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|name              = Hanebrugish
|name              = Hanebrugish
|nativename        = Hanebrugish
|nativename        = Hanebrugish
|pronunciation    = <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ˈhäːnᵊˌbɾʲʉ̞ɣɪʃ</span>
|pronunciation    = <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ˈhanəbryɡiʃ</span>
|state            = Hanebrug
|state            = Hanebrug
|created          = September 2023
|created          = September 2023
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}}
}}


'''Hanebrugish''' (<small>Hanebrugish:&nbsp;</small> ''Hanebrugish''; <span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈhanəbryɡiʃ/ [ˈhäːnᵊˌbɾʲʉ̞ɣɪʃ]</span>), also spelled '''Hanebruggish''', is a [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] conlang originally developed for Hanebrug, a city founded by a small band of friends (who all happened to be linguistics nerds) on a [[w:Minecraft|Minecraft]] Realm in September 2023. Its lack of [[w:Umlaut (linguistics)|umlaut]] and [[w:Rhotacism|rhotacism]] and its other similarities to [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] make it characteristically simple and conservative compared to other Germanic languages that are spoken today.
'''Hanebrugish''' (<small>Hanebrugish:&nbsp;</small> ''Hanebrugish''; <span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈhanəbryɡiʃ/</span>), also spelled '''Hanebruggish''', is a [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] conlang originally developed for Hanebrug, a city founded by a small band of friends (who all happened to be linguistics nerds) on a [[w:Minecraft|Minecraft]] Realm in September 2023. Its lack of [[w:Umlaut (linguistics)|umlaut]] and [[w:Rhotacism|rhotacism]] and its other similarities to [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] make it characteristically simple and conservative compared to other Germanic languages that are spoken today.


==[[w:Etymology|Etymology]]==
==Etymology==
Hanebrug is ultimately named after one of Charles' cats, Hannah, who had already been enjoying a sort of celebrity status within the friend group; "Hane" is Charles' favorite nickname for her. The original proposal for the city's name was actually ''Haneburg'', but a typo rendered it ''Hanebrug''; the mistake stuck and the city was thus officially named ''Hanebrug''. In Hanebrugish, ''Hanebrug'' can be analyzed as a compound of ''Hane'' ("Hannah, Hane") + ''brug'' ("bridge"), making the city's name literally translate to "Hanebridge." The term ''brug'' comes from Proto-Germanic ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brugjǭ|*brugjǭ]]'', with irregular schwa-deletion (the expected form would be ''*bruge'').
Hanebrug is ultimately named after one of Charles' cats, Hannah, who had already been enjoying a sort of celebrity status within the friend group; "Hane" is Charles' favorite nickname for her. The original proposal for the city's name was actually ''Haneburg'', but a typo rendered it ''Hanebrug''; the mistake stuck and the city was thus officially named ''Hanebrug''. In Hanebrugish, ''Hanebrug'' can be analyzed as a compound of ''Hane'' ("Hannah, Hane") + ''brug'' ("bridge"), making the city's name literally translate to "Hanebridge." The term ''brug'' comes from Proto-Germanic ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brugjǭ|*brugjǭ]]'', with irregular schwa-deletion (the expected form would be ''*bruge'').


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Even after splitting from the group, Charles still loved the conlang he co-authored and wanted to continue to work on developing it by himself; he has been actively working on it ever since then.
Even after splitting from the group, Charles still loved the conlang he co-authored and wanted to continue to work on developing it by himself; he has been actively working on it ever since then.


==[[w:Phonology|Phonology]]==
==Phonology==
===[[w:Consonant|Consonants]]===
===Consonants===
Hanebrugish has a minimal yet not relatively unusual 16-consonant [[w:Phoneme|phoneme]] inventory.
Hanebrugish has a minimal yet not relatively unusual 16-consonant phoneme inventory.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''Hanebrugish'' Consonants
|+ ''Hanebrugish'' Consonants
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|}
|}


