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[[Luthic]] ([[w:Help:IPA|/ˈluːθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LOOTH-ik'']], less often [[w:Help:IPA|/ˈlʌθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LUTH-ik'']], also ''Luthish''; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]] or ''Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) is an [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]] that is spoken by the Luths, with strong [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] influence. Unlike other [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], such as [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]], [[w:Catalan language|Catalan]], [[w:Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[w:French language|French]], Luthic has a large inherited vocabulary from [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]], instead of only proper names that survived in historical accounts, and [[w:Loanword|loanwords]]. About 250,000 people speak Luthic worldwide. | [[Luthic]] ([[w:Help:IPA|/ˈluːθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LOOTH-ik'']], less often [[w:Help:IPA|/ˈlʌθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LUTH-ik'']], also ''Luthish''; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]] or ''Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) is an [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]] that is spoken by the Luths, with strong [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] influence. Unlike other [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], such as [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]], [[w:Catalan language|Catalan]], [[w:Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[w:French language|French]], Luthic has a large inherited vocabulary from [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]], instead of only proper names that survived in historical accounts, and [[w:Loanword|loanwords]]. About 250,000 people speak Luthic worldwide. | ||
Luthic is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both regions after the [[w:Goths|Gothic raids]] towards the [[w:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] began, together with the later [[w:Germanic peoples|West Germanic]] merchants’ travels to and from the [[w:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]]. These connections, the interactions between the [[w:Papal States|Papal States]] and the conquest by the Germanic dynasties of the Roman Empire slowly formed a [[w:Creole language|creole]] as a [[w:Lingua franca|''lingua franca'']] for mutual communication. | Luthic is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both regions after the [[w:Goths|Gothic raids]] towards the [[w:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] began, together with the later [[w:Germanic peoples|West Germanic]] merchants’ travels to and from the [[w:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]]. These connections, the interactions between the [[w:Papal States|Papal States]] and the conquest by the Germanic dynasties of the Roman Empire slowly formed a [[w:Creole language|creole]] as a [[w:Lingua franca|''lingua franca'']] for mutual communication. | ||
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! width="25%"|[[w:English language|English]] | ! width="25%"|[[w:English language|English]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿#Gothic|𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿]] (''ahtau'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈax.tɔː/]] || [[wikt:athe#Crimean_Gothic|athe]] /ˈa.te/ || attau [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈat.tɔ]]] || eight | | [[wikt:𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿#Gothic|𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿]] (''ahtau'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈax.tɔː/]] || [[wikt:athe#Crimean_Gothic|athe]] /ˈa.te/ || attau [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈat.tɔ]]] || eight | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂]] (''baur'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/bɔr/]] <br >[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽]] (''barn'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/barn/]] || [[wikt:baar#Crimean_Gothic|baar]] /bar/ <br >*ba(a)rn /barn/? || baure [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈbɔ.re]]] <br >barno [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈbar.no]]] || child | | [[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂]] (''baur'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/bɔr/]] <br >[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽]] (''barn'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/barn/]] || [[wikt:baar#Crimean_Gothic|baar]] /bar/ <br >*ba(a)rn /barn/? || baure [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbɔ.re]]] <br >barno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbar.no]]] || child | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂]] (''brōþar'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈbroː.θar/]] || [[wikt:bruder#Crimean_Gothic|bruder]] /'bru.der/ || broþar [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈbro.θɐr]]] || brother | | [[wikt:𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂]] (''brōþar'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈbroː.θar/]] || [[wikt:bruder#Crimean_Gothic|bruder]] /'bru.der/ || broþar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbro.θɐr]]] || brother | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂#Gothic|𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂]] (''wair'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/wɛr/]] || [[wikt:fers#Crimean_Gothic|fers]] /fers/ || vaere [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈvɛ.re]]] || were- (as in werewolf) | | [[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂#Gothic|𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂]] (''wair'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/wɛr/]] || [[wikt:fers#Crimean_Gothic|fers]] /fers/ || vaere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɛ.re]]] || were- (as in werewolf) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃]] (''handus'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhan.dus/]] || [[wikt:handa#Crimean_Gothic|handa]] /ˈan.da/ || handu [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈan.du]]] <small>(archaic, dialectal or obsolete)</small> || hand | | [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃]] (''handus'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhan.dus/]] || [[wikt:handa#Crimean_Gothic|handa]] /ˈan.da/ || handu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈan.du]]] <small>(archaic, dialectal or obsolete)</small> || hand | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸]] (''haubiþ'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhɔː.βiθ/]] || [[wikt:hoef#Crimean_Gothic|hoef]] (for *hoeft) /oft/ || hauviþo [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɔ.βi.θo]]] <small>(archaic, dialectal or obsolete)</small> || head | | [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸]] (''haubiþ'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhɔː.βiθ/]] || [[wikt:hoef#Crimean_Gothic|hoef]] (for *hoeft) /oft/ || hauviþo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βi.θo]]] <small>(archaic, dialectal or obsolete)</small> || head | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽]] (''qiman'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈkʷi.man/]] || [[wikt:kommen#Crimean_Gothic|kommen]] /'ko.men/ || qemare [[IPA for Luthic|[kᶣeˈma.re]]] || to come | | [[wikt:𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽]] (''qiman'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈkʷi.man/]] || [[wikt:kommen#Crimean_Gothic|kommen]] /'ko.men/ || qemare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kᶣeˈma.re]]] || to come | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽]] (''hlahjan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/'hlax.jan/]] || [[wikt:lachen#Crimean_Gothic|lachen]] /'la.xen/ (/'la.ɣen/?) || claire [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈklaj.re]]] || to laugh | | [[wikt:𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽]] (''hlahjan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/'hlax.jan/]] || [[wikt:lachen#Crimean_Gothic|lachen]] /'la.xen/ (/'la.ɣen/?) || claire [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈklaj.re]]] || to laugh | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉#Gothic|𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉]] (''augō'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈɔː.ɣoː/]] || [[wikt:oeghene#Crimean_Gothic|oeghene]] /ˈo.ɣe.ne/ || augono [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɔ.ɣo.no]]] || eye | | [[wikt:𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉#Gothic|𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉]] (''augō'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈɔː.ɣoː/]] || [[wikt:oeghene#Crimean_Gothic|oeghene]] /ˈo.ɣe.ne/ || augono [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.ɣo.no]]] || eye | ||
|} | |} | ||
:¹ Discussions cover the different versions of [[w:Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq|Busbecq]]’s report, including scribal emendation and errors in printing and subsequent corrections. It seems that Busbecq’s understanding and documentation of Crimean Gothic were influenced by his Flemish background and possibly by German. He obtained his information from a Crimean Greek source who was knowledgeable in Crimean Gothic. The individual from Crimea who supplied the language information was either originally Greek or fluent in Crimean Gothic but more proficient in Greek than their own native language. In both cases, it’s likely that the pronunciation of Crimean Gothic words was influenced to some extent by the phonetics of the Greek language spoken in that area and time. | :¹ Discussions cover the different versions of [[w:Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq|Busbecq]]’s report, including scribal emendation and errors in printing and subsequent corrections. It seems that Busbecq’s understanding and documentation of Crimean Gothic were influenced by his Flemish background and possibly by German. He obtained his information from a Crimean Greek source who was knowledgeable in Crimean Gothic. The individual from Crimea who supplied the language information was either originally Greek or fluent in Crimean Gothic but more proficient in Greek than their own native language. In both cases, it’s likely that the pronunciation of Crimean Gothic words was influenced to some extent by the phonetics of the Greek language spoken in that area and time. | ||
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====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''==== | ====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''==== | ||
[[File:De studio linguae luthicae.png|thumb|left|''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ'', 1657, restored cover at the Luthic Community of Ravenna.]] | [[File:De studio linguae luthicae.png|thumb|left|''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ'', 1657, restored cover at the Luthic Community of Ravenna.]] | ||
'''''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''''' (Luthic: ''Studia Rasdae Lûthicae'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈstu.dja ˈraz.dɛ ˈlu.ti.xɛ]]]; English: ''On Study of the Luthic Language'') often referred to as simply the '''''Luthicæ''''' ([[w:Help:IPA|/lʌˈθiˌki, lʌθˈaɪˌki/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''lu-THEE-KEE'']]), is a book by Þiudareicu Biagci that expounds Luthic grammar. The Luthicæ is written in Latin (specifically [[w:Neo-Latin|'''Neo-Latin''']]) and comprises two volumes, it was authorised, [[w:Imprimatur|imprimatur]], by [[w:Pope Alexander VII|Pope Alexander VII]], then head of the [[w:Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] on 1956, and was first published on 9 September 1657. | '''''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''''' (Luthic: ''Studia Rasdae Lûthicae'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstu.dja ˈraz.dɛ ˈlu.ti.xɛ]]]; English: ''On Study of the Luthic Language'') often referred to as simply the '''''Luthicæ''''' ([[w:Help:IPA|/lʌˈθiˌki, lʌθˈaɪˌki/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''lu-THEE-KEE'']]), is a book by Þiudareicu Biagci that expounds Luthic grammar. The Luthicæ is written in Latin (specifically [[w:Neo-Latin|'''Neo-Latin''']]) and comprises two volumes, it was authorised, [[w:Imprimatur|imprimatur]], by [[w:Pope Alexander VII|Pope Alexander VII]], then head of the [[w:Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] on 1956, and was first published on 9 September 1657. | ||
The ''Luthicæ'' is considered one of the most importants in the history of Luthic linguistics. In the first book, Þiudareicu discusses the relationship between Latin and the vernacular languages within Italy. His work made new innovations, as it included diglot lemmata, and it was also significant how Þiudareicu approached this theme (a not so common topic at that time), the ''Luthicæ'' and the general opinion of Þiudareicu was greatly influenced by [[w:Dante Alighieri|Dante Alighieri]], as he agreed with Dante, that languages were not something to be considered static, but something that evolves and need historical contextualisation. | The ''Luthicæ'' is considered one of the most importants in the history of Luthic linguistics. In the first book, Þiudareicu discusses the relationship between Latin and the vernacular languages within Italy. His work made new innovations, as it included diglot lemmata, and it was also significant how Þiudareicu approached this theme (a not so common topic at that time), the ''Luthicæ'' and the general opinion of Þiudareicu was greatly influenced by [[w:Dante Alighieri|Dante Alighieri]], as he agreed with Dante, that languages were not something to be considered static, but something that evolves and need historical contextualisation. | ||
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As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. | As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. | ||
Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurdu faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˈɸɔr.du fɔ.l‿lɐ ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) and the '''Luthic Community of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Gamaenescape Lûthica Ravennae'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˌmɛ.neˈska.ɸe ˈlu.ti.xɐ rɐˈβẽ.nɛ]]]). The existence of a regulatory body has removed Luthic, at least in part, from the domain of Standard Italian, its traditional ''Dachsprache'', Luthic was considered an Italian dialect like many others until about [[w:World War II|World War II]], but then it underwent [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|ausbau]]. | Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurdu faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡɐˈɸɔr.du fɔ.l‿lɐ ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) and the '''Luthic Community of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Gamaenescape Lûthica Ravennae'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡɐˌmɛ.neˈska.ɸe ˈlu.ti.xɐ rɐˈβẽ.nɛ]]]). The existence of a regulatory body has removed Luthic, at least in part, from the domain of Standard Italian, its traditional ''Dachsprache'', Luthic was considered an Italian dialect like many others until about [[w:World War II|World War II]], but then it underwent [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|ausbau]]. | ||
[[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]] | [[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]] | ||
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* The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨g⟩. | * The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨g⟩. | ||
** Velar plosives after [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] are not further palatalised to [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]]. | ** Velar plosives after [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] are not further palatalised to [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]]. | ||
** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ⟨ggu⟩ [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃#Gothic|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], '' | ** [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ⟨ggu⟩ [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃#Gothic|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈtrɛɡ.ɡʷu]]]. The spelling ⟨gg⟩ stands for both [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ŋɡ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/dd͡ʒ/]], making it further confunsing. | ||
* The cluster ⟨sc⟩ [[IPA for Luthic|/sk/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic. | * The cluster ⟨sc⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/sk/]] before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic. | ||
* The spellings ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩ before another vowel represent only [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] with no [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] ~ [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] sound. | * The spellings ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩ before another vowel represent only [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] with no [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] ~ [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] sound. | ||
** Unless ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩ precede stressed [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] (''pharmacia'' [[IPA for Luthic|/fɐr.mɐˈtʃi.ɐ/]] ‘pharmacy’, ''biologia'' [[IPA for Luthic|/bjo.loˈdʒi.ɐ/]] ‘biology’), these may be optionally spelt as ⟨cï⟩ and ⟨gï⟩ (''pharmacïa'', ''biologïa''). | ** Unless ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩ precede stressed [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] (''pharmacia'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/fɐr.mɐˈtʃi.ɐ/]] ‘pharmacy’, ''biologia'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/bjo.loˈdʒi.ɐ/]] ‘biology’), these may be optionally spelt as ⟨cï⟩ and ⟨gï⟩ (''pharmacïa'', ''biologïa''). | ||
* The letter ⟨h⟩ is always silent. It is used to form a [[w:Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] with ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩ to represent [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] or [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩. It is also used with ⟨p⟩ to represent [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|/ɸ/]] and is found in some Greco-Roman words with ⟨t⟩ for [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|/t/]] for aesthetics only. | * The letter ⟨h⟩ is always silent. It is used to form a [[w:Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] with ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩ to represent [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] or [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩. It is also used with ⟨p⟩ to represent [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|/ɸ/]] and is found in some Greco-Roman words with ⟨t⟩ for [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|/t/]] for aesthetics only. | ||
* The spelling ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨gh⟩ always represent the sounds [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] and [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]]. | * The spelling ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨gh⟩ always represent the sounds [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] and [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]]. | ||
* The spelling ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic. | * The spelling ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic. | ||
** If the clusters [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡl/]] and [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡn/]] are needed, they are spelt as ⟨ghl⟩ and ⟨ghn⟩ retrospectively. | ** If the clusters [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡl/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡn/]] are needed, they are spelt as ⟨ghl⟩ and ⟨ghn⟩ retrospectively. | ||
The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 24 letters; ⟨j, k, w, x, y⟩ are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' vs [[wikt:taxi#English|''taxi'']], ''cenophobo'' vs [[wikt:xenofobo#Italian|''xenofobo'']], ''geins'' vs [[wikt:jeans#English|''jeans'']], ''Giorche'' vs [[wikt:York#English|''York'']], ''Valsar'' vs [[wikt:Walsar#German|''Walsar'']]. | The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 24 letters; ⟨j, k, w, x, y⟩ are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' vs [[wikt:taxi#English|''taxi'']], ''cenophobo'' vs [[wikt:xenofobo#Italian|''xenofobo'']], ''geins'' vs [[wikt:jeans#English|''jeans'']], ''Giorche'' vs [[wikt:York#English|''York'']], ''Valsar'' vs [[wikt:Walsar#German|''Walsar'']]. | ||
* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress. | * The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress. | ||
** The digraphs ⟨ae, au, ei⟩ are used to indicate [[IPA for Luthic|/ɛ ɔ i/]] retrospectively; [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] ⟨ae⟩ is in free variation with [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] word terminally. | ** The digraphs ⟨ae, au, ei⟩ are used to indicate [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɛ ɔ i/]] retrospectively; [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] ⟨ae⟩ is in free variation with [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] word terminally. | ||
** [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] and [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|/o/]] are often lowered to [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] and [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]] in VCC. | ** [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] and [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|/o/]] are often lowered to [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] and [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]] in VCC. | ||
* The [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis accent]] is used to distinguish from a [[w:Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] or a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]]. | * The [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis accent]] is used to distinguish from a [[w:Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] or a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]]. | ||
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|+ '''Standard Luthic Alphabet''' | |+ '''Standard Luthic Alphabet''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:A|A]], a || a [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈa]]] || asga [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈaz.ɡɐ]]] || [[w:Near-open central vowel|/ɐ/]] or [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|/a/]] || â | | [[w:A|A]], a || a [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈa]]] || asga [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaz.ɡɐ]]] || [[w:Near-open central vowel|/ɐ/]] or [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|/a/]] || â | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:B|B]], b || bi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈbi]]] || baerca [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈbɛr.kɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|/b/]] or [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|/β/]] || — | | [[w:B|B]], b || bi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbi]]] || baerca [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbɛr.kɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|/b/]] or [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|/β/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:C|C]], c || ci [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈt͡ʃi]]] || cauno [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈk̠ɔ.no]]] || [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]], [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|/x/]] || — | | [[w:C|C]], c || ci [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡ʃi]]] || cauno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈk̠ɔ.no]]] || [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]], [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|/x/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:D|D]], d || di [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈdi]]] || dagu [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈda.ɣu]]] || [[w:Voiced dental plosive|/d/]] || — | | [[w:D|D]], d || di [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdi]]] || dagu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈda.ɣu]]] || [[w:Voiced dental plosive|/d/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Eth|Ð]], ð || eððe [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛð.ðe]]] || ∅ || [[w:Voiced dental fricative|/ð/]] || — | | [[w:Eth|Ð]], ð || eððe [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛð.ðe]]] || ∅ || [[w:Voiced dental fricative|/ð/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:E|E]], e || e [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛ]]] || aeqqu [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛk.kʷu]]] || [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] or [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] || ê | | [[w:E|E]], e || e [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛ]]] || aeqqu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛk.kʷu]]] || [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] or [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] || ê | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:F|F]], f || effe [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛɸ.ɸe]]] || faeu [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈfɛ.u]]] || [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|/ɸ/]] or [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]] || — | | [[w:F|F]], f || effe [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛɸ.ɸe]]] || faeu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfɛ.u]]] || [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|/ɸ/]] or [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:G|G]], g || gi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒi]]] || geva [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]], [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]], [[w:Voiced velar fricative|/ɣ/]] or [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] || — | | [[w:G|G]], g || gi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒi]]] || geva [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]], [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]], [[w:Voiced velar fricative|/ɣ/]] or [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:H|H]], h || acca [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈak.kɐ]]] || haglu [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈaʎ.ʎu]]] || ∅ || — | | [[w:H|H]], h || acca [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈak.kɐ]]] || haglu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaʎ.ʎu]]] || ∅ || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:I|I]], i || i [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈi]]] || eissu [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈis.su]]] || [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] or [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] || ï | | [[w:I|I]], i || i [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈi]]] || eissu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈis.su]]] || [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] or [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] || ï | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:L|L]], l || elle [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛl.le]]] || lagu [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈla.ɣu]]] || [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|/l/]] || — | | [[w:L|L]], l || elle [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛl.le]]] || lagu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈla.ɣu]]] || [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|/l/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:M|M]], m || emme [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈẽ.me]]] || mannu [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈmɐ̃.nu]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|/m/]] || — | | [[w:M|M]], m || emme [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈẽ.me]]] || mannu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɐ̃.nu]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|/m/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:N|N]], n || enne [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈẽ.ne]]] || nauþu [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈnɔ.θu]]] || [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|/n/]] || — | | [[w:N|N]], n || enne [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈẽ.ne]]] || nauþu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈnɔ.θu]]] || [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|/n/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:O|O]], o || o [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɔ]]] || oþalo [[IPA for Luthic|[oˈθa.lo]]] || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|/o/]] or [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]] || ô | | [[w:O|O]], o || o [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ]]] || oþalo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[oˈθa.lo]]] || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|/o/]] or [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]] || ô | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:P|P]], p || pi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈpi]]] || paerþa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈpɛr.θɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|/p/]] or [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|/ɸ/]] || — | | [[w:P|P]], p || pi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈpi]]] || paerþa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈpɛr.θɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|/p/]] or [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|/ɸ/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Q|Q]], q || qoppa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkʷɔp.pɐ]]] || qaerþa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkᶣɛr.θɐ]]] || [[w:Labialization|/kʷ/]] || — | | [[w:Q|Q]], q || qoppa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkʷɔp.pɐ]]] || qaerþa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkᶣɛr.θɐ]]] || [[w:Labialization|/kʷ/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:R|R]], r || erre [[IPA for Luthic|[ɛrˈre]]] || raeða [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈrɛ.ðɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|/r/]] || — | | [[w:R|R]], r || erre [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɛrˈre]]] || raeða [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈrɛ.ðɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|/r/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:S|S]], s || esse [[IPA for Luthic|[ɛsˈse]]] || sauila [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈsɔj.lɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|/s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]] || — | | [[w:S|S]], s || esse [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɛsˈse]]] || sauila [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsɔj.lɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|/s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:T|T]], t || ti [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈti]]] || teivu [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈti.βu]]] || [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|/t/]] or [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]] || — | | [[w:T|T]], t || ti [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈti]]] || teivu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈti.βu]]] || [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|/t/]] or [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Thorn (letter)|Þ]], þ || eþþe [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛθ.θe]]] || þaurnu [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈθɔr.nu]]] || [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]] or [[w:Voiced dental fricative|/ð/]] || — | | [[w:Thorn (letter)|Þ]], þ || eþþe [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛθ.θe]]] || þaurnu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθɔr.nu]]] || [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]] or [[w:Voiced dental fricative|/ð/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:U|U]], u || u [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈu]]] || uru [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈu.ru]]] || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]] or [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]] || û, ü | | [[w:U|U]], u || u [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈu]]] || uru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈu.ru]]] || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]] or [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]] || û, ü | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:V|V]], v || vi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈvi]]] || vigna [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈviɲ.ɲɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|/β/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]] || — | | [[w:V|V]], v || vi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvi]]] || vigna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈviɲ.ɲɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|/β/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Z|Z]], z || zi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈt͡si]]] || zetta [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈt͡sɛt.tɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] || — | | [[w:Z|Z]], z || zi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si]]] || zetta [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡sɛt.tɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] || — | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[File:Luthic_keyboard_2.png|thumb|A Luthic computer keyboard layout.]] | [[File:Luthic_keyboard_2.png|thumb|A Luthic computer keyboard layout.]] | ||
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[[File:Luthic oral vowels.png|thumb|[[w:Monophthong|Oral monophthongs]] of Standard Luthic]] | [[File:Luthic oral vowels.png|thumb|[[w:Monophthong|Oral monophthongs]] of Standard Luthic]] | ||
[[File:Luthic nasal vowels.png|thumb|[[w:Nasal vowel|Nasal monophthongs]] of Standard Luthic]] | [[File:Luthic nasal vowels.png|thumb|[[w:Nasal vowel|Nasal monophthongs]] of Standard Luthic]] | ||
When the mid vowels /ε, ɔ/ precede a nasal, they become close [ẽ] rather than [ε̃] and [õ] rather than [ɔ̃]. | When the mid vowels [[w:Help:IPA|/ε, ɔ/]] precede a nasal, they become close [[w:Help:IPA|[ẽ]]] rather than [[w:Help:IPA|[ε̃]]] and [[w:Help:IPA|[õ]]] rather than [[w:Help:IPA|[ɔ̃]]]. | ||
* /i/ is close front unrounded [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|[i]]]. <small>f1 =337 y f2 =2300; f1 =400 y f2 =2600 hz</small>. | * /i/ is close front unrounded [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|[i]]]. <small>f1 =337 y f2 =2300; f1 =400 y f2 =2600 hz</small>. | ||
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* /ɐ̃/ is near-open central unrounded [[w:Near-open central vowel|[ɐ̃]]]. f1 =700 y f2 =1300 hz; <small>f1 =715 hz y f2 =1400 hz</small>. | * /ɐ̃/ is near-open central unrounded [[w:Near-open central vowel|[ɐ̃]]]. f1 =700 y f2 =1300 hz; <small>f1 =715 hz y f2 =1400 hz</small>. | ||
* /a/ has been variously described as open front unrounded [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|[a]]] and open central unrounded [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|[ä]]]. <small>f1 =700 y f2 =1350 hz; f1 =750 y f2 =1500 hz</small>. | * /a/ has been variously described as open front unrounded [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|[a]]] and open central unrounded [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|[ä]]]. <small>f1 =700 y f2 =1350 hz; f1 =750 y f2 =1500 hz</small>. | ||
It has been registered that word-final [[w:Help:IPA|/i, u/]] are raised and end in a voiceless vowel: [[w:Help:IPA|[ii̥, uu̥]]]. The voiceless vowels may sound almost like [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|[ç]]] and [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|[x]]] retrospectively, mainly around [[w:Lugo, Emilia-Romagna|Lugo]], it is also transcribed as [[w:Help:IPA|[ii̥ᶜ̧, uu̥ˣ]]] or [[w:Help:IPA|[iᶜ̧, uˣ]]]. In the same region, it is common to have interconsonantal laxed variants [[w:Help:IPA|[i̽, u̽]]] and these laxed forms often have a schwa-like off-glide [[w:Help:IPA|[i̽ə̯, u̽ə̯]]], that is further described as an extra short schwa-like off-glide [[w:Help:IPA|[ə̯̆]]] ([[w:Help:IPA|[i̽ə̯̆, u̽ə̯̆]]] or [[w:Help:IPA|[i̽ᵊ, u̽ᵊ]]]). The status of [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɛ]]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɔ]]] is up to debate, and it is often believed that the long vowel phonemes that were present in Gothic resulted in schwa-glides [[w:Help:IPA|[ɛə̯̆, ɔə̯̆]]], or further fortified to a quasi-diphthong [[w:Help:IPA|[ɛæ̯̆, ɔɒ̯̆]]] (henceforth only written ⟨[ɛ, ɔ]⟩ due to its questionable nature and for simplicity). | |||
====Diphthongs and triphthongs==== | ====Diphthongs and triphthongs==== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Notes===== | |||
* Diphthongs starting in [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/i/]] or [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/u/]] such as [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/iw/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/uj/]] are in free variation with [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ju/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/wi/]]. | |||
* All vowels are lowered and retracted before [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]]: [[w:Help:IPA|[ɪ, u̞, ë̞, o̞, æ̈, ʌ, ɒ, ɑ]]]. | |||
* All vowels are raised and advanced before [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]]: [[w:Help:IPA|[i, u, e̟, o̟, ɛ̝, ɐ̝, ɔ̝, ä̝]]]. | |||
It has also been registered that vowels may be [[w:Roundedness|rounded]] before [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]]: [[w:Help:IPA|[y, u, ø, o, œ, ɐ͗, ɔ, a͗]]], resulting in further lowered and retracted rounded vowels [[w:Help:IPA|[ʏ, u̞, ø̞̈, o̞, æ̹̈, ɔ, ɒ, ɒ]]]. This mainly occurs where other [[w:Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic languages]] are more predominant, such as [[w:Lombard language|Lombard]] and [[w:Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]. | |||
====Consonants==== | ====Consonants==== | ||
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** /ɲ/ is alveolo-palatal, always geminate when intervocalic. | ** /ɲ/ is alveolo-palatal, always geminate when intervocalic. | ||
** /ŋ/ has a labio-velar allophone [[w:Labialization|[ŋʷ]]] before labio-velar plosives. | ** /ŋ/ has a labio-velar allophone [[w:Labialization|[ŋʷ]]] before labio-velar plosives. | ||
*** [ŋʷ] may be further palatalised to a palato-labialised velar nasal [ŋᶣ] before [[IPA for Luthic|/i, e, ɛ, j/]]. | *** [[w:Labialization|[ŋʷ]]] may be further palatalised to a palato-labialised velar nasal [[w:Palatalization (phonetics)|[ŋᶣ]]] before [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/i, e, ɛ, j/]]. | ||
** /ŋ/ is pre-velar [[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal#Post-palatal|[ŋ˖]]] before [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_note-1|[k̟, ɡ̟]]]. | ** /ŋ/ is pre-velar [[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal#Post-palatal|[ŋ˖]]] before [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_note-1|[k̟, ɡ̟]]]. | ||
** /ŋ/ is post-velar [[w:Voiced uvular nasal|[ŋ˗]]] before [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_ref-2|[k̠, ɡ˗]]], it may also be described as an uvular [[w:Voiced uvular nasal|[ɴ]]]. | ** /ŋ/ is post-velar [[w:Voiced uvular nasal|[ŋ˗]]] before [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_ref-2|[k̠, ɡ˗]]], it may also be described as an uvular [[w:Voiced uvular nasal|[ɴ]]]. | ||
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** /p/ /b/ are purely bilabial. | ** /p/ /b/ are purely bilabial. | ||
** /t/ and /d/ are laminal dentialveolar [[w:Laminal consonant|[t̻, d̻]]]. | ** /t/ and /d/ are laminal dentialveolar [[w:Laminal consonant|[t̻, d̻]]]. | ||
** /k/ and /ɡ/ are pre-velar [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_note-1|[k̟, ɡ̟]]] before [[IPA for Luthic|/i, e, ɛ, j/]]. | ** /k/ and /ɡ/ are pre-velar [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_note-1|[k̟, ɡ̟]]] before [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/i, e, ɛ, j/]]. | ||
** /k/ and /ɡ/ are post-velar [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_ref-2|[k̠, ɡ˗]]] before [[IPA for Luthic|/o, ɔ, u/]], they may also be described as uvulars [[w:Voiced uvular plosive|[q]], [[w:Voiceless uvular plosive|ɢ]]]. | ** /k/ and /ɡ/ are post-velar [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_ref-2|[k̠, ɡ˗]]] before [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/o, ɔ, u/]], they may also be described as uvulars [[w:Voiced uvular plosive|[q]], [[w:Voiceless uvular plosive|ɢ]]]. | ||
** /kʷ/ and /ɡʷ/ are palato-labialised [kᶣ, ɡᶣ] before [[IPA for Luthic|/i, e, ɛ, j/]]. | ** /kʷ/ and /ɡʷ/ are palato-labialised [[w:Palatalization (phonetics)|[kᶣ, ɡᶣ]]] before [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/i, e, ɛ, j/]]. | ||
* '''Affricates:''' | * '''Affricates:''' | ||
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* '''Approximants, trill and laterals:''' | * '''Approximants, trill and laterals:''' | ||
