'''''If-clauses''':''
| |
| |-
| |
| |If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung|||| if a bat.o (bab.o abü) a tak.o.ç
| |
| |-
| |
| |Would you have helped me if I had asked you ? |||| jo fah.o.ç a if a çat.o o?
| |
| |-
| |
| |If I had been hungry, I would have eaten |||| if a dak.o (bab.o zex) a dek.e.ç
| |
| |-
| |
| |Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it|||| oşx oz fah.ı a brem.ö.ç.x
| |
| |-
| |
| |If you would be my son...|||| if o bab.o.ç az salsa …
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''''That-clauses:'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| |My mother had suggested that I should have eaten an apple|||| az salya fuy.o am a (c)dek.e.ç şerbe
| |
| |-
| |
| |I drunk so much, that my head would have almost exploded.|||| a deb.ö oşö am az senbe çik.ö.ç uyu
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''''Necessity/must-modal-clauses:'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| |I should have been able to sleep (I ought to be able to sleep)|||| a büb.ö.ç bdar.ı
| |
| |-
| |
| |You should have attended the meeting yesterday |||| o çfup.o.ç püspe üçi
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''''Wish-clauses (incl. desiderative mood)''''':
| |
| |-
| |
| |Only if I could have slept |||| ah if a bdar.o.ç …
| |
| |-
| |
| |I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.|||| ah (a mih.e) a man.o.ç hunbe öyü am a yol.ox
| |
| |-
| |
| |I should have learned German |||| ah a dep.ö.ç Deutsch.sa
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''''Future-clauses:'''''
| |
| |-
| |
| |I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning. |||| a raf.a.ç egi venşe oye.sin if venne ven.öx sa cemkü
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ABCL considers the subjunctive in subordinate clauses as not essential for the expression of intent of the speaker and omit it accordingly. For example: Instead of the subjunctives "I suggest that you be careful", we can say "I suggest that you are careful" without losing the sense intended. “Suggest” implies that the case is “irrealis” even though from the grammatical point of view it is “real”.
| |
|
| |
| Also in case of inferential (indirect reported), not witnessed, doubted and not confirmed irrealis, such as “He said he was a physician” (German: Er sagte, er sei Arzt), the speaker can express his intention by telling it directly, i.e. he can say “He said he was a physician, but I cannot confirm it”. An adverbial auxiliary such as “allegedly or supposedly” would express the same circumstance. Also past subjunctive “He said he had no time” (German: Er sagte, er hätte keine Zeit) can be expressed the same way.
| |
| | |
| Irrealis clauses with the past subjunctive can be replaced also with suitable adverbs such as “He has apparently been there” (er sei da gewesen ) and for the future as “He will assumably be there” (German: er werde da sein)
| |
| | |
| Turkish has a separate tense for inferentials: “O git.ti” translates “o git.miş”. If it were necessary, English constructions "he must have gone" or "he is said to have gone" would partly translate this Turkish inferential sentence. Even though it is very convenient to build the subjunctive by simply adding the suffix “–miş” to the verb root “git”, it must be learned by some effort. Instead of it I preferred also in such cases using direct real clauses with suitable phrases to cover the intent of the speaker. Here we would say: “I was told that he has gone” or better “He has allegedly gone.” Even though I defined the suffix “_m” for this case for Level 2. (a bdur.o.m cemtü = I was able to fall asleep at midnight apparently (or as I was told next morning)=uyuyabil.miş.im
| |
| | |
| Past subjunctive is also used to form the conditional tense (as Konjunktiv II in German with modal “würde”). “I would not help him if I were you” can be transferred as “I do not help him if I am you” Here even though both phrases are real, with the meaning of the “conditional if…” it is implied that it is not real because in reality “I cannot be you”.
| |
|
| |
| In French present and past subjunctives used mostly with verbs or adverbs. It is preceded by the conjunction que (that). In case of jussive: Il faut qu’il comprenne cela ("It is necessary that he understand that"), the “necessity” implies “the order” so that there is no need for the further subjunctive moods of the verbs. This idea has been also implemented in ABCL as already stated.