===[[w:Vowel|Vowels]]===
===Vowels===
Hanebrugish has an extraordinarily minimal, near-[[w:Vertical vowel system|vertical]] 8-vowel inventory, unlike most Germanic languages that tend to have lots of vowel sounds (I mean, just look at [[w:Danish phonology|Danish]]).
Hanebrugish has an extraordinarily minimal, near-[[w:Vertical vowel system|vertical]] 8-vowel inventory, unlike most Germanic languages that tend to have lots of vowel sounds (I mean, just look at [[w:Danish phonology|Danish]]).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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===[[w:Allophone|Allophony]]===
* <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/VN/</span> [[w:Syllable|codas]] are allophonically realized as <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[Ṽː]</span> ([[w:Compensatory lengthening|compensatory lengthening]] only applying toward [[w:Monophthong|monophthongs]]).
**e.g. ''ta'''n'''f'' (''<span style="color:gray;">n.</span><span style="color:#3d85c6;"> ms.</span>'' 'tooth') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/t'''ã'''f/ [t̪'''ɑ̃ˑ'''f]</span>
** '''Note:''' While this nasalization is not actually phonemic, it is still typically recognized in broad [[w:Phonetic transcription|transcription]] because <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/n m/</span> become non[[w:Contrast (linguistics)|contrastive]] in the coda.
* <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/r/</span> ''has three standard realizations determined by placement:''
** Word-initially, it is a [[w:Trill consonant|trill]] <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[r]</span>.
***e.g. '''''r'''oad'' (''<span style="color:gray;">adj.</span>'' 'red') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈ'''r'''uə̯d/ [ˈ'''r'''uːə̯d̪]</span>
** In complex codas, it is a [[w:Retroflex consonant|retroflex]] approximant <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[ɻ]</span>.
***e.g. ''swa'''r'''t'' (''<span style="color:gray;">adj.</span>'' 'black, swarthy') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈswa'''r'''t/ [ˈswä'''ɻ'''ʈ]</span> ''or'' <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[ˈswä'''ː'''ʈ]</span>
*** As shown here, the rhotic will also [[w:Assimilation (phonology)|cause other consonants to retract]]; this only applies to coronals. The rhotic will also [[w:Elision|elide]] completely, causing compensatory lengthening or [[w:Diphthongization|diphthongization]] on a preceding monophthong.
** Elsewhere, it is a [[w:Tap and flap consonants|tap]] <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[ɾ]</span>.
*** e.g. ''f'''r'''ia'' (''<span style="color:gray;">num.</span>'' 'three, 3') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈf'''r'''iə̯/ [ˈf'''ɾ'''iːə̯]</span>
* ''A decent amount of [[w:Lenition|lenition]] occurs allophonically in Hanebrugish:''
** Voiced stops will undergo [[w:Intervocalic consonant|intervocalic]] lenition; <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/b d ɡ/</span> → <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[β ð ɣ]</span>.
*** e.g. ''oa'''g'''e'' (''<span style="color:gray;">n.</span><span style="color:#674ea7;"> nw.</span>'' 'eye') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈuə̯'''ɡ'''ə/ [ˈuːə̯'''ɣ'''ᵊ]</span>
*** This lenition can also occur when the voiced stop is inbetween nasal and a vowel.
** <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ɡ/</span> also softens in all word-final codas and word-medial ones that are followed by a stop.
*** e.g. ''fua ma'''g'''t'' (''<span style="color:gray;">v.</span><span style="color:#6aa84f;"> pret.</span>'' 'thou mayest') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˌfyə̯ ˈma'''ɡ'''t/ [ˌfʲʉːə̯ ˈmä'''x'''t̪θ]</span>
* The fricatives <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/f s ʃ/</span> voice intervocalically to <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/v z ʒ/</span>.
** e.g. ''fi'''sh'''en'' (''<span style="color:gray;">v.</span><span style="color:#f1c232;"> w.</span>'' 'to fish') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈfi'''ʃ'''ə̃/ [ˈfɪː'''ʒ'''ɐ̃ˑ]</span>
** These fricatives also [[w:Consonant voicing and devoicing|voice]] when they are inbetween a nasal and a vowel, like voiced stops.</span>
* <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/y yə̯/</span> are better phonetically realized as <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[jʉ̞ jʉːə̯]</span>; these vowels will [[w:Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalize]] preceding consonants. Following palatals, these vowels remain phonetically intact as <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[ʏ yːə̯]</span>.
** e.g. ''j'''ua''' b'''ua''''' (''<span style="color:gray;">v.</span><span style="color:#cc0000;"> irr.</span>'' 'you (all) are') <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˌj'''yə̯''' ˈb'''yə̯'''/ [ˌj'''yːə̯''' ˈb'''ʲʉːə̯''']</span>
* ''A good deal of anticipatory assimilation occurs in Hanebrugish with respect to both [[w:Place of articulation|place of articulation]] and voicing:''
** e.g. ''Aroa'''dsh'''un'' (''<span style="color:gray;">n.</span><span style="color:#674ea7;"> ns.</span>'' '[https://www.nguh.org/languages/arodjun Arodjun]' <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">/ˈaruə̯'''dʃ'''ỹ/ [ˈäːɾuːə̯'''d̠ʒ'''ø̃ˑ]</span> (example of both articulational and voicing assimilation)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Phonetic Vowel Qualities
|-
! colspan=2 |
! [[w:Open syllable lengthening|Stressed<br>+ open]]
! Closed str.<br>or unstr.
! [[w:Nasalization|Nasalized]]
! Rhotic coda
|-
! colspan="2"| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">i</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ɪː</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ɪ</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ẽˑ</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ɪɐ̯</span>
|-
! colspan="2"| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">iə̯</span>
| colspan=2 | <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">iːə̯</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ɪ̃ːɐ̯̃</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">iːɐ̯</span>
|-
! rowspan="2" | <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">y</span>
! {{small|intact}}
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ʏː</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ʏ</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ø̃ˑ</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ʏɐ̯</span>
|-
! {{small|broken}}
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">jʉ̞ː</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">jʉ̞</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">jɵ̃ˑ</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">jʉ̞ɐ̯</span>
|-
! rowspan="2" | <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">yə̯</span>
! {{small|intact}}
| colspan=2 | <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">yːə̯</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ʏ̃ːɐ̯̃</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">yːɐ̯</span>
|-
! {{small|broken}}
| colspan=2 | <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">jʉːə̯</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">jʉ̞̃ːɐ̯̃</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">jʉːɐ̯</span>
|-
! colspan="2" | <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">uə̯</span>
| colspan=2 | <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">uːə̯</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ʊ̃ːɐ̯̃</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">uːɐ̯</span>
|-
! colspan="2"| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">e</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">e̞ː</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ɛ</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">æ̃ˑ</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ɛɐ̯</span>
|-
! colspan="2"| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ə</span>
|
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ə</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ɐ̃ˑ</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">əɐ̯</span>
|-
! colspan="2"| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">a</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">äː</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ä</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">ɑ̃ˑ</span>
| <span style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">äː</span>
|-
|-
|}
|}
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