** /j/ and /w/ are always geminate when intervocalic. | ** /j/ and /w/ are always geminate when intervocalic. | ||
** /r/ is alveolar [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced_alveolar_trill|r]]. | ** /r/ is alveolar [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced_alveolar_trill|[r]]]. | ||
** /l/ is laminal alveolar [[w:Laminal consonant|[l̻]]]. | ** /l/ is laminal alveolar [[w:Laminal consonant|[l̻]]]. | ||
** /ʎ/ is alveolo-palatal, always geminate when intervocalic. | ** /ʎ/ is alveolo-palatal, always geminate when intervocalic. | ||
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Unstressed a resulted in a slightly raised a [[w:Near-open central vowel|[ɐ]]]. In hiatus, unstressed front vowels become [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]], while unstressed back vowels become [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]]. Unlike other Romance languages, the Luthic vowel system was not so affected by [[w:Metaphony|metaphony]], such as [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] raising to [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] or [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] raising to [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]]: | Unstressed a resulted in a slightly raised a [[w:Near-open central vowel|[ɐ]]]. In hiatus, unstressed front vowels become [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]], while unstressed back vowels become [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]]. Unlike other Romance languages, the Luthic vowel system was not so affected by [[w:Metaphony|metaphony]], such as [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] raising to [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] or [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] raising to [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]]: | ||
* Classical Latin [[wikt:vindemia#Latin|''vī̆ndēmia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[u̯i(ː)n̪.ˈd̪eː.mi.ä]]] > Vulgar Latin *[[w:Proto-Romance_language#Phonology|[benˈde.mja]]] > Spanish [[wikt:vendimia#Spanish|''vendimia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:es|[bẽn̪ˈd̪i.mja]]], but the Luthic cognate ''vendemia'' [[IPA for Luthic|[venˈde.mjɐ]]] | * Classical Latin [[wikt:vindemia#Latin|''vī̆ndēmia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[u̯i(ː)n̪.ˈd̪eː.mi.ä]]] > Vulgar Latin *[[w:Proto-Romance_language#Phonology|[benˈde.mja]]] > Spanish [[wikt:vendimia#Spanish|''vendimia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:es|[bẽn̪ˈd̪i.mja]]], but the Luthic cognate ''vendemia'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[venˈde.mjɐ]]] | ||
In addition to monophthongs, Luthic has diphthongs, which, however, are both phonemically and phonetically simply combinations of the other vowels. None of the diphthongs are, however, considered to have distinct phonemic status since their constituents do not behave differently from how they occur in isolation, unlike the diphthongs in other languages like English and German. Grammatical tradition distinguishes “falling” from “rising” diphthongs, but since rising diphthongs are composed of one semiconsonantal sound [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|[j]]] or [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|[w]]] and one vowel sound, they are not actually diphthongs. The practice of referring to them as “diphthongs” has been criticised by phoneticians like Alareicu Villavolfu. | In addition to monophthongs, Luthic has diphthongs, which, however, are both phonemically and phonetically simply combinations of the other vowels. None of the diphthongs are, however, considered to have distinct phonemic status since their constituents do not behave differently from how they occur in isolation, unlike the diphthongs in other languages like English and German. Grammatical tradition distinguishes “falling” from “rising” diphthongs, but since rising diphthongs are composed of one semiconsonantal sound [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|[j]]] or [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|[w]]] and one vowel sound, they are not actually diphthongs. The practice of referring to them as “diphthongs” has been criticised by phoneticians like Alareicu Villavolfu. | ||
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Clusters such as -p.t- -k.t- -x.t- are always smoothed to -t.t-. | Clusters such as -p.t- -k.t- -x.t- are always smoothed to -t.t-. | ||
* Latin [[wikt:aptus#Latin|''aptus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈäp.t̪us̠ ~ ˈäp.t̪ʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''attu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈat.tu]]] | * Latin [[wikt:aptus#Latin|''aptus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈäp.t̪us̠ ~ ˈäp.t̪ʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''attu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈat.tu]]] | ||
* Latin [[wikt:actualis#Latin|''āctuālis'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äːk.t̪uˈäː.lʲis̠ ~ äːk.t̪uˈäː.lʲɪs̠]]] > Luthic ''attuale'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɐtˈtwa.le]]] | * Latin [[wikt:actualis#Latin|''āctuālis'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äːk.t̪uˈäː.lʲis̠ ~ äːk.t̪uˈäː.lʲɪs̠]]] > Luthic ''attuale'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐtˈtwa.le]]] | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿#Gothic|𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿]] (''ahtau'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈax.tɔː]]] > Luthic ''attau'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈat.tɔ]]] | * Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿#Gothic|𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿]] (''ahtau'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈax.tɔː]]] > Luthic ''attau'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈat.tɔ]]] | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃#Gothic|𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃]] (''nahts'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[naxts]]] > Luthic ''nattu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈnat.tu]]] | * Gothic [[wikt:𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃#Gothic|𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃]] (''nahts'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[naxts]]] > Luthic ''nattu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈnat.tu]]] | ||
This is also valid for other CC clusters with similar [[w:Manner of articulation|manner]] or [[w:Place of articulation|place]]. | This is also valid for other CC clusters with similar [[w:Manner of articulation|manner]] or [[w:Place of articulation|place]]. | ||
=====Absorption of nasals before fricatives===== | =====Absorption of nasals before fricatives===== | ||
This is the source of such alterations as modern Standard Luthic ''fimfe'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈfĩ.ɸe]]] “five”, ''monþu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈmõ.θu]]] “mouth” versus Gothic [[wikt:𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆#Gothic|𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɸimɸ]]] “''id.''”, [[wikt:𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃#Gothic|𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈmunθs]]] “''id.''” and German [[wikt:fünf#German|fünf]] [[wikt:AP:pron:de|[fʏnf]]] “''id.''”, [[wikt:Mund#German|Mund]] [[wikt:AP:pron:de|[mʊnt]]] “''id.''”. | This is the source of such alterations as modern Standard Luthic ''fimfe'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfĩ.ɸe]]] “five”, ''monþu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmõ.θu]]] “mouth” versus Gothic [[wikt:𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆#Gothic|𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɸimɸ]]] “''id.''”, [[wikt:𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃#Gothic|𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈmunθs]]] “''id.''” and German [[wikt:fünf#German|fünf]] [[wikt:AP:pron:de|[fʏnf]]] “''id.''”, [[wikt:Mund#German|Mund]] [[wikt:AP:pron:de|[mʊnt]]] “''id.''”. | ||
=====Monophthongization===== | =====Monophthongization===== | ||
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Early evidence of palatalised pronunciations of [[w:Help:IPA|/tj kj/]] appears as early as the 2nd–3rd centuries AD in the form of spelling mistakes interchanging ⟨ti⟩ and ⟨ci⟩ before a following vowel, as in ⟨tribunitiae⟩ for [[wikt:tribuniciae#Latin|''tribūnīciae'']]. This is assumed to reflect the fronting of Latin [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] in this environment to [[w:Help:IPA|[c ~ t͡sʲ]]]. Palatalisation of the velar consonants [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] and [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] occurred in certain environments, mostly involving front vowels; additional palatalisation is also found in dental consonants [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|/t/]], [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|/d/]], [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|/l/]] and [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|/n/]], however, these are often not palatalised in word initial environment. | Early evidence of palatalised pronunciations of [[w:Help:IPA|/tj kj/]] appears as early as the 2nd–3rd centuries AD in the form of spelling mistakes interchanging ⟨ti⟩ and ⟨ci⟩ before a following vowel, as in ⟨tribunitiae⟩ for [[wikt:tribuniciae#Latin|''tribūnīciae'']]. This is assumed to reflect the fronting of Latin [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] in this environment to [[w:Help:IPA|[c ~ t͡sʲ]]]. Palatalisation of the velar consonants [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] and [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] occurred in certain environments, mostly involving front vowels; additional palatalisation is also found in dental consonants [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|/t/]], [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|/d/]], [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|/l/]] and [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|/n/]], however, these are often not palatalised in word initial environment. | ||
* Latin [[wikt:amicus#Latin|''amīcus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äˈmiː.kus̠ ~ äˈmiː.kʊs̠]]], [[wikt:amici#Latin|''amīcī'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äˈmiː.kiː]]] > Luthic ''amicu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɐˈmi.xu]]], ''amici'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɐˈmi.t͡ʃi]]]. | * Latin [[wikt:amicus#Latin|''amīcus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äˈmiː.kus̠ ~ äˈmiː.kʊs̠]]], [[wikt:amici#Latin|''amīcī'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äˈmiː.kiː]]] > Luthic ''amicu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐˈmi.xu]]], ''amici'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐˈmi.t͡ʃi]]]. | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰#Gothic|𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰]] (''giba'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɡiβa]]] > Luthic ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]]. | * Gothic [[wikt:𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰#Gothic|𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰]] (''giba'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɡiβa]]] > Luthic ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]]. | ||
* Latin [[wikt:ratio#Latin|''ratiō'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈrä.t̪i.oː]]] > Luthic ''razione'' [[IPA for Luthic|[rɐˈd͡zjo.ne]]]. | * Latin [[wikt:ratio#Latin|''ratiō'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈrä.t̪i.oː]]] > Luthic ''razione'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[rɐˈd͡zjo.ne]]]. | ||
* Latin [[wikt:filius#Latin|''fīlius'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈfiː.l(ʲ)i.us̠ ~ ˈfiː.l(ʲ)i.ʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''figlu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈfiʎ.ʎu]]]. | * Latin [[wikt:filius#Latin|''fīlius'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈfiː.l(ʲ)i.us̠ ~ ˈfiː.l(ʲ)i.ʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''figlu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfiʎ.ʎu]]]. | ||
* Latin [[wikt:linea#Latin|''līnea'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈliː.ne.ä ~ ˈlʲiː.ne.ä]]] > Luthic ''ligna'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈliɲ.ɲɐ]]]. | * Latin [[wikt:linea#Latin|''līnea'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈliː.ne.ä ~ ˈlʲiː.ne.ä]]] > Luthic ''ligna'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈliɲ.ɲɐ]]]. | ||
* Latin [[wikt:pugnus#Latin|''pugnus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈpuŋ.nus̠ ~ ˈpʊŋ.nʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''pognu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈpoɲ.ɲu]]]. | * Latin [[wikt:pugnus#Latin|''pugnus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈpuŋ.nus̠ ~ ˈpʊŋ.nʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''pognu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈpoɲ.ɲu]]]. | ||
* Latin [[wikt:acrimonia#Latin|''ācrimōnia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äː.kriˈmoː.ni.ä ~ äː.krɪˈmoː.ni.ä]]] > Luthic ''acremogna'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɐ.kreˈmoɲ.ɲɐ]]]. | * Latin [[wikt:acrimonia#Latin|''ācrimōnia'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äː.kriˈmoː.ni.ä ~ äː.krɪˈmoː.ni.ä]]] > Luthic ''acremogna'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.kreˈmoɲ.ɲɐ]]]. | ||
Labio-velars remain unpalatalised, except in monosyllabic environment: | Labio-velars remain unpalatalised, except in monosyllabic environment: | ||
* Latin [[wikt:quis#Latin|''quis'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[kʷis̠ ~ kʷɪs̠]]] > Luthic ''ce'' [[IPA for Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]]. | * Latin [[wikt:quis#Latin|''quis'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[kʷis̠ ~ kʷɪs̠]]] > Luthic ''ce'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]]. | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽]] (''qiman'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈkʷiman]]] > Luthic ''qemare'' [[IPA for Luthic|[kʷeˈma.re ~ kᶣeˈma.re]]]. | * Gothic [[wikt:𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽]] (''qiman'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈkʷiman]]] > Luthic ''qemare'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷeˈma.re ~ kᶣeˈma.re]]]. | ||