| |
|
| |
| Italian has also similar subjunctive setting, for example with credo che, è possibile che. I believe (that) she is the best (opinion).
| |
| Arabic : Indicative yaktubu "he writes / is writing / will write" → Subjunctive yaktuba "he may / should write" could be transfer in to “It is possible (that) he writes” and “it is required (that) he writes”.
| |
| | |
| '''Some examples of the means for transferring the English subjunctives in to other languages and ABCL by modifications:'''
| |
|
| |
| Optative : "May I be loved!" transferred to “I wish that I will be loved”
| |
| | |
| Jussive : "Everyone should be loved", “I ask that everyone is to be loved”
| |
| | |
| Potential mood : “She probably/possibly loves me"
| |
|
| |
| Dubitative mood : "I think she loves me."
| |
|
| |
| Hypothetical : "I might love you [if...]"; "May I love you" as “I don’t expect that I love you”
| |
| | |
| Admirative : "Wow! She loves me!", "Apparently she loves me."
| |
| | |
| Hortative : "Let us love!" Eventive : "I would probably love you [if...]" as “I probably love you, if …..”
| |
| | |
| == DECLINATION, FLEXION, MODALS/MOODS/MODUS ==
| |
| | |
| There are no gender, number and casus declination/flexion at all. Where necessary, gender may be identified by a corresponding noun/adjective. The casus will not be needed, also not all locative prepositions since the unambiguous verb itself normally implies the cases and the object is defined clearly by its position in the sentence. Only in case of complexity the preposition may be needed.
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| | |
| ABCL has five modals:
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| | |
| b- can
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| d- may
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| c- shall
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| ç- must
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| | |
| g- like
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| They are placed as prefix to the verbs. Because this way a cluster emerges, in speaking only the first vowel of the verb repeats as gap filling and vowel harmony in between or soundless “ı” as convenient. The modals will not be conjugated and declined at all.
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| | |
| There are countless “verbal modus” in living World languages. Which often used in one language does not exist such as in another at all. If necessary, modus is expressed using particals and prepositions. For the first level we abandoned most of them, leaving a few where we think it easy to learn and nice to have them for good expression.
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| | |
| Possession is one which “must be”, is formed by suffix “_z” and placed after nouns and pronouns. Plural “_i” is used as suffix also after nouns.
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| | |
| '''ABCL has in Level 1 nine verb features indicated by partical marker and suffixes:
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| '''
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| {|
| |
| !Verb Features|| ABCL Marker/sufix|| English example|| ABCL example
| |
| |-
| |
| |Conditional (factual-predictive): ||if…|| when I feel well, I sing||if…
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| |-
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| | -- (marker conjunction "when, if")||||if I feel well, I shall sing||
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| |-
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| |Imperative/jussive || (pp).verb.ı/i|| (2. PS) go and “let us” go|| (o).yal.eş/e.yal.eş
| |
| |-
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| |Passive|| _n|| modal verb+ “Verb_ed”/(painted)|| koy/koy.#.n
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| |-
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| |Ergative || _t|| The kettle boiled/I boiled the kettle|| dul/dul.#.t
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| |-
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| |Reflexive || _m|| I wash myself|| das.#.m
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| |-
| |
| |Reciprocal || _k|| modal (love-make love) or verb (beat-fight)|| bas.#.k
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| |-
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| |Causative|| _p|| get + “Verb _ed”/ (get painted)|| koy/koy.#.p
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| |-
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| |Subjunctive ||
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| |-
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| | ---Present || --|| He suggested I should eat||U fuy.o a c.dek.e
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| |-
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| | ---Past/conditional (counterfactual) || _ç|| if I were well I would have sung|| tek/tek.#.ç
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| |-
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| |Negation|| _x|| not /(painted)|| koy.#n.x
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| |}
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| | |
| -#: (varying vowel for tenses)
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| | |
| “Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional partical “if” (same as English). Imperative/jussive will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş”
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| Passive suffix is “_n”. Passive form will be in case of ergatives (from intransitive to transitive conveyed verb) Verb.t.n (for the example in the table above, passive will be “dul.t.n”)
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| ABCL uses for counterfactual subjunctives the suffix “_ç” for the past and the verb “bab=to be” as modal for the future cases. (see under “aspects” above) Other types of subjunctives will be marked by suitable particles.
