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Vinnish: Difference between revisions
→Nominalizing Adjectives
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| name = Vinnish | | name = Vinnish | ||
| nativename = | | nativename = Vinske, Vinskemål | ||
| creator = [[User:Shinobhi|Shinobhi]] | | creator = [[User:Shinobhi|Shinobhi]] | ||
| created = 2023 | |||
| state = Commonwealth of Vinland | | state = Commonwealth of Vinland | ||
| familycolor = Indo-European | | familycolor = Indo-European | ||
| Line 19: | Line 21: | ||
| fam4 = Far West Norse | | fam4 = Far West Norse | ||
| fam5 = Old Vinnish | | fam5 = Old Vinnish | ||
| fam6 = [[History of the Vinnish Language|Early Modern Vinnish]] | |||
| dia1 = <!--these are for dialects--> | | dia1 = <!--these are for dialects--> | ||
| | | script1 = Latn | ||
| | | agency = Vinskemålsråðet - Vinnish Language Council | ||
| nation = | | nation = Commonwealth of Vinland | ||
}} | }} | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
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|[aː] when stressed | |[aː] when stressed | ||
|t'''a'''ke | |t'''a'''ke | ||
|[ˈtʰ'''aː''' | |[ˈtʰ'''aː'''kʰə] | ||
|to take | |to take | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|same as “k” (loanwords only) | |same as “k” (loanwords only) | ||
|'''C'''anade | |'''C'''anade | ||
|[ | |[ˈ'''kʰ'''aːnadə] | ||
|Canada | |Canada | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|same as “k” (loanwords only) | |same as “k” (loanwords only) | ||
|'''ch'''ronologi | |'''ch'''ronologi | ||
|[ | |[ˈ'''k'''roːnologi] | ||
|chronology (c) | |chronology (c) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|<nowiki>-ar</nowiki> | |<nowiki>-ar</nowiki> | ||
|<nowiki>-e</nowiki> | |<nowiki>-e</nowiki> | ||
|( | |(u)-em | ||
|<nowiki>-e</nowiki> | |<nowiki>-e</nowiki> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Neuter Nouns=== | ===Neuter Nouns=== | ||
When compared to common nouns, neuter nouns show much less variation in their declension patterns. Neuter nouns are characterized by the universal lack of distinction between nominative and accusative forms, and by a u-umlaut in the plural. | |||
====Weak Neuter Nouns==== | |||
The set of weak neuter nouns is limited to a small list of body parts, and derivates thereof. | |||
===Definite Article=== | ===Definite Article=== | ||
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==Adjectives== | ==Adjectives== | ||
There are two patterns of adjectives in Vinnish: declinables and indeclinables. | |||
Declinable adjectives in Vinnish agree with the nouns they modify in gender, case, number, and definiteness. There are two inflections for adjectives: strong and weak adjectives. | |||
Indeclinable adjectives, as the name suggests, do not decline at all, and are limited to present participles, comparative adjectives, and some loanwords. Virtually all indeclinable adjectives end in -i. | |||
===Strong Adjectives=== | ===Strong Adjectives=== | ||
Strong adjectives are used attributively with indefinite nouns and predicatively with all nouns. They inflect for gender, case, and number. | Strong adjectives are used attributively with indefinite nouns and predicatively with all nouns. They inflect for gender, case, and number. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
===Weak Adjectives=== | ===Weak Adjectives=== | ||
The weak adjective system is simplified compared to the more robust Old Norse forms. | |||
In more archaic texts in Vinnish, a naturally or semantically masculine | Weak adjectives are formed by adding an ending of -e to the stem of the adjective, and do not change form for case or number in Modern Vinnish. They are used with definite nouns, nouns modified by a demonstrative, and non-indefinite nouns modified by a possessive adjective. | ||
{{interlinear|number=(1) | |||
|stor''t'' barn | |||
|big-NEUT-NOM-SG-INDEF child-NOM-SG-INDEF | |||
|big child}} | |||
{{interlinear|number=(2) | |||
|stor''e'' barnet | |||
|big-DEF child-NOM-SG-DEF | |||
|the big child}} | |||
Because the weak form inherently conveys definiteness, it is possible to drop the definite article suffix on the modified noun. | |||
{{interlinear|number=(3) | |||
|stor''e'' barn | |||