In some cases, palatalisation occurs word initially, mainly if [[w:Help:IPA|/kn/]] is the initial cluster: | In some cases, palatalisation occurs word initially, mainly if [[w:Help:IPA|/kn/]] is the initial cluster: | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃#Gothic|𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃]] (''knōþs'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[knoːθs]]] > Luthic ''gnoðe'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɲo.ðe]]]. | * Gothic [[wikt:𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃#Gothic|𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃]] (''knōþs'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[knoːθs]]] > Luthic ''gnoðe'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɲo.ðe]]]. | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽]] (''kunnan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈkunːan]]], influenced by Latin [[wikt:cognosco#Latin|''(co)gnōscere'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[koŋˈnoːs̠.ke.re ~ kɔŋˈnoːs̠.kɛ.rɛ]]] and later Langobardic [[wikt:knajan#Old_High_German|''*knājan'']] [[w:Old_High_German#Phonology|*/ˈknaːjan/]] > Luthic ''gnoscere'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɲoʃˈʃe.re]]] | * Gothic [[wikt:𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽]] (''kunnan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈkunːan]]], influenced by Latin [[wikt:cognosco#Latin|''(co)gnōscere'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[koŋˈnoːs̠.ke.re ~ kɔŋˈnoːs̠.kɛ.rɛ]]] and later Langobardic [[wikt:knajan#Old_High_German|''*knājan'']] [[w:Old_High_German#Phonology|*/ˈknaːjan/]] > Luthic ''gnoscere'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɲoʃˈʃe.re]]] | ||
* Langobardic [[wikt:knohha#Old_High_German|''*knohha'']] [[w:Old_High_German#Phonology|*/ˈknoxːa ~ ˈknɔxːa/]] > Luthic ''gnoccu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɲɔk.ku]]]. | * Langobardic [[wikt:knohha#Old_High_German|''*knohha'']] [[w:Old_High_German#Phonology|*/ˈknoxːa ~ ˈknɔxːa/]] > Luthic ''gnoccu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɲɔk.ku]]]. | ||
It may not happen if intervocalic: | It may not happen if intervocalic: | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌺𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌽#Gothic|𐌺𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌽]] (''kēlikn'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈkeːlikn]]] > Luthic ''celecna'' [[IPA for Luthic|[t͡ʃeˈlek.nɐ]]]. | * Gothic [[wikt:𐌺𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌽#Gothic|𐌺𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌺𐌽]] (''kēlikn'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈkeːlikn]]] > Luthic ''celecna'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃeˈlek.nɐ]]]. | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌽]] (''auknan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɔːknan]]] > Luthic ''aucnare'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɔkˈna.re]]]. | * Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌽]] (''auknan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɔːknan]]] > Luthic ''aucnare'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɔkˈna.re]]]. | ||
=====Lenition===== | =====Lenition===== | ||
The Gotho-Romance family suffered very few lenitions, but in most cases the stops /p t k/ are lenited to /b d ɡ/ if not in onset position, before or after a sonorant or in intervocalic position as a geminate. A similar process happens with /b/ that is lenited to /v ~ β/ in the same conditions. The unstressed labio-velar /kʷ/ delabialises before hard vowels, as in: | The Gotho-Romance family suffered very few lenitions, but in most cases the stops /p t k/ are lenited to /b d ɡ/ if not in onset position, before or after a sonorant or in intervocalic position as a geminate. A similar process happens with /b/ that is lenited to /v ~ β/ in the same conditions. The unstressed labio-velar /kʷ/ delabialises before hard vowels, as in: | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:𐍈𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐍈𐌰𐌽]] (''ƕan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ʍan]]] > *[kʷɐn] > Luthic ''can'' [[IPA for Luthic|[kɐn]]]. | * Gothic [[wikt:𐍈𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐍈𐌰𐌽]] (''ƕan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ʍan]]] > *[kʷɐn] > Luthic ''can'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐn]]]. | ||
* Latin [[wikt:numquam#Latin|''numquam'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈnuŋ.kʷä̃ː ~ ˈnʊŋ.kʷä̃ː]]] > Luthic ''nogca'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈnoŋ.kɐ]]]. | * Latin [[wikt:numquam#Latin|''numquam'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈnuŋ.kʷä̃ː ~ ˈnʊŋ.kʷä̃ː]]] > Luthic ''nogca'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈnoŋ.kɐ]]]. | ||
Luthic is further affected by the Gorgia Toscana effect, where every plosive is spirantised (or further approximated if voiced). Plosives, however, are not affected if: | Luthic is further affected by the Gorgia Toscana effect, where every plosive is spirantised (or further approximated if voiced). Plosives, however, are not affected if: | ||
Line 671: | Line 680: | ||
In every case, [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] and [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]] are fortified to [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] and [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v]] ~ [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|β/]], except when triggered by hiatus collapse. The Germanic [[w:Help:IPA|/xʷ ~ hʷ ~ ʍ/]] is also fortified to [[w:Labialization|/kʷ/]] in every position; which can be further lenited to [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k]] ~ [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ/]] in the environments given above. The Germanic [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|/h]] ~ [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x/]] is fortified to [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] before a rhotic or a lateral, as in: | In every case, [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] and [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]] are fortified to [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] and [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v]] ~ [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|β/]], except when triggered by hiatus collapse. The Germanic [[w:Help:IPA|/xʷ ~ hʷ ~ ʍ/]] is also fortified to [[w:Labialization|/kʷ/]] in every position; which can be further lenited to [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k]] ~ [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ/]] in the environments given above. The Germanic [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|/h]] ~ [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x/]] is fortified to [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] before a rhotic or a lateral, as in: | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃#Gothic|𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃]] (''hlaifs'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈhlɛːɸs]]] > Luthic ''claefu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈklɛ.ɸu]]]. | * Gothic [[wikt:𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃#Gothic|𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃]] (''hlaifs'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈhlɛːɸs]]] > Luthic ''claefu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈklɛ.ɸu]]]. | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:Reconstruction:Gothic/𐌷𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|*𐌷𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃]] (''hriggs'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈhriŋɡs ~ ˈhriŋks]]] > Luthic ''creggu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkreŋ˗.ɡ˗u]]]. | * Gothic [[wikt:Reconstruction:Gothic/𐌷𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|*𐌷𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃]] (''hriggs'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈhriŋɡs ~ ˈhriŋks]]] > Luthic ''creggu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkreŋ˗.ɡ˗u]]]. | ||
Coda consonants with similar articulations often [[w:Sandhi|sandhi]], triggering a kind of [[w:Syntactic gemination|syntactic gemination]], it also happens with [[w:Oxytone|oxytones]]: | Coda consonants with similar articulations often [[w:Sandhi|sandhi]], triggering a kind of [[w:Syntactic gemination|syntactic gemination]], it also happens with [[w:Oxytone|oxytones]]: | ||
* ''Ed þû, ce taugis?'' [[IPA for Luthic|[e.θ‿ˈθu | t͡ʃe ˈtɔ.d͡ʒis]]]. | * ''Ed þû, ce taugis?'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[e.θ‿ˈθu | t͡ʃe ˈtɔ.d͡ʒis]]]. | ||
* ''La cittâ stâþ sporca'' [[IPA for Luthic|[lɐ t͡ʃitˈta.s‿ˈsta.s‿ˈspor.kɐ]]]. | * ''La cittâ stâþ sporca'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[lɐ t͡ʃitˈta.s‿ˈsta.s‿ˈspor.kɐ]]]. | ||
=====Deletion===== | =====Deletion===== | ||
Line 688: | Line 697: | ||
Vowels other than [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|/ä/]] are often syncopated in unstressed word-internal syllables, especially when in contact with liquid consonants: | Vowels other than [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|/ä/]] are often syncopated in unstressed word-internal syllables, especially when in contact with liquid consonants: | ||
* Latin [[wikt:angulus#Latin|''angulus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈäŋ.ɡu.ɫ̪us̠ ~ ˈäŋ.ɡʊ.ɫ̪ʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''agglu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈaŋ.ɡlu]]]. | * Latin [[wikt:angulus#Latin|''angulus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈäŋ.ɡu.ɫ̪us̠ ~ ˈäŋ.ɡʊ.ɫ̪ʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''agglu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaŋ.ɡlu]]]. | ||
* Latin [[wikt:speculum#Latin|''speculum'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈs̠pɛ.ku.ɫ̪ũː ~ ˈs̠pɛ.kʊ.ɫ̪ũː]]] ~ Luthic ''speclo'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈspɛ.klo]]]. | * Latin [[wikt:speculum#Latin|''speculum'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[ˈs̠pɛ.ku.ɫ̪ũː ~ ˈs̠pɛ.kʊ.ɫ̪ũː]]] ~ Luthic ''speclo'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈspɛ.klo]]]. | ||
* Latin [[wikt:avunculus#Latin|''avunculus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äˈu̯uŋ.ku.ɫ̪us̠ ~ äˈu̯ʊŋ.kʊ.ɫ̪ʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''avogclu'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɐˈβoŋ.klu]]]. | * Latin [[wikt:avunculus#Latin|''avunculus'']] [[wikt:AP:pron:la|[äˈu̯uŋ.ku.ɫ̪us̠ ~ äˈu̯ʊŋ.kʊ.ɫ̪ʊs̠]]] > Luthic ''avogclu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐˈβoŋ.klu]]]. | ||
====Phonotactics==== | ====Phonotactics==== | ||
Line 701: | Line 710: | ||
|+ '''Onset''' | |+ '''Onset''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|f ~ ɸ v ~ β p b t d k ɡ]] || [[IPA for Luthic|r]] || [[IPA for Luthic|j w]] | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|f ~ ɸ v ~ β p b t d k ɡ]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|r]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|j w]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|s]] || [[IPA for Luthic|p k]] || [[IPA for Luthic|r l]] | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|s]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|p k]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|r l]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|s]] || [[IPA for Luthic|f ~ ɸ t]] || [[IPA for Luthic|r]] | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|s]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|f ~ ɸ t]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|r]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|z]] || [[IPA for Luthic|b]] || [[IPA for Luthic|l]] | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|z]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|b]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|l]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|z]] || [[IPA for Luthic|d ɡ]] || [[IPA for Luthic|r]] | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|z]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|d ɡ]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|r]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|z]] || [[IPA for Luthic|m n v ~ β d͡ʒ r l]] || — | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|z]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|m n v ~ β d͡ʒ r l]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|p b f ~ ɸ v ~ β k ɡ]] || [[IPA for Luthic|r l]] || — | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|p b f ~ ɸ v ~ β k ɡ]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|r l]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|ɡ]] || [[IPA for Luthic|n l]] || — | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|ɡ]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|n l]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|p t k d]] || [[IPA for Luthic|r]] || — | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|p t k d]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|r]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|θ ð]] || [[IPA for Luthic|v ~ β r]] || — | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|θ ð]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|v ~ β r]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|t]] || [[IPA for Luthic|v ~ β]] || — | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|t]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|v ~ β]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|kʷ ɡʷ t͡s t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ r ɲ l ʎ]] || — || — | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|kʷ ɡʷ t͡s t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ r ɲ l ʎ]] || — || — | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''CC''' | '''CC''' | ||
* [[IPA for Luthic|/s/]] + any voiceless stop or [[IPA for Luthic|/f ~ ɸ/]]; | * [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/s/]] + any voiceless stop or [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/f ~ ɸ/]]; | ||
* [[IPA for Luthic|/z/]] + any voiced stop, [[IPA for Luthic|/v ~ β d͡ʒ m n l r/]]; | * [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/z/]] + any voiced stop, [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/v ~ β d͡ʒ m n l r/]]; | ||
* [[IPA for Luthic|/f ~ ɸ v ~ β/]], or any stop + [[IPA for Luthic|/r/]]; | * [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/f ~ ɸ v ~ β/]], or any stop + [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/r/]]; | ||