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|
| |
| Negation suffix “_x” will be placed as a rule at the end of the conjugated verb. In some cases it could come to sequencing of two suffixes in a row such as “koy.k.e.n.x” (the house is not get painted). In such cases also between “_x” and the suffix before a soundless “ı” or the last vowel can be put for vowel harmony.
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| | |
| '''Level 2 moods (in Level 1 expressed by auxiliary particals)'''
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| | |
| {|
| |
| |Inferential mood/Hearsay|| _v|||| bas.#y|||| ||she is “said to” love me /she "would" love me
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| |-
| |
| |Optative|| _y|||| sen.i.y||||||(I wish you) be well
| |
| |}
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| | |
| | |
| '''Inflexional Suffixes for Nouns: Genetive and Plural
| |
| '''
| |
| {|
| |
| |Genitive|||||||||| _z|||||||||| şintü.z şindü / o.z şintü|||||||||| (of, _’s) kitten of the cat / your cat
| |
| |-
| |
| |Plural|||||| |||| _i|||||||||| hanka.i|||||||||| _s - (houses)
| |
| |}
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| | |
| == GREETING and WISHES ==
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| | |
| Infinitive/imperative form of the verbs "sen” (to be well) and "sin” (to see/meet again) have been defined as “short” greeting nouns, "sen" meaning "hallo" (“full” “sen.eş”: I wish you be well) to be used when people meet/phone and "sin" meaning "good by” (“full” “sin.eş”: I wish to see you again-to keep in touch) when separate.
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| | |
| No further greeting and courtesy words are defined. User can himself introduce such words as “good day, good luck” if he wishes by directly translating them from English or their native languages.
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| | |
| The addressing forms such as “mr., mrs., sir, madam, etc.” have no place in ABCL.
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|
| |
| For Level 2 however, in accordance with simplicity requirement of ABCL, further phrases are defined as follows:
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |sen.eş||hallo||Literally: be well !
| |
| |-
| |
| |sin.eş||see you (good by)||keep in touch
| |
| |-
| |
| |dip o||thank you
| |
| |-
| |
| |enöx||welcome (unrequired)|| unnecessary
| |
| |-
| |
| |yit.eş||please
| |
| |-
| |
| |tü o? (o tü)?||how are you?
| |
| |-
| |
| |(a) abu||I’m fine
| |
| |-
| |
| |şe.min*||best wishes||(I wish you) the best
| |
| |-
| |
| |(a) bek||I’m sorry
| |
| |-
| |
| |abu.cam**||Happy New Year
| |
| |-
| |
| |anu.cam||merry/holy “Holy Day”
| |
| |-
| |
| |edi.ben(ne)||good luck
| |
| |-
| |
| |edi.ten||good health
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| .* Being "min" is root verb for "wish" and "şe" is adjective "most", the full wish phrase would be: “A min.e o şe edi bangı.” meaning “I wish you the best things”. For greeting they will be merged to one word "şemin": This will be used as overall wishes for almost all situations like good luck, success, health, journey etc. (although I defined for good luck and health separate phrases for Level 2)
| |
| | |
| .** Although New Year means "cambe", only first syllable "cam" indicating the class "time" is taken and suffixed to "abu=happy" building one word for the sake of shortness and simplicity. The same apples also to the following phrases.
