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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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* '''Bilabial and labiodental merging:''' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɸ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/β/]] are merged with [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/f/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/v/]], a common feature among Luthic dialects. | * '''Bilabial and labiodental merging:''' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɸ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/β/]] are merged with [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/f/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/v/]], a common feature among Luthic dialects. | ||
:* ''soffiare'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] > ''soffiar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[so.fjɐr]]]; | |||
:* ''avvoltu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐβˈβol.tu]]] > ''avvolt'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐ.volt]]]. | |||
* '''Thorn fortition:''' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/θ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ð/]] are fortified to [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/t/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/d/]] in every position: | * '''Thorn fortition:''' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/θ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ð/]] are fortified to [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/t/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/d/]] in every position: | ||
:* ''þû'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθu]]] > ''tû'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[tu]]]; | :* ''þû'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθu]]] > ''tû'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[tu]]]; | ||
:* ''faðar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfa.ðɐr]]] > ''fadar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[fɐ.dɐɾ]]] | :* ''faðar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfa.ðɐr]]] > ''fadar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[fɐ.dɐɾ]]]. | ||
* '''Vowel fracture:''' Luthic strong vowels become diphthongs, ⟨ae⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɛ/]] > ⟨ai⟩ /ɐj/, ⟨au⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɔ/]] > ⟨au⟩ /aw/, ⟨ei⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/i/]] > ⟨ei⟩ /ɐj/: | * '''Vowel fracture:''' Luthic strong vowels become diphthongs, ⟨ae⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɛ/]] > ⟨ai⟩ /ɐj/, ⟨au⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɔ/]] > ⟨au⟩ /aw/, ⟨ei⟩ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/i/]] > ⟨ei⟩ /ɐj/: | ||
:* ''aenu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛ.nu]]] > ''ain'' [ɐjn]; | :* ''aenu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛ.nu]]] > ''ain'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐjn]]]; | ||
:* ''hauviþo'', ''hauviþa'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βi.θo ˈɔ.βi.θɐ]]] > ''auvit'', ''auvita'' [ɐw.vit ɐw.vi.tɐ]; | :* ''hauviþo'', ''hauviþa'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βi.θo ˈɔ.βi.θɐ]]] > ''auvit'', ''auvita'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐw.vit ɐw.vi.tɐ]]]; | ||
:* ''þeinu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθi.nu]]] > ''tein'' [tɐjn]. | :* ''þeinu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθi.nu]]] > ''tein'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[tɐjn]]]. | ||
::* The feminine plural form | ::* The feminine plural form is always realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/e/]]. | ||
* '''Monophthongisation:''' Luthic diphthong [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ju/]] is monophthongised to /y/: | * '''Monophthongisation:''' Luthic diphthong [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ju/]] is monophthongised to [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/y/]]: | ||
:* ''diuso'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdju.zo]]] > ''deus'' [dys]. | :* ''diuso'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdju.zo]]] > ''deus'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[dys]]]. | ||
* '''Loss of untressed final vowels and terminal devoicing:''' Every unstressed vowel is dropped, except in plurals and monosyllabic words; terminal consonants are devoiced (except if sonorants): | * '''Loss of untressed final vowels and terminal devoicing:''' Every unstressed vowel is dropped, except in plurals and monosyllabic words; terminal consonants are devoiced (except if sonorants): | ||
:* ''geva'', ''gevae'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ ˈd͡ʒe.βɛ]]] > ''gef'', ''geve'' [ʒef ʒe.ve]; | :* ''geva'', ''gevae'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ ˈd͡ʒe.βɛ]]] > ''gef'', ''geve'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒef ʒe.ve]]]; | ||
:* ''manago'', ''managi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈna.ɣu mɐˈna.d͡ʒi]]] > ''manac'', ''managi'' [mɐ.nɐk mɐ.nɐ.ʒi]. | :* ''manago'', ''managi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐˈna.ɣu mɐˈna.d͡ʒi]]] > ''manac'', ''managi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[mɐ.nɐk mɐ.nɐ.ʒi]]]. | ||
* '''Deaffrication:''' Affricates are lenited to fricatives: | * '''Deaffrication:''' Affricates are lenited to fricatives: | ||
:* ''ce'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]] > ''ce'' [ʃe]; | :* ''ce'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe]]] > ''ce'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʃe]]]; | ||
:* ''gi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒi]]] > ''gi'' [ʒi]. | :* ''gi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒi]]] > ''gi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒi]]]. | ||
* '''Loss of stress:''' Stress is fully lost, together with Gorgia Toscana: | * '''Loss of stress:''' Stress is fully lost, together with Gorgia Toscana: | ||