* [[IPA for Luthic|/f ~ ɸ v ~ β/]], or any stop except [[IPA for Luthic|/t d/]] + [[IPA for Luthic|/l/]]; | * [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/f ~ ɸ v ~ β/]], or any stop except [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/t d/]] + [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/l/]]; | ||
* [[IPA for Luthic|f ~ ɸ v ~ β s z/]], or any stop or nasal + [[IPA for Luthic|/j w/]]; | * [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|f ~ ɸ v ~ β s z/]], or any stop or nasal + [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/j w/]]; | ||
* In Graeco-Roman words origin which are only partially assimilated, other combinations such as [[IPA for Luthic|/pn/]] (e.g. ''pneumaticu''), [[IPA for Luthic|/mn/]] (e.g. ''mnemonicu''), [[IPA for Luthic|/tm/]] (e.g. ''tmesi''), and [[IPA for Luthic|/ps/]] (e.g. ''pseudo-'') occur. | * In Graeco-Roman words origin which are only partially assimilated, other combinations such as [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/pn/]] (e.g. ''pneumaticu''), [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/mn/]] (e.g. ''mnemonicu''), [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/tm/]] (e.g. ''tmesi''), and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ps/]] (e.g. ''pseudo-'') occur. | ||
As an onset, the cluster [[IPA for Luthic|/s/]] + voiceless consonant is inherently unstable. Phonetically, word-internal s+C normally syllabifies as [s.C]. A competing analysis accepts that while the syllabification /s.C/ is accurate historically, modern retreat of i-[[w:Prothesis (linguistics)|prosthesis]] before word initial /s/+C (e.g. ''miþ isforzȧ'' “with effort” has generally given way to ''miþ sforza'') suggests that the structure is now underdetermined, with occurrence of /s.C/ or /.sC/ variable “according to the context and the idiosyncratic behaviour of the speakers.” | As an onset, the cluster [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/s/]] + voiceless consonant is inherently unstable. Phonetically, word-internal s+C normally syllabifies as [s.C]. A competing analysis accepts that while the syllabification /s.C/ is accurate historically, modern retreat of i-[[w:Prothesis (linguistics)|prosthesis]] before word initial /s/+C (e.g. ''miþ isforzȧ'' “with effort” has generally given way to ''miþ sforza'') suggests that the structure is now underdetermined, with occurrence of /s.C/ or /.sC/ variable “according to the context and the idiosyncratic behaviour of the speakers.” | ||
'''CCC''' | '''CCC''' | ||
* [[IPA for Luthic|/s/]] + voiceless stop or [[IPA for Luthic|/f ~ ɸ/]] + [[IPA for Luthic|/r/]]; | * [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/s/]] + voiceless stop or [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/f ~ ɸ/]] + [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/r/]]; | ||
* [[IPA for Luthic|/z/]] + voiced stop + [[IPA for Luthic|/r/]]; | * [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/z/]] + voiced stop + [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/r/]]; | ||
* [[IPA for Luthic|/s/]] + [[IPA for Luthic|/p k/]] + [[IPA for Luthic|/l/]]; | * [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/s/]] + [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/p k/]] + [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/l/]]; | ||
* [[IPA for Luthic|/z/]] + [[IPA for Luthic|/b/]] + [[IPA for Luthic|/l/]]; | * [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/z/]] + [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/b/]] + [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/l/]]; | ||
* [[IPA for Luthic|/f ~ ɸ v ~ β/]] or any stop + [[IPA for Luthic|/r/]] + [[IPA for Luthic|/j w/]]. | * [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/f ~ ɸ v ~ β/]] or any stop + [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/r/]] + [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/j w/]]. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
Line 751: | Line 760: | ||
|+ '''Nucleus''' | |+ '''Nucleus''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|a ɐ e ɛ]] || i [j] u [w] || — | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|a ɐ e ɛ]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|i [j] u [w]]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|o ɔ]] || [[IPA for Luthic|i [j]]]|| — | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|o ɔ]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|i [j]]]|| — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|i [j]]] || [[IPA for Luthic|e o]] || — | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|i [j]]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|e o]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|i [j]]] || [[IPA for Luthic|ɐ ɛ ɔ]] || [[IPA for Luthic|i [j]]] | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|i [j]]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|ɐ ɛ ɔ]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|i [j]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|i [j]]] || [[IPA for Luthic|u [w]]] || [[IPA for Luthic|o]] | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|i [j]]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|u [w]]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|o]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|u [w]]] || [[IPA for Luthic|ɐ ɛ ɔ]] || [[IPA for Luthic|i [j]]] | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|u [w]]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|ɐ ɛ ɔ]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|i [j]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|u [w]]] || [[IPA for Luthic|e o]] || — | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|u [w]]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|e o]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|u [w]]] || [[IPA for Luthic|i]] || — | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|u [w]]] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|i]] || — | ||
|} | |} | ||
The nucleus is the only mandatory part of a syllable and must be a vowel or a diphthong. In a falling diphthong the most common second elements are [[w:Help:IPA|/i̯/]] or [[w:Help:IPA|/u̯/]]. Combinations of [[IPA for Luthic|/j w/]] with vowels are often labelled diphthongs, allowing for combinations of /j w/ with falling diphthongs to be called triphthongs. One view holds that it is more accurate to label [[IPA for Luthic|/j w/]] as consonants and /jV wV/ as consonant-vowel sequences rather than rising diphthongs. In that interpretation, Luthic has only falling diphthongs (phonemically at least, cf. [[w:Synaeresis|synaeresis]]) and no triphthongs. | The nucleus is the only mandatory part of a syllable and must be a vowel or a diphthong. In a falling diphthong the most common second elements are [[w:Help:IPA|/i̯/]] or [[w:Help:IPA|/u̯/]]. Combinations of [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/j w/]] with vowels are often labelled diphthongs, allowing for combinations of /j w/ with falling diphthongs to be called triphthongs. One view holds that it is more accurate to label [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/j w/]] as consonants and /jV wV/ as consonant-vowel sequences rather than rising diphthongs. In that interpretation, Luthic has only falling diphthongs (phonemically at least, cf. [[w:Synaeresis|synaeresis]]) and no triphthongs. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
Line 775: | Line 784: | ||
|+ '''Coda''' | |+ '''Coda''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic|m n l r]] || Cₓ | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|m n l r]] || Cₓ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Cₓ || — | | Cₓ || — | ||
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* The first element of any geminate. | * The first element of any geminate. | ||
* A nasal consonant that is either [[IPA for Luthic|/n/]] (word-finally) or one that is homorganic to a following consonant. | * A nasal consonant that is either [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/n/]] (word-finally) or one that is homorganic to a following consonant. | ||
* [[IPA for Luthic|/r/]] and [[IPA for Luthic|/l/]]. | * [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/r/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/l/]]. | ||
* [[IPA for Luthic|/s/]] (though not before fricatives). | * [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/s/]] (though not before fricatives). | ||
=====Prosody===== | =====Prosody===== | ||
Luthic is quasi-[[w:Paroxytone|paroxytonic]], meaning that most words receive stress on their penultimate (second-to-last) syllable. Monosyllabic words tend to lack stress in their only syllable, unless emphasised or accentuated. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns. Some monosyllabic words may have natural stress (even if not emphasised), but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words. | Luthic is quasi-[[w:Paroxytone|paroxytonic]], meaning that most words receive stress on their penultimate (second-to-last) syllable. Monosyllabic words tend to lack stress in their only syllable, unless emphasised or accentuated. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns. Some monosyllabic words may have natural stress (even if not emphasised), but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words. | ||
* ''rasda'' (ʀᴀ-sda ~ ʀᴀs-da) [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈra.zdɐ ~ ˈraz.dɐ]]]; | * ''rasda'' (ʀᴀ-sda ~ ʀᴀs-da) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈra.zdɐ ~ ˈraz.dɐ]]]; | ||
* ''Italia'' (i-ᴛᴀ-lia) [[IPA for Luthic|[iˈta.ljɐ]]]; | * ''Italia'' (i-ᴛᴀ-lia) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[iˈta.ljɐ]]]; | ||
* ''approssimativamente'' (ap-pros-si-ma-ti-va-ᴍᴇɴ-te) [[IPA for Luthic|[ɐp.pros.si.mɐ.θi.βɐˈmen.te]]]. | * ''approssimativamente'' (ap-pros-si-ma-ti-va-ᴍᴇɴ-te) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐp.pros.si.mɐ.θi.βɐˈmen.te]]]. | ||
Compound words have secondary stress on their penultimate syllable. Some suffixes also maintain the suffixed word secondary stress. | Compound words have secondary stress on their penultimate syllable. Some suffixes also maintain the suffixed word secondary stress. | ||
* ''panzar'' + ''campo'' + ''vagnu'' > ''panzarcampovagnu'' (ᴘᴀɴ-zar-ᴄᴀᴍ-po-ᴠᴀ-gnu) [[IPA for Luthic|ˌpan.t͡sɐrˌkam.poˈβaɲ.ɲu]]]; | * ''panzar'' + ''campo'' + ''vagnu'' > ''panzarcampovagnu'' (ᴘᴀɴ-zar-ᴄᴀᴍ-po-ᴠᴀ-gnu) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|ˌpan.t͡sɐrˌkam.poˈβaɲ.ɲu]]]; | ||
* ''broþar'' + ''-scape'' > ''broþarscape'' (ʙʀᴏ-þar-sᴄᴀ-pe) [[IPA for Luthic|ˌbro.θɐrˈska.ɸe]]]. | * ''broþar'' + ''-scape'' > ''broþarscape'' (ʙʀᴏ-þar-sᴄᴀ-pe) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|ˌbro.θɐrˈska.ɸe]]]. | ||
Secondary stress is however often omitted by Italian influence. Tetrasyllabic (and beyond) words may have a very weak secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress). | Secondary stress is however often omitted by Italian influence. Tetrasyllabic (and beyond) words may have a very weak secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress). | ||
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=====10 months===== | =====10 months===== | ||
Most consonants are word-initial only: They are voiced stops /d/, /b/ and the nasal /m/. A presence of voiceless stops is also found as /t/, /p/ and rarely /k/; who can be allphones of each other. A preference for a front place of articulation is present. Clicks are also present, although mostly for imitative suckling sounds. | Most consonants are word-initial only: They are voiced stops [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|/d/]], [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|/b/]] and the nasal [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|/m/]]. A presence of voiceless stops is also found as [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|/t/]], [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|/p/]] and rarely [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]]; who can be allphones of each other. A preference for a front place of articulation is present. Clicks are also present, although mostly for imitative suckling sounds, [[w:Blowing a raspberry|blowing a raspberry]] has also a common register between toddlers. | ||
[[w:Babbling|Babbling]] becomes distinct from previous, less structured vocal play. Initially, syllable structure is limited to CVCV, called [[w:Reduplication|reduplicated babbling]]. Consonant clusters are still absent. Children’s first ten words appear around month 12, and take CVCV format, such as ''mama'' “mother”, ''papa'' “father” and ''dada'' “give me!”. | [[w:Babbling|Babbling]] becomes distinct from previous, less structured vocal play. Initially, syllable structure is limited to CVCV, called [[w:Reduplication|reduplicated babbling]]. Consonant clusters are still absent. Children’s first ten words appear around month 12, and take CVCV format, such as ''mama'' “mother”, ''papa'' “father” and ''dada'' “give me!”. | ||
=====21 months===== | =====21 months===== | ||
More phones now appear: the nasal /n/, the voiceless fricative /t͡ʃ/, who can be an allphone of /t ~ d/; as voice is still not a distinctive feature, and the liquid /l/. The preference for front articulation is still present, triggering palatalisation. | More phones now appear: the nasal [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|/n/]], the voiceless fricative [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]], who can be an allphone of [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|/t]] ~ [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d/]]; as voice is still not a distinctive feature, and the liquid [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|/l]]/. The preference for front articulation is still present, triggering palatalisation. | ||
=====24 months===== | =====24 months===== | ||