| |
| | |
| == SYNTAX of ABCL ==
| |
| | |
| Syntax has a defined, fixed order (SVO) as below:
| |
| | |
| (question: “J” as prefix/particle or interrogative words) - subject noun/preposition-(modal).verb.tempus suffix.(negotion_x) - adverb - adjective - (first=accusative)object noun/pronoun - preposition(if necessary) - (adjective, if any) - (second) indirect ablative object noun – (preposition, if neceassary) - (adjective, if any) (third) indirect dative/locative noun. Adjective phrases will be placed before the noun they modify. In case of many object nouns, they keep the sequence accusative, ablative, dative, locative. If a sentnce has many objects it would be advisable to use prepositions. I preferred SVO because the verb, as primary and basic element of an expression should be also placed before the object.
| |
|
| |
| Noun-, adjective-, relative- and adverbial clauses will be placed after the verb/noun/adjective/adverb they modify. Relative clauses follow the noun or noun phrase that they modify. The clauses can be formed by the interrogative words as relative/adjective clauses or as noun clauses as in English. However for the first level, we think one or two (“am” and “um” in ABCL) conjunctive partical would be sufficient for the speaker to express what he wants. Because, the noun or phrase to be modified will be indicated by these modifiers so that from the formation of both parts the meaning will be clear in many cases even without utilizing interrogative modifiers such as when, which, who etc. For “that, who, whom, what and which” as “subordinating subclauses” “em” can be used collectively instead.
| |
| | |
| ABCL does not use English “it” as complimentary subject as “it snows” and “it is important”. We say “venre ven.e = snow falls” and “ebo = important (dropping “it is”)”. For the latter case we need for future (it will) and past (it was) however the verb (to be) “bab” as modal i.e. “bab.a” and “bab.o”.
| |
| | |
| == LEXICON ==
| |
| ABCL lexicon has been set up as Excel matrixes separated for nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctives-prepositions and pronouns for ABCL-English. Easiest way is to use the search function of the Excel table in both direction. The matrixes could be also used to include a third language (e.g. native language) by the right-click "explanation button". The access to the Table is possible through the URL page of Aybay (https://aydinbaykara.com) or direct contact to the author via e mail (aydbayk.2022@gmail.com)for the interested conlangers.
| |
| | |
| == SAMPLE TEXT ==
| |
| | |
| Here is a paragraph from “The Old Man and the Sea” translated in ABCL (The partical in parenthesis indicates that it can be omitted for the first level. As seen, in English almost 60 percent more letters are required for the same expression.
| |
|
| |
| “I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were '''[A b.maz.e (am) o kap.u a an çikşi ot epi.x kıp.amo tümle.s bab.o]''' and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him '''[es am a bat.o am ma hunmi şay.o es vanzı (ov) o pıl.aka u]''' like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” '''[aç dov.aka şirye oyö es ebe sanna böz.aya şü iy a]'''
| |
| | |
| The ABCL text now put to gather (dots "." indicating suffixes dropped):
| |
| | |
| '''A bmaze (am) o kapu a an çikşi ot epix kıpamo tümles babo es am a bato am ma hunmi şayo es vanzı (ov) o pılaka u aç dovaka şirye oyö es ebe sanna bözaya şü iy a.
| |
| '''
| |
|
| |
| (109 letters only, where the English text utilized 162 letters for the same.)
| |
| | |
| ABCL is considered completely developed for Level 1 with basic nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions particals, prepositions and pronouns already. The lexicon with about 8000 vocabulary would be sufficient for a fair communication.
| |
| | |
| Below is the a large text translation from: paragraph by paragraph)
| |
|
| |
| '''The Old Man and the Sea'''
| |
|
| |
| '''''Solba (emax solmo) es Vinpe'''''
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|
| |
| He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him.
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|
| |
| ''U bab.o solba em(it) top.u şenbe ayü.çe (in) hunpi in G-S es u yal.u six ki camsa uço çx kan.aka şenbe. İn çi kix camsa solso bab.u iç u. ''
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|
| |
| But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week.
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|
| |
| As üş kix camsa iç.x şenbe, solso.z salbai çey.ö u am solba bab.o uço etu.çi es ünu “salao”, em(et) bab.e bennü.z şe edi.x vusbo, es solso yal.o un üz pac.aya (in) şü hunpi, em kan.o fi edi şenbe bi.ği campa.