|big-DEF child-NOM-SG | |||
|the big child}} | |||
===Adverbs=== | |||
Adverbs are formed one of three ways, listed in descending order of usage: Adding the suffix "-vegi" to the stem of the adjective (usually identical to the weak adjective form), using the weak adjective form, or using the strong neuter singular form. There are also words that are inherently adverbial and are not derived from any kind of adjective. | |||
===Historical Forms=== | |||
While the masculine and feminine genders in Old Norse collapsed into the common gender in Vinnish, some remnants of the old masculine/feminine system linger in Vinnish. These features, while attested in older texts such as the Vinnish Bible, were moribund even around the 1600s. | |||
====Masculine Forms==== | |||
In more archaic texts in Vinnish, a naturally or semantically masculine weak adjective can optionally take the ending -i in the nominative singular. In all other cases of the noun, the ending -e is used. | |||
{{interlinear|number=(4) | |||
|sterk''i'' sveinen | |||
|strong-MASC-DEF youth-SG-NOM-DEF | |||
|the strong young man}} | |||
====Feminine Forms==== | |||
In older Vinnish texts, a naturally or semantically feminine strong adjective can optionally take u-umlaut in the nominative singular and show an ending of -e in the accusative. | |||
{{interlinear|number=(5) | |||
|fåger kone | |||
|beautiful-FEM-SG-NOM woman-SG-NOM | |||
|beautiful woman}} | |||
====Plural Forms==== | |||
In older Vinnish texts, plural weak adjectives can take u-umlaut in all cases. | |||
{{interlinear|number=(6) | |||
|kålde skipen | |||
|cold-NEUT-PL-DEF ship-PL-NOM-DEF | |||
|the cold ships}} | |||
===Nominalizing Adjectives=== | |||
While exceedingly rare, the indeclinable adjectives can be nominalized. When nominalized, they take the normal inflections of weak nouns with endings in -i. This nominalization is limited to a few nouns that end in -i, usually demonyms. | |||
{{interlinear|number=(7)|abbreviations=COMM:common gender | |||
|Pakistani filgem | |||
|Pakistani-COMM-PL-DAT friend-PL-DAT | |||
|Pakistani friends (dative).}} | |||
{{interlinear|number=(8)|abbreviations=COMM:common gender | |||
|Han mælti með jem Pakistanem. | |||
|3P-HUM-SG speak-3P with one-COMM-PL-DAT Pakistani-PL-DAT | |||
|He/She spoke with a few Pakistanis.}} | |||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Vinnish shows a heavy preference for V2 word order, though this is being worn down in colloquial language. | |||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
Vinnish is primarily SVO, though due to the case system, some flexibility is allowed in the order of arguments to convey topic and focus, or to conform to a meter in songs and poetry. | |||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
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“Jengver veit ekki gvat gøras. Ðeir søkkve i sjøn sem ðeir kome or, låte ekki ut i jårð jetgvert bein, jengvern tån, slike at men om framdage mege vite at ðeir våre hir i vårem veråldi. | “Jengver veit ekki gvat gøras. Ðeir søkkve i sjøn sem ðeir kome or, låte ekki ut i jårð jetgvert bein, jengvern tån, slike at men om framdage mege vite at ðeir våre hir i vårem veråldi. | ||
“Af ðvi, før at ðessar konengligar gørnar skøli ekki glømes, eg mon tale ðenne saðen sage af minem barndomi.” | “Af ðvi, før at ðessar konengligar gørnar skøli ekki glømes, eg mon tale ðenne saðen sage af minem barndomi.” - [https://www.reddit.com/r/httyd/comments/uqvhoz/there_were_dragons_when_i_was_a_boy_start_of_book/ Gvernig at Venje Sin Lindorm]</blockquote> | ||
===Schleicher's Fable=== | |||
<blockquote>Jen sauðer sem sir var ekki jetgvert hår leit heste: jen togði ðongen vagen, jen helt å bakine stort bereng, ok jen helt å bakine man fløtevegi. Sauðren sagði hestenem: “Eg em sår i hjartene at eg lit at maðer leðar heste.” Hestarnar sågðe: “Hør ðu, sauðer, vir erem sårar i hjartene at vir litem ðette slike: at maðer, jarlen, gørar sir heitist klæði af sauðshåri. Ok sauðinem er ekki jetgvert hår.” Sauðren hørði ðette ok koms onden i hagene.</blockquote> | |||
== | ==See Also== | ||
* [[:Category: Vinnish words|Vinnish words on Contionary]] | |||
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