Fricatives may appear: /f ~ v/ and /s/ (who can be further palatalised to /ʃ/), primarily at intervocalic position. Voice may become a distinctive feature at this stage. Onomatopoeiae are also produced, such as /aw aw/ for [[w:Bark|dog’s barking]]; /ow/, or preferably /aj/ for denoting pain. Production of trisyllabic words begins, such as C₁VC₂VC₃V. Consonant clusters are now present and are often subject to [[w:Consonant harmony|consonant harmony]], such as ''-mb-'', ''-nd-'' and ''-dr-''; however voiced-voiceless clusters are still rare, such as ''-mp-'' and ''-tr-''. | Fricatives may appear: [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f]] ~ [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v/]] and [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|/s/]] (who can be further palatalised to [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]]), primarily at intervocalic position. Voice may become a distinctive feature at this stage. [[w:Onomatopoeia|Onomatopoeiae]] are also produced, such as [[w:Help:IPA|/aw aw/]] for [[w:Bark|dog’s barking]]; [[w:Help:IPA|/ow/]], or preferably [[w:Help:IPA|/aj/]] for denoting pain. Production of trisyllabic words begins, such as C₁VC₂VC₃V. Consonant clusters are now present and are often subject to [[w:Consonant harmony|consonant harmony]], such as ''-mb-'', ''-nd-'' and ''-dr-''; however voiced-voiceless clusters are still rare, such as ''-mp-'' and ''-tr-''. | ||
=====30 months===== | =====30 months===== | ||
Approximately equal numbers of phones are now produced in word-initial and intervocalic position. Additions to the phonetic inventory are the voiced stop /ɡ/ and a few consonant clusters. Co-articulations are perceived, such as labio-velar plosives. Alveolars and bilabials are the two most common places of articulation. Labiodental and postalveolar production increases throughout development, while velar production decreases. Luthic lenitions also become evident, as more fricatives and approximants are produced. Children develop syllabic segmentation awareness earlier than phonemic segmentation awareness. | Approximately equal numbers of phones are now produced in word-initial and intervocalic position. Additions to the phonetic inventory are the voiced stop [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] and a few consonant clusters. Co-articulations are perceived, such as labio-velar plosives. Alveolars and bilabials are the two most common places of articulation. Labiodental and postalveolar production increases throughout development, while velar production decreases. Luthic lenitions also become evident, as more fricatives and approximants are produced. Children develop syllabic segmentation awareness earlier than phonemic segmentation awareness. | ||
=====Word processes===== | =====Word processes===== | ||
These phonological processes may happen within a range of 3 to 6 years. | These phonological processes may happen within a range of 3 to 6 years. | ||
* ''Nasal assimilation:'' non-nasal sounds often become nasal sound due to a nasal sound in the word [ | * ''Nasal assimilation:'' non-nasal sounds often become nasal sound due to a nasal sound in the word [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈrɛn.dɐ]]] > [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈnen.nɐ]]]; | ||
* ''Weak syllable deletion:'' word-initial and word-terminal unstressed syllables are often omitted [bɐˈna.nɐ] > [ˈna.nɐ]; | * ''Weak syllable deletion:'' word-initial and word-terminal unstressed syllables are often omitted [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bɐˈna.nɐ]]] > [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈna.nɐ]]]; | ||
* ''Coda deletion:'' omission of general coda consonant and the final consonant in the word [kɐr] > [kɐ], [ˈbro.θɐr] > [ˈbro.θɐ] ([ˈbro]); | * ''Coda deletion:'' omission of general coda consonant and the final consonant in the word [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr]]] > [[w:Help:IPA|[kɐ]]], [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbro.θɐr]]] > [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈbro.θɐ]]] ([[w:Help:IPA|[ˈbro]]]); | ||
* ''Consonant harmony:'' a target word consonant takes on features of another target word consonant | * ''Consonant harmony:'' a target word consonant takes on features of another target word consonant [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐn]]] > [[w:Help:IPA|[kɐŋ]]], [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛk.kɐ]]] > [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈstɛt.tɐ]]] ([[w:Help:IPA|[ˈstɛt ~ ˈstɛ]]]); | ||
* ''Coalescence:'' adjacent consonants are merged into one with similar features [ˈzbaɸ.ɸu] > [ˈβaɸ.ɸu] ([ˈvaɸ.ɸu]); | * ''Coalescence:'' adjacent consonants are merged into one with similar features [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈzbaɸ.ɸu]]] > [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈβaɸ.ɸu]]] ([[w:Help:IPA|[ˈvaɸ.ɸu]]]); | ||
* ''Cluster reduction:'' consonant clusters are often simplifed into a single consonant [oˈrek.klɐ] > [oˈrel.lɐ] ([ˈrel.lɐ]); | * ''Cluster reduction:'' consonant clusters are often simplifed into a single consonant [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[oˈrek.klɐ]]] > [[w:Help:IPA|[oˈrel.lɐ]]] ([[w:Help:IPA|[ˈrel.lɐ]]]); | ||
* ''Velar fronting:'' velar plosives are often replaced by alveolar ones nearby a front vowel [ki] > [ti]; | * ''Velar fronting:'' velar plosives are often replaced by alveolar ones nearby a front vowel [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ki]]] > [[w:Help:IPA|[ti ~ t͡ʃi]]]; | ||
* ''Stopping or affrication:'' fricatives are often fortified nearby a front vowel [si] > [ti ~ t͡ʃi]; | * ''Stopping or affrication:'' fricatives are often fortified nearby a front vowel [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[si]]] > [[w:Help:IPA|[ti ~ t͡ʃi]]]; | ||
* ''Gliding:'' taps and liquids are replaced by a glide [ˈka.ru] > [ˈka.wu], [ˈaʎ.ʎo] > [ˈaj.jo]. | * ''Gliding:'' taps and liquids are replaced by a glide [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈka.ru]]] > [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈka.wu]]], [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈaʎ.ʎo]]] > [[w:Help:IPA|[ˈaj.jo]]]. | ||
=====6 years===== | =====6 years===== | ||
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==Dialectology== | ==Dialectology== | ||
[[File:Dialect map.png|thumb|Geographical distribution.]] | [[File:Dialect map.png|thumb|Geographical distribution.]] | ||
Luthic has many [[w:Sociolect|sociolects]], whose differ in phonology and grammar; Standard Luthic is the only form who declines noun by cases, other informal sociolects are way closer to other Romance languages in grammar (restrict [[w:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]). Whereas sociolect refers to a variation in language between different social groups, dialect is a language variation based upon a geographical location, and Luthic has a small geographical area | Luthic has many [[w:Sociolect|sociolects]], whose differ in phonology and grammar; Standard Ravennese Luthic is the only form who declines noun by cases, other informal sociolects are way closer to other Romance languages in grammar (restrict [[w:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]). Whereas sociolect refers to a variation in language between different social groups, dialect is a language variation based upon a geographical location, and Luthic has a small geographical area. | ||
===Upper Luthic=== | ===Upper Luthic=== | ||
A major dialect is found nearby Ferrara, who was first mentioned when it was conquered by Germanic tribe the Lombards in 753 CE, and the Byzantine Empire lost its rule over the city. It was gifted to the [[w:Holy See|Holy See]] by the Franks in either 754 or 756 CE, and was led by the Bishops of Ravenna. Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries started reclaiming Podeltan lands in the 9th century. This contact with West Germanic languages, and the lesser presence of East Germanic influence (unlike Ravenna) modelled some sound changes in discrepancy when compared to Standard Ravennese Luthic. This dialect is often called '''Ferraresi Luthic''' (''Lûthica Estense'') or '''Upper Luthic''' (''Altalûthica''). | |||
* ''' | * '''Bilabial and labiodental merging:''' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɸ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/β/]] are merged with [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/f/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/v/]], a common feature among Luthic dialects. | ||
:* '' | :* ''soffiare'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] > ''soffiar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[so.fjɐr]]]; | ||
:* '' | :* ''avvoltu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐβˈβol.tu]]] > ''avvolt'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐ.volt]]]. | ||
* ''' | * '''Thorn fortition:''' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/θ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ð/]] are fortified to [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/t/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/d/]] in every position: | ||
:* '' | :* ''þû'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθu]]] > ''tû'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[tu]]]; | ||
:* '' | :* ''faðar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfa.ðɐr]]] > ''fadar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[fɐ.dɐɾ]]]. | ||
* '''Monophthongisation:''' Luthic diphthong /ju/ is monophthongised to /y/: | * '''Vowel fracture:''' Luthic strong vowels become diphthongs, ⟨ae⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɛ/]] > ⟨ai⟩ /ɐj/, ⟨au⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɔ/]] > ⟨au⟩ /aw/, ⟨ei⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/i/]] > ⟨ei⟩ /ɐj/: | ||
:* ''diuso'' [ˈdju.zo] > ''deus'' [dys]. | :* ''aenu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛ.nu]]] > ''ain'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐjn]]]; | ||
:* ''hauviþo'', ''hauviþa'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βi.θo ˈɔ.βi.θɐ]]] > ''auvit'', ''auvita'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐw.vit ɐw.vi.tɐ]]]; | |||
:* ''þeinu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθi.nu]]] > ''tein'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[tɐjn]]]. | |||
::* The feminine plural form is always realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/e/]]. | |||
* '''Monophthongisation:''' Luthic diphthong [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ju/]] is monophthongised to [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/y/]]: | |||
:* ''diuso'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdju.zo]]] > ''deus'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[dys]]]. | |||
* '''Loss of untressed final vowels and terminal devoicing:''' Every unstressed vowel is dropped, except in plurals and monosyllabic words; terminal consonants are devoiced (except if sonorants): | * '''Loss of untressed final vowels and terminal devoicing:''' Every unstressed vowel is dropped, except in plurals and monosyllabic words; terminal consonants are devoiced (except if sonorants): | ||
:* ''geva'', ''gevae'' [ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ ˈd͡ʒe.βɛ] > ''gef'', ''geve'' [ʒef ʒe.ve]; | :* ''geva'', ''gevae'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ ˈd͡ʒe.βɛ]]] > ''gef'', ''geve'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒef ʒe.ve]]]; | ||
:* ''manago'', ''managi'' [mɐˈna.ɣu mɐˈna.d͡ʒi] > ''manac'', ''managi'' [mɐ.nɐk mɐ.nɐ.ʒi]. | :* ''manago'', ''managi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈna.ɣu mɐˈna.d͡ʒi]]] > ''manac'', ''managi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[mɐ.nɐk mɐ.nɐ.ʒi]]]. | ||
* '''Deaffrication:''' Affricates are lenited to fricatives: | * '''Deaffrication:''' Affricates are lenited to fricatives: | ||
:* ''ce'' [t͡ʃe] > ''ce'' [ʃe]; | :* ''ce'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]] > ''ce'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʃe]]]; | ||
:* ''gi'' [d͡ʒi] > ''gi'' [ʒi]. | :* ''gi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒi]]] > ''gi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒi]]]. | ||
* '''Loss of stress:''' Stress is fully lost, together with Gorgia Toscana: | * '''Loss of stress:''' Stress is fully lost, together with Gorgia Toscana: | ||
:* ''qotidianu'' [kʷo.θiˈdja.nu] > ''qotidian'' [ko.ti.djɐn]. | :* ''qotidianu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷo.θiˈdja.nu]]] > ''qotidian'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ko.ti.djɐn]]]. | ||
* '''Degemination:''' Lack of gemination as a distinctive feature: | * '''Degemination:''' Lack of gemination as a distinctive feature: | ||
:* ''grassa'' [ˈɡras.sɐ] and ''graso'' [ˈɡra.zo] > ''gras'' [ɡɾɐs]; | :* ''grassa'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡras.sɐ]]] and ''graso'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ˈɡra.zo]]] > ''gras'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɡɾɐs]]]; | ||
:* ''oreccla'' [oˈrek.klɐ] > ''oreccl'' [o.ɾekl]. | :* ''oreccla'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[oˈrek.klɐ]]] > ''oreccl'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[o.ɾekl]]]. | ||
* '''Loss of coarticulations:''' | * '''Loss of coarticulations:''' | ||
:* ''qena'' [ˈkᶣe.nɐ] > ''qen'' [k̟en]. | :* ''qena'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkᶣe.nɐ]]] > ''qen'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[k̟en]]]. | ||
====Sample text and comparison==== | ====Sample text and comparison==== | ||
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{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
<poem style="font-style: italic"> | <poem style="font-style: italic"> | ||
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic''' | * '''Orthographic version in Standard Ravennese Luthic''' | ||
Faðar unsar, þû hemeno, | Faðar unsar, þû hemeno, | ||
Veiða lata namno þeino; | Veiða lata namno þeino; | ||
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{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
* '''Standard Luthic narrow transcription''' | * '''Standard Ravennese Luthic narrow transcription''' | ||
[ˈfa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu eˈme.no | [ˈfa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu eˈme.no | ||
ˈvi.ðɐ lɐ.θɐ ˈnam.no ˈθi.no | ˈvi.ðɐ lɐ.θɐ ˈnam.no ˈθi.no | ||