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| | |
| It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast.
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| | |
| Bay.şe solba um yam.o şö camsa iç uz ezu.x hunpi, mel.o solso ava.x es u oçi yal.o oyö (aş) fag.şe(aka?) u kün.aka üs kıp.amo tümlei or tümpe es tümre es hunti um köc.ö.n (ük) hunşi.
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| | |
| The sail was patched with flour sacks and furled, it looked like the flag permanent defeat of.
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|
| |
| Hunti düz.ö.n iç denki dünlü.i es kac.amo, u boy.o eş egü mönpü.z çanla.
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| | |
| The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck.
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|
| |
| Solba bab.o eke.x es eke.x iç egi çud.şe.i in uz sinbe.z vunyü.
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| | |
| The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer (which) the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic see were on his cheeks.
| |
| | |
| Avo sanpa tenkö.z hu yüb.şe.i em vesne kin.e aç uz vap.aya (on) vinmö.do vinpe bab.o (on) uz senzü.i.
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|
| |
| The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords.
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|
| |
| Yüb.şe.i yin.o abu oyö uz sense.z vunze.i es uz sintei man.o egi-çüd.amo tünyei aç sop.aka eşe şenbe on tümyei.
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|
| |
| But none of these scars were fresh.They were as old as(kadar) erosions in a fishless desert.
| |
| | |
| As ''(işüx ov se tünye.i)'' se tünye.i.z işüx bab.o efi. Ü bab.o ay.ema.x(al ema.x al) vanço in şenbe.dox vinşi.
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| | |
| Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same colour as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated.
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|
| |
| İşü iş u bab.o emax eç uz senge.i es ü bab.o şi binye eş vinpe es bab.o mas.ado es pik.amo.x.
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|
| |
| “Santiago,” the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff was hauled up.
| |
|
| |
| “Santiago,” solso çay.o u al ü yüş.o çanma itoç hunpi kec.o öyo.
| |
|
| |
| “I could go with you again. We’ve made some money.”
| |
| | |
| “A byal.u iç o öye. E bay.o mö pisye”
| |
| | |
| The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.
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|
| |
| Solba dap.ü solso kon.şe şenbe es solko bas.o u.
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| | |
| “No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.”
| |
|
| |
| “Ya,” solba çay.o. “O bab.o iç benne.do şenbe. üm.eş iç ü”
| |
| | |
| “But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.”
| |
| | |
| “As daz.eş üt o yal.o six pi camsa içx şenbe es ona e kon.o eme işu şu camsa ıl fi campa.”
| |
| | |
| “I remember,” the old man said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.”
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| | |
| “ A daz.e”, solba çay.o. “A mad.o o yag.o.x a ok o bep.ö.”
| |
| | |
| “It was papa made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him.”
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|
| |
| “U bab.o salna (ut)(mel.ö a yag.şe (yag.o.k a). A solso es a çfom.e u.”
| |
| | |
| “I know,” the old man said. “It is quite ormal.”
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| | |
| “A mad.o” solba çay.o“ U öşö benpü.do (ehö).”
| |
| | |
| “He hasn’t much faith.”
| |
| | |
| “U man.e.x şi bansu.”
| |
| | |
| “No,” the old man said. “But we have. Haven’t we?”
| |
| | |
| “Ya,” solba çay.o. “As e man.e. J.e man.e.x?
| |
| | |
| ‘Yes,” the boy said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.”
| |
| | |
| “Ay”, solko çay.o. “J.a b.huh.e o denku on) hande es ona e kan.a çancı hanya.”
| |
| | |
| “Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.”
| |
|
| |
| “Te.x?” Solba çay.o. “ Ak şenbe.na.i”
| |
| | |
| They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry.
| |
|
| |
| Ü yaş.o (on) hande es şenbe.na.i.z şi.kaka ''(şi.kaka üv şenbe.na.i)'' mel.o tom.aya (tomya) ov solba es u bab.o.x mönu.to (asö.x).