:* ''qotidianu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷo.θiˈdja.nu]]] > ''qotidian'' [ko.ti.djɐn]. | :* ''qotidianu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷo.θiˈdja.nu]]] > ''qotidian'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ko.ti.djɐn]]]. | ||
* '''Degemination:''' Lack of gemination as a distinctive feature: | * '''Degemination:''' Lack of gemination as a distinctive feature: | ||
:* ''grassa'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡras.sɐ]]] and ''graso'' [ˈɡra.zo] > ''gras'' [ɡɾɐs]; | :* ''grassa'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡras.sɐ]]] and ''graso'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ˈɡra.zo]]] > ''gras'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɡɾɐs]]]; | ||
:* ''oreccla'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[oˈrek.klɐ]]] > ''oreccl'' [o.ɾekl]. | :* ''oreccla'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[oˈrek.klɐ]]] > ''oreccl'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[o.ɾekl]]]. | ||
* '''Loss of coarticulations:''' | * '''Loss of coarticulations:''' | ||
:* ''qena'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkᶣe.nɐ]]] > ''qen'' [k̟en]. | :* ''qena'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkᶣe.nɐ]]] > ''qen'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[k̟en]]]. | ||
====Sample text and comparison==== | ====Sample text and comparison==== | ||
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Although general grammar remains very similar, prepositions become more frequent due to a lack of cases. Some sociolects may also lack the neuter gender, fully merging it with the masculine or the feminine (via the plural form). There are also many [[w:Ethnolect|ethnolects]] influenced by regional languages, such as the Lutho-Emilian ethnolect, who has its grammar and vocabulary largely affected and influenced by the [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian dialects]]. The orthography may also be affected, since Upper Luthic lacks a regulatory body: | Although general grammar remains very similar, prepositions become more frequent due to a lack of cases. Some sociolects may also lack the neuter gender, fully merging it with the masculine or the feminine (via the plural form). There are also many [[w:Ethnolect|ethnolects]] influenced by regional languages, such as the Lutho-Emilian ethnolect, who has its grammar and vocabulary largely affected and influenced by the [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian dialects]]. The orthography may also be affected, since Upper Luthic lacks a regulatory body: | ||
* ⟨gi⟩ or ⟨j⟩ for /ʒ/: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''giâ'' [ˈd͡ʒa], Upper Luthic ''gia'' or ''ja'' [ʒɐ]; | * ⟨gi⟩ or ⟨j⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ʒ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''giâ'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒa]]], Upper Luthic ''gia'' or ''ja'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʒɐ]]]; | ||
* ⟨gl⟩ or ⟨lh⟩ for /ʎ/: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''gli'' [ʎi], Upper Luthic ''gli'' or ''lhi'' [ʎi]; | * ⟨gl⟩ or ⟨lh⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ʎ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''gli'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ʎi]]], Upper Luthic ''gli'' or ''lhi'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ʎi]]]; | ||
* ⟨gn⟩ or ⟨nh⟩ for /ɲ/: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''signore'' [siɲˈɲo.re], Upper Luthic ''signor'' or ''sinhor'' [si.ɲoɾ]; | * ⟨gn⟩ or ⟨nh⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/ɲ/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''signore'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[siɲˈɲo.re]]], Upper Luthic ''signor'' or ''sinhor'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[si.ɲoɾ]]]; | ||
* ⟨eu⟩, ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ü⟩ for /y/: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''niu'' [nju], Upper Luthic ''neu'', ''ny'' or ''nü'' [ny]; | * ⟨eu⟩, ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ü⟩ for [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/y/]]: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''niu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nju]]], Upper Luthic ''neu'', ''ny'' or ''nü''[[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic| [ny]]]; | ||
* Disagreement on voiceless terminal consonant spelling: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [ɐx], Upper Luthic ''ac'' or ''ag'' [ɐk]; Standard Ravennese Luthic ''garda'' [ˈɡar.dɐ], Upper Luthic ''gart'' or ''gard'' [ɡɐɾt]. | * Disagreement on voiceless terminal consonant spelling: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐx]]], Upper Luthic ''ac'' or ''ag'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɐk]]]; Standard Ravennese Luthic ''garda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɡar.dɐ]]], Upper Luthic ''gart'' or ''gard'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ɡɐɾt]]]. | ||
Another problem with Upper Luthic lacking a regulatory body is the lack of official statistics: | Another problem with Upper Luthic lacking a regulatory body is the lack of official statistics: | ||
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* | * /k/ and /ɡ/ are described as pre-velar [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_note-1|[k̟]]] and [[w:Voiceless_velar_plosive#cite_note-1|[ɡ̟]]] to palatal [[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|[c]]] and [[w:Voiced palatal plosive|[ɟ]]] before [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/i, e, ɛ, j/]]; | ||
* | * /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are not labialised and are in free variation with [[w:Voiceless retroflex fricative|[ʂ]]] and [[w:Voiced retroflex fricative|[ʐ]]]; | ||
* | * /ʀ/ is in free variation with [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|[r]]]; | ||
* | * /ʎ/ may be described as a fricative [[w:Voiced palatal lateral fricative|[ʎ̝]]]. | ||
====Upper Luthic morphology==== | ====Upper Luthic morphology==== | ||