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Although general grammar remains very similar, prepositions become more frequent due to a lack of cases. Some sociolects may also lack the neuter gender, fully merging it with the masculine or the feminine (via the plural form). There are also many [[w:Ethnolect|ethnolects]] influenced by regional languages, such as the Lutho-Emilian ethnolect, who has its grammar and vocabulary largely affected and influenced by the [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian dialects]]. The orthography may also be affected, since Upper Luthic lacks a regulatory body: | Although general grammar remains very similar, prepositions become more frequent due to a lack of cases. Some sociolects may also lack the neuter gender, fully merging it with the masculine or the feminine (via the plural form). There are also many [[w:Ethnolect|ethnolects]] influenced by regional languages, such as the Lutho-Emilian ethnolect, who has its grammar and vocabulary largely affected and influenced by the [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian dialects]]. The orthography may also be affected, since Upper Luthic lacks a regulatory body: | ||
* ⟨gi⟩ or ⟨j⟩ for /ʒ/: Standard Luthic ''giâ'' [ˈd͡ʒa], Upper Luthic ''gia'' or ''ja'' [ʒɐ]; | * ⟨gi⟩ or ⟨j⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ʒ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''giâ'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒa]]], Upper Luthic ''gia'' or ''ja'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒɐ]]]; | ||
* ⟨gl⟩ or ⟨lh⟩ for /ʎ/: Standard Luthic ''gli'' [ʎi], Upper Luthic ''gli'' or ''lhi'' [ʎi]; | * ⟨gl⟩ or ⟨lh⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ʎ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''gli'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ʎi]]], Upper Luthic ''gli'' or ''lhi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʎi]]]; | ||
* ⟨gn⟩ or ⟨nh⟩ for /ɲ/: Standard Luthic ''signore'' [siɲˈɲo.re], Upper Luthic ''signor'' or ''sinhor'' [si.ɲoɾ]; | * ⟨gn⟩ or ⟨nh⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ɲ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''signore'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[siɲˈɲo.re]]], Upper Luthic ''signor'' or ''sinhor'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[si.ɲoɾ]]]; | ||
* ⟨eu⟩, ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ü⟩ for /y/: Standard Luthic ''niu'' [nju], Upper Luthic ''neu'', ''ny'' or ''nü'' [ny]; | * ⟨eu⟩, ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ü⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/y/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''niu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nju]]], Upper Luthic ''neu'', ''ny'' or ''nü''[[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic| [ny]]]; | ||
* Disagreement on voiceless terminal consonant spelling: Standard Luthic ''ac'' [ɐx], Upper Luthic ''ac'' or ''ag'' [ɐk]; Standard Luthic ''garda'' [ˈɡar.dɐ], Upper Luthic ''gart'' or ''gard'' [ɡɐɾt]. | * Disagreement on voiceless terminal consonant spelling: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐx]]], Upper Luthic ''ac'' or ''ag'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐk]]]; Standard Ravennese Luthic ''garda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡar.dɐ]]], Upper Luthic ''gart'' or ''gard'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɡɐɾt]]]. | ||
Another problem with Upper Luthic lacking a regulatory body is the lack of official statistics: | Another problem with Upper Luthic lacking a regulatory body is the lack of official statistics: | ||
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|} | |} | ||
* | * /k/ and /ɡ/ are described as pre-velar [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_note-1|[k̟]]] and [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_note-1|[ɡ̟]]] to palatal [[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|[c]]] and [[w:Voiced palatal plosive|[ɟ]]] before [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/i, e, ɛ, j/]]; | ||
* | * /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are not labialised and are in free variation with [[w:Voiceless retroflex fricative|[ʂ]]] and [[w:Voiced retroflex fricative|[ʐ]]]; | ||
* | * /ʀ/ is in free variation with [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|[r]]]; | ||
* | * /ʎ/ may be described as a fricative [[w:Voiced palatal lateral fricative|[ʎ̝]]]. | ||
====Upper Luthic morphology==== | ====Upper Luthic morphology==== | ||
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====Standard Bolognese Luthic phonology==== | ====Standard Bolognese Luthic phonology==== | ||
Standard Bolognese Luthic is almost identical to Standard Ravennese Luthic | Standard Bolognese Luthic is almost identical to Standard Ravennese Luthic, itself being very similar to the phonology of Emilian Bolognese dialects. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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| [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || Kaldi veturinn nálgast, snjóstormur mun koma. Komdu inn í hlýja húsið mitt, vinur minn. Velkominn! Komdu hingað, syngdu og dansaðu, borðaðu og drekktu. Það er planið mitt. Við höfum vatn, bjór, og mjólk ferska úr kúnni. Ó, og volga súpu! | | [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || Kaldi veturinn nálgast, snjóstormur mun koma. Komdu inn í hlýja húsið mitt, vinur minn. Velkominn! Komdu hingað, syngdu og dansaðu, borðaðu og drekktu. Það er planið mitt. Við höfum vatn, bjór, og mjólk ferska úr kúnni. Ó, og volga súpu! | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Luthic]] || Il caldu vintru ist vicinu, aena tormenta qerrât. Qemâ gia meina husa/rasna, frigiondu meinu. Beneqemutu! Qemâ her, segguâ e danzâ, mangiâ e dregcâ. Su ist il meinu planu. Vi haemos vadne, biure, e | | [[Luthic]] || Il caldu vintru ist vicinu, aena tormenta qerrât. Qemâ gia meina husa/rasna, frigiondu meinu. Beneqemutu! Qemâ her, segguâ e danzâ, mangiâ e dregcâ. Su ist il meinu planu. Vi haemos vadne, biure, e meluco fresco da vacca. Ah, e zuppa varma! | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || O frio do inverno está a chegar, uma tempestade de neve virá. Vem para a minha casa quente, meu amigo. Bem-vindo! Vem cá, canta e dança, come e bebe. É esse o meu plano. Temos água, cerveja e leite fresco da vaca. Ah, e sopa quente! | | [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || O frio do inverno está a chegar, uma tempestade de neve virá. Vem para a minha casa quente, meu amigo. Bem-vindo! Vem cá, canta e dança, come e bebe. É esse o meu plano. Temos água, cerveja e leite fresco da vaca. Ah, e sopa quente! | ||
Line 6,821: | Line 6,834: | ||
* '''Broad transcription''' | * '''Broad transcription''' | ||
: /il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na e.d‿ɐ.tɐ ˈsɔj.lo d͡ʒu.kɐˈβɐ̃.no kɐr.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.rɐθ il ˈɸɔr.ti.d͡zu | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡri.nu kʷeˈma.βɐθ ɐβˈβol.tu ɐˈkɔ.la ˈβar.ma ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tβi di.t͡ʃi.deˈrõ.no ˈi | il ˈɸro.mu ɐ ri.mwoˈβe.re lo ɐˈkɔ.lo pel.leˈɡri.na ˈsa.rjɐθ il ˈɸɔr.ti.d͡zu ɐ̃ˈθe.ra ‖ il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na duˈstɔd.d͡ʒɐθ ɐ soɸˈɸja.re βjoˈlɛn.t͡sa | ɐ.k‿ɐ.tɐ ˈmɛ.d͡ze is soɸˈɸja.βɐθ | ɐ.tɐ ˈmɛ.d͡ze il pel.leˈɡri.nu striŋˈɡe.βɐθ ɐˈkɔ.lo | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il ˈβen.du deˈzi.stɛθ da ˈsi.na ˈsɸɔr.t͡sa ‖ ɐ.tɐ ˈsɔj.lo ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ ʃiˈnɔθ βɐr.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo eˈme.no | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.βɛθ lo ɐˈkɔ.lo ĩ.me.djɐ.tɐˈmen.te ‖ θɐn il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na ob.bliˈɡɔ.ðɐ ɐ.d‿ɐn.dɛˈta.re ˈi | lɐ.tɐ ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.rɐθ ɐ.tɐ ˈɸɔr.ti.d͡zo ˈtβo. | : /il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na e.d‿ɐ.tɐ ˈsɔj.lo d͡ʒu.kɐˈβɐ̃.no kɐr.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.rɐθ il ˈɸɔr.ti.d͡zu | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡri.nu kʷeˈma.βɐθ ɐβˈβol.tu ɐˈkɔ.la ˈβar.ma ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tβi di.t͡ʃi.deˈrõ.no ˈi | il ˈɸro.mu ɐ ri.mwoˈβe.re lo ɐˈkɔ.lo pel.leˈɡri.na ˈsa.rjɐθ il ˈɸɔr.ti.d͡zu ɐ̃ˈθe.ra ‖ il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na duˈstɔd.d͡ʒɐθ ɐ soɸˈɸja.re βjoˈlɛn.t͡sa | ɐ.k‿ɐ.tɐ ˈmɛ.d͡ze is soɸˈɸja.βɐθ | ɐ.tɐ ˈmɛ.d͡ze il pel.leˈɡri.nu striŋˈɡe.βɐθ ɐˈkɔ.lo | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il ˈβen.du deˈzi.stɛθ da ˈsi.na ˈsɸɔr.t͡sa ‖ ɐ.tɐ ˈsɔj.lo ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ ʃiˈnɔθ βɐr.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo eˈme.no | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.βɛθ lo ɐˈkɔ.lo ĩ.me.djɐ.tɐˈmen.te ‖ θɐn il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na ob.bliˈɡɔ.ðɐ ɐ.d‿ɐn.dɛˈta.re ˈi | lɐ.tɐ ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.rɐθ ɐ.tɐ ˈɸɔr.ti.d͡zo ˈtβo.ro/ | ||
* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised)''' | * '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised)''' | ||
: [il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na '''e.ð‿ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''d͡ʒu.xɐˈβɐ̃.no''' kɐr.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.rɐθ il '''ˈfɔr.tid.d͡zu''' | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡri.nu '''kᶣeˈma.βɐθ''' ɐβˈβol.tu '''ɐˈk̠ɔ.la ˈvar.ma''' ɐ.nɐ ‖ i '''tvi di.t͡ʃi.ðeˈrõ.no''' ˈi | il '''ˈfro.mu ɐ.r‿ri.mwoˈβe.re''' lo '''ɐˈk̠ɔ.lo''' pel.leˈɡri.na ˈsa.rjɐθ il '''ˈfɔr.tid.d͡zu''' ɐ̃ˈθe.ra ‖ il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na duˈstɔd.d͡ʒɐθ '''ɐ.s‿soɸˈɸja.re vjoˈlɛn.t͡sa''' | '''ɐ.x‿ɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' is soɸˈɸja.βɐθ | '''ɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' il pel.leˈɡri.nu '''striŋ˖ˈɡ̟e.βɐθ ɐˈk̠ɔ.lo''' | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il '''ˈven.du''' deˈzi.stɛθ '''da.s‿ˈsi.na ˈsfɔr.t͡sa''' ‖ '''ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ ʃiˈnɔθ '''vɐr.mɐˈmen.te''' nɐl.lo eˈme.no | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.βɛθ lo '''ɐˈk̠ɔ.lo ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na '''ob.bliˈɡ˗ɔ.ðɐ ɐ.ð‿'''ɐn.dɛˈta.re ˈi | '''lɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.rɐθ '''ɐ.θɐ ˈfɔr.tid.d͡zo ˈtvo. | : [il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na '''e.ð‿ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''d͡ʒu.xɐˈβɐ̃.no''' kɐr.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.rɐθ il '''ˈfɔr.tid.d͡zu''' | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡri.nu '''kᶣeˈma.βɐθ''' ɐβˈβol.tu '''ɐˈk̠ɔ.la ˈvar.ma''' ɐ.nɐ ‖ i '''tvi di.t͡ʃi.ðeˈrõ.no''' ˈi | il '''ˈfro.mu ɐ.r‿ri.mwoˈβe.re''' lo '''ɐˈk̠ɔ.lo''' pel.leˈɡri.na ˈsa.rjɐθ il '''ˈfɔr.tid.d͡zu''' ɐ̃ˈθe.ra ‖ il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na duˈstɔd.d͡ʒɐθ '''ɐ.s‿soɸˈɸja.re vjoˈlɛn.t͡sa''' | '''ɐ.x‿ɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' is soɸˈɸja.βɐθ | '''ɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' il pel.leˈɡri.nu '''striŋ˖ˈɡ̟e.βɐθ ɐˈk̠ɔ.lo''' | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il '''ˈven.du''' deˈzi.stɛθ '''da.s‿ˈsi.na ˈsfɔr.t͡sa''' ‖ '''ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ ʃiˈnɔθ '''vɐr.mɐˈmen.te''' nɐl.lo eˈme.no | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.βɛθ lo '''ɐˈk̠ɔ.lo ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na '''ob.bliˈɡ˗ɔ.ðɐ ɐ.ð‿'''ɐn.dɛˈta.re ˈi | '''lɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.rɐθ '''ɐ.θɐ ˈfɔr.tid.d͡zo ˈtvo.ro'''] | ||
* '''Extranarrow transcription''' | |||
This extranarrow transcription illustrates a Lugo Ravennese, educated, middle-generation speech, in his twenties, and a careful yet colloquial style. | |||
: ⟦il̻ ˈven̻.d̻uu̥ˣ t̻rɐˈbɛ̝r.ɡɐ.n̻ä e.ð‿ɐ.θɐ ˈs̻ɔ̝ɒ̯̆j.l̻o d͡ʒʷu̽ə̯̆.xɐˈβɐ̃.n̻o kɐr.d͡ʒʷe ˈɛ̝.rɐθ il̻ ˈfɔ̟r.t̻i̽ə̯̆d̻.d̻͡z̪uu̥ˣ | kɐn̻ ɛæ̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ kᶣeˈmä.βɐθ ɐβˈβol̻.t̻uu̥ˣ ɐˈk̠ɔ̟.l̻ä ˈvär.mä ɐ.n̻ɐ ‖ ii̥ᶜ̧ t̻vii̥ᶜ̧ d̻i̽ə̯̆.t͡ʃʷi̽ə̯̆.ðeˈrõ.n̻o ˈii̥ᶜ̧ | il̻ ˈfro.muu̥ˣ ɐ.r‿ri̽ə̯̆.mwoˈβe.re l̻o ɐˈk̠ɔ̟.l̻o pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻ä ˈs̻ä.rjɐθ il̻ ˈfɔ̟r.t̻i̽ə̯̆d̻.d̻͡z̪uu̥ˣ ɐ̃ˈθe.rä ‖ il̻ ˈven̻.d̻u t̻rɐˈbɛ̝r.ɡɐ.n̻ä d̻uˈs̻t̻ɔ̟d.d͡ʒʷɐθ ɐ.s̻‿s̻oɸˈɸjä.re vjoˈl̻ɛ̝n̻.t̻͡s̪ä | ɐ.x‿ɐ.θɐ ˈmɛæ̯̆d̻.d̻͡z̪e is̻ s̻oɸˈɸjä.βɐθ | ɐ.θɐ ˈmɛæ̯̆d̻.d̻͡z̪e il̻ pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ s̻t̻ri̽ə̯̆ŋ˖ˈɡ̟e.βɐθ ɐˈk̠ɔ̟.l̻o | ˈt̻än̻.t̻uu̥ˣ ˈii̥ᶜ̧ | ɐl̻.l̻o ˈän̻.d͡ʒʷo il̻ ˈven̻.d̻uu̥ˣ d̻eˈz̻i̽ə̯̆.s̻tɛ̝θ d̻ä.s̻‿ˈs̻i̽ə̯̆.n̻ä ˈs̻fɔ̟r.t̻͡s̪ä ‖ ɐ.θɐ ˈs̻ɔ̝ɒ̯̆j.l̻o ɐl̻ˈl̻ɔ.rɐ ʃʷi̽ə̯̆ˈn̻ɔ̟θ vɐr.mɐˈmen̻.t̻e n̻ɐl̻.l̻o eˈme.n̻o | e θɐn̻ il̻ pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ ri̽ə̯̆ˈmwo.βɛ̝θ l̻o ɐˈk̠ɔ̟.l̻o ĩ.me.d̻jɐ.θɐˈmen̻.t̻e ‖ θɐn̻ il̻ ˈven̻.d̻uu̥ˣ t̻rɐˈbɛ̝r.ɡɐ.n̻ä ob.bl̻i̽ə̯̆ˈɡ˗ɔ̟.ðɐ ɐ.ð‿ɐn̻.d̻ɛæ̯̆ˈt̻ä.re ˈii̥ᶜ̧ | l̻ɐ.θɐ ˈs̻ɔ̝ɒ̯̆j.l̻o ˈɛ̝.rɐθ ɐ.θɐ ˈfɔ̟r.t̻id̻.d̻͡z̪o ˈt̻vo.ro⟧ | |||
* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised, Bolognese Standard Luthic)''' | * '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised, Bolognese Standard Luthic)''' | ||
: [il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na '''e.ð̞‿ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''d͡zu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu''' | : [il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na '''e.ð̞‿ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''d͡zu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu kɐr.d͡ze''' ˈɛ.rɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' | kɐn '''e.nu pel.liˈɡri.nu''' '''kᶣeˈma.vɐθ ɐvˈvul.tu''' ɐˈkɔ.la ˈvar.ma ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡si.ð̞eˈrõ.nu''' ˈi | il '''ˈfru.mu ɐ.r‿ri.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo ɐˈkɔ.lo '''pel.liˈɡri.na''' ˈsa.rjɐθ il '''ˈfɔr.tid.d͡zu ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.ra''' ‖ il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na '''duˈstɔd.d͡zɐθ ɐ.s‿sofˈfja.re''' vjoˈlɛn.t͡sa | '''ɐ.x‿ɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze is sofˈfja.vɐθ''' | '''ɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' il '''pel.liˈɡri.nu stɾiŋˈɡ̟e.vɐθ''' ɐˈkɔ.lo | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo '''ˈan.d͡zo''' il '''ˈvin.du deˈzis.tɛθ da.s‿ˈsi.na''' ˈsfɔr.t͡sa ‖ '''ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ ʃiˈnɔθ vɐr.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo eˈme.no | e θɐn il '''pel.liˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.vɛθ''' lo ɐˈkɔ.lo '''ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na '''ob.bliˈɡɔ.ð̞ɐ ɐ.ð̞‿'''ɐn.dɛˈta.re ˈi | '''lɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.ɾɐθ '''ɐ.θɐ ˈfɔr.tid.d͡zo ˈtvu.ru'''] | ||
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