| |
|
| |
| Others of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad.
| |
|
| |
| İpu.i ov şa ema.x şenbe.i bey.o u es bab.o ava.x.
| |
| | |
| But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen.
| |
|
| |
| As ü kuy.o.x u es ü çan.o abi.çi iş honke es ehi.kaka (ot) ü kög.ö üz tümtei es egü edi vendi es ov at ü bay.o.
| |
|
| |
| The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Havana.
| |
|
| |
| Sa camsa.z für.ado şenbe.nai bab.o ço in es dıl.o üz şenfi es kün.o ü (küz.amo?)küz.o.n ezu vusgu(ehe.kaka) iv çi hönfi, iç çi solmo gok.aka aş çonpu ov şö solmo, an şenbe salsa ot ü rep.ö aş vönmi hunfe im kün.şe ü (an) hinsi in Havanna.
| |
|
| |
| Those who had caught sharks had taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting.
| |
| | |
| İso itü(em) kon.o şenhii, kan.o ü (an) şenhi hinbö (on) şü vunze ov vinle ot ü koc.o.n on koc.ana, üz sunra yöv.ö.n, üz süntü kas.o.n es üz sanpu dav.o.n es üz sanşa kas.o.n (in)(an) çanlo.s aş dengo.k.aka.
| |
|
| |
| When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace.
| |
|
| |
| Öt venbe bab.o in vunse böz.aya yam.o iv hünme aç şenhi hinbö; as üça bab.o üyi eşo vuskü ov böz.aya oy venbe sub.o in an vunne es ona şag.o es u bab.o ama es vesne.lo(do) (on) hande.
| |
|
| |
| “Santiago,” the boy said.
| |
| | |
| “Santiago,” solko çay.o.
| |
| | |
| “Yes,” the old man said. He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago.
| |
| | |
| “Ay” solba çay.o. U küv.ö uz dentü es mid.ö (ov) mi camba öçi.
| |
| | |
| “Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?”
| |
| | |
| Ja byal.a oke im raf.şe sense.i aş u iş camçe?
| |
| | |
| “No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.”
| |
|
| |
| “Ya. Yal.eş es gül.eş tamsu. A b.töp.e oçe es Rogelio kap.o tümte.”
| |
| | |
| “I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you, I would like to serve in some way.”
| |
| | |
| A g.yal.o. İf a b.tüm.a.x iç o, a g.füg.e in mö hünbe.
| |
| | |
| “You bought me a beer,” the old man said. “You are already a man.”
| |
| | |
| “O hay.o a denku”, solba çay.o. “O bab.e öçi solmo.”
| |
| | |
| “How old was I when you first took me in a boat?”
| |
|
| |
| “Te ema.x a bab.o öt o oçı kan.o a in hunmi?”
| |
| | |
| “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in to green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?”
| |
| | |
| “Li es o oda pay.o.n.ç öt a kin.o şenbe in an hö es u oda do.ço hunmi an vusva.i. J.o b.maz.e?
| |
|
| |
| “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing.
| |
|
| |
| “A b.maz.i sünve şer.aka es gik.aka es rim.şe kir.aka, es vanzı ov pıl.aka.o
| |
| | |
| I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.”
| |
| | |
| A b.maz.e (am) o (kap.u)kap.aka a in an hundi ot epi.x kıp.amo tümle.i (bab.o) es bat.aka ma hunmi şay.o es vanzı (ov)o pıl.aka u eç dov.aka şirye oyö es ebe sanna böz.şe mo ek a.
| |
| | |
| “Can you really remember that or did I just tell it to you?”
| |
| | |
| “Jo uyo bmaz.e isu or ja üyı çey.o u (an) o?”
| |
| | |
| “I remember everything from when we first went together.”
| |
| | |
| “A maz.e işü aç öt e oçı yal.o uyu.”
| |
| | |
| The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes.
| |
| | |
| Solba bey.o u iç uz kaş.amo, akö, bas.ano senge.i.
| |
| | |
| “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said. “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.”
| |
|
| |
| “İf o bab.o.ç az solso(salsa) a kan.e o (oke)en es tüh.e” u çay.o. “As o (bab.e) oz salya.z es oz salna.z es o in benne.do hunmi.”
| |
| | |
| “May I get the sardines? I know where I can get four baits too.”
| |
|
| |
| “Ja d.raf.e şense.i? A mad.e ot a b.raf.e ki tümde üyo”
| |
| | |
| “I have mine left from today. I put them in salt in the box.”
| |
|
| |
| “A yag.o iza aç camça(üça ). A kaz.o ü in dengo in döngö.”
| |
| | |
| “Let me get four fresh ones.”
| |
|
| |
| Eh a raf.e ki efi işu.
| |
|
| |
| “One,” the old man said. His hope and his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises.
| |
| | |
| “Bi”, solba çay.o. Uz minbe(min.şe) es uz menme yal.o oçü.x. As uço ü egi.l.o ef venge rik.e.
| |
|
| |
| “Two,” the boy said.
| |
| | |
| “Çi”, solso çay.o.
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| “Two,” the old man agreed. “You didn’t steal them?”
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| “Çi”, solba siy.o. “O hal.ox ü?
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| “I would,” the boy said. “But I bought these.”
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| “A bab.o.ç” solso çay.o. As a hay.o isü”
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| “Thank you,” the old man said. He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility.
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| “Dip o” , solba çay.o. U bab.o üyo egö im böf.şe öt u yik.ö mam.ado.
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| But he knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride.
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| As u mad.o (am) u yik.o u es u mad.o (am) u bab.o.x pösçi.do.x es u kün.o.x oş pisgü ov enu mendö.
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| “Tomorrow is going to be a good day with this current,” he said.
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| “Camçe bab.a edi camsa iç sa honke(vad.aya)” u çay.o.
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| “Where are you going?” the boy asked.
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| “Ton o yal.i? solko çat.o.
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| “Far out to come in when the wind shifts. I want to be out before it is light.”
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| “Edu oke im yam.şe in öt venbe kov.e. A men.e im bab.şe oke el u vüsbe.”
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| “I’ll try to get him to work far out,” the boy said. Then if you hook something truly big we can come to your aid.”
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| “A yaç.a im raf.şe u im han.şe edu oke”, solto çay.o. “Ona if o tümse.k şo.bangı enu.çi eme, e b.yam.e an oz pösnü ”
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| “He does not like to work too far out.”
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| “U g.han.e.x mı edu oke ”
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| “No,” the boy said. “But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.”
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| “Ya”, solso çay.o. “As a bay.a mö bangı am u b.bay.e.x eş şönbe han.aka es raf.o u im yam.şe oke üş şengi”
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| “Are his eyes that bad?”
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| “J uz senge.s so edi.x?
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| “He is almost blind.”
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| “U oda esa”
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| “It is strange,” the old man said. “He never went turtle-ing. That is what kills the eyes.”
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| “Ema.x”, solba çay.o. “U yal.o.x oşu.x şinrö.k.aka. İsu bab.e at pay.e senge.i”
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| “But you went turtle-ing for years off the Mosquito Coast and your eyes are good
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| “As o yam.o şinrö.k.aka camba.çü ın Mosquito Coast es oz senge.i edi.
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| '''Another text from a song for children'''
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| Little child, be not afraid: ''emex solma, ber.eş.x''
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| Though rain pounds harsh against the glass: ''öp venne köş.e evö.x üç vöndi''
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| Like an unwanted stranger: ''eş men.amo.x silyü''
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| There is no danger: ''bintö beb.e''
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| I am here tonight: ''a bab.e uşi üço''
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| Little child, be not afraid: ''ber.eş.x, emex solma''
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| Though thunder explodes and lightning flash: ''öp venhö çik.e es venkö vap.e''
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| Illuminates: ''ver.e''
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| your tear-stained face: ''oz sangü-gan.amo senze''
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| I am here tonight: ''a bab.e uşi üço''
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