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Saxuma: Difference between revisions
Orthographic adjustments
m (→Romanization) |
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! rowspan=2; colspan=2 | || colspan=17 | Following Onset | ! rowspan=2; colspan=2 | || colspan=17 | Following Onset | ||
|- | |- | ||
! p || t || k || b || d || g || m || n || | ! p || t || k || b || d || g || m || n || ɸ || v || s || z || ɕ || ʑ || r || l || w | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=13| Preceding Coda || p | ! rowspan=13| Preceding Coda || p | ||
| {{yes|[ʔp]}}|| {{yes|[ʔt]}} || {{yes|[ʔk]}}|| {{yes|[ʔb]}} || {{yes|[ʔd]}} || {{yes|[ʔg]}} || {{yes|[ʔm]}} || {{yes|[pn]}} || {{yes|[ | | {{yes|[ʔp]}}|| {{yes|[ʔt]}} || {{yes|[ʔk]}}|| {{yes|[ʔb]}} || {{yes|[ʔd]}} || {{yes|[ʔg]}} || {{yes|[ʔm]}} || {{yes|[pn]}} || {{yes|[pɸ]}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[pl]}} || {{no}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! t | ! t | ||
| {{yes|[ʔp]}}|| {{yes|[ʔt]}} || {{yes|[ʔk]}}|| {{yes|[ʔb]}} || {{yes|[ʔd]}} || {{yes|[ʔg]}} || {{yes|[tm]}} || {{yes|[ʔn]}} || {{yes|[ | | {{yes|[ʔp]}}|| {{yes|[ʔt]}} || {{yes|[ʔk]}}|| {{yes|[ʔb]}} || {{yes|[ʔd]}} || {{yes|[ʔg]}} || {{yes|[tm]}} || {{yes|[ʔn]}} || {{yes|[tɸ]}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[ʔl]}} || {{no}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! k | ! k | ||
| {{yes|[ʔp]}}|| {{yes|[ʔt]}} || {{yes|[ʔk]}}|| {{yes|[ʔb]}} || {{yes|[ʔd]}} || {{yes|[ʔg]}} || {{yes|[km]}} || {{yes|[kn]}} || {{yes|[ | | {{yes|[ʔp]}}|| {{yes|[ʔt]}} || {{yes|[ʔk]}}|| {{yes|[ʔb]}} || {{yes|[ʔd]}} || {{yes|[ʔg]}} || {{yes|[km]}} || {{yes|[kn]}} || {{yes|[kɸ]}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[kl]}} || {{no}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! b | ! b | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! s | ! s | ||
| {{yes|[sp]}} || {{yes|[st]}} || {{yes|[sk]}} || {{yes|[sb]}} || {{yes|[sd]}} || {{yes|[sg]}} || {{yes|[sm]}} || {{yes|[sn]}} || {{yes|[ | | {{yes|[sp]}} || {{yes|[st]}} || {{yes|[sk]}} || {{yes|[sb]}} || {{yes|[sd]}} || {{yes|[sg]}} || {{yes|[sm]}} || {{yes|[sn]}} || {{yes|[sɸ]}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes|[sr]}} || {{no}} || {{no}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! z | ! z | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! ɕ | ! ɕ | ||
| {{yes|[ɕp]}} || {{yes|[ɕt]}} || {{yes|[ɕk]}} || {{yes|[ɕb]}} || {{yes|[ɕd]}} || {{yes|[ɕg]}} || {{yes|[ɕm]}} || {{yes|[ɕɲ]}} || {{yes|[ | | {{yes|[ɕp]}} || {{yes|[ɕt]}} || {{yes|[ɕk]}} || {{yes|[ɕb]}} || {{yes|[ɕd]}} || {{yes|[ɕg]}} || {{yes|[ɕm]}} || {{yes|[ɕɲ]}} || {{yes|[ɕɸ]}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ʑ | ! ʑ | ||
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** When long vowels are pronounced as identical vowels in hiatus, each vowel carries its own tone. If stressed, they follow the pattern of HM. If preceding a stressed syllable, then ML. Using the examples above, ''enâ'' would be pronounced as [ɛ̀ˈnáˌa] and ''bābá'' as [ba.àˈbá]. | ** When long vowels are pronounced as identical vowels in hiatus, each vowel carries its own tone. If stressed, they follow the pattern of HM. If preceding a stressed syllable, then ML. Using the examples above, ''enâ'' would be pronounced as [ɛ̀ˈnáˌa] and ''bābá'' as [ba.àˈbá]. | ||
===W | ===W-ablaut=== | ||
The ''' | The '''w-ablaut''' is a morpho-phonological process that appears throughout Saxuma inflections. It performs the following vowel transformations: | ||
* a → aw, or → o if word-final and unstressed | * a → aw, or → o if word-final and unstressed | ||
* i → yu | * i → yu | ||
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* Accented short vowels are indicated with an acute accent, unaccented long vowels with a macron, and accented long vowels with a carat. Accents are often not indicated outside of dictionaries and other linguistic texts, except when disambiguation is considered necessary. | * Accented short vowels are indicated with an acute accent, unaccented long vowels with a macron, and accented long vowels with a carat. Accents are often not indicated outside of dictionaries and other linguistic texts, except when disambiguation is considered necessary. | ||
** In texts with accents marked, if a word has no accent, it can be assumed to have ultimate stress if it is a verb, and initial stress otherwise. For example, ''leyo'' ("world") is equivalent to ''léyo'', and ''mabu'' ("to learn") is equivalent to ''mabú'' | ** In texts with accents marked, if a word has no accent, it can be assumed to have ultimate stress if it is a verb, and initial stress otherwise. For example, ''leyo'' ("world") is equivalent to ''léyo'', and ''mabu'' ("to learn") is equivalent to ''mabú'' | ||
* Vowels placed before ⟨q⟩ represent their etymological pronunciation, not necessarily their current realization. Thus, ''niqí'' is pronounced as [nɛˈʔi]. | |||
* Vowels placed before | |||
===Script=== | ===Script=== | ||
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* The '''regular conjugation''' includes all verbs not outlined below, and all end in short, monophthong vowels. It is divided into strong and weak conjugations, the strong being any that end in -e, -o, or -CCV, and the weak those that end in a single consonant followed by -a, -i, or -u. | * The '''regular conjugation''' includes all verbs not outlined below, and all end in short, monophthong vowels. It is divided into strong and weak conjugations, the strong being any that end in -e, -o, or -CCV, and the weak those that end in a single consonant followed by -a, -i, or -u. | ||
* The '''-SA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is | * The '''-SA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -s- or -x-. | ||
* The '''-FA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is | * The '''-FA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -f- or -h-. | ||
* The '''-RA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is | * The '''-RA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -r-. | ||
* The '''-LA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is | * The '''-LA conjugation''' includes all verbs that would be a regular weak conjugation, but the consonant before -a, -i, or -u is -l-. | ||
* The '''-N conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -n or -m. | * The '''-N conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -n or -m. | ||
* The '''-S conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -s or -x. | * The '''-S conjugation''' includes all verbs ending in -s or -x. | ||
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*: sigú → signá | *: sigú → signá | ||
* -SA conjugation verbs delete the final vowel and append ná. Note that if the consonant before the final vowel is | * -SA conjugation verbs delete the final vowel and append ná. Note that if the consonant before the final vowel is -x, then ná will be pronounced as [ɲa]. | ||
*: myusá → myusná [mjusˈna] | *: myusá → myusná [mjusˈna] | ||
*: exí → exná [ɛɕˈɲa] | *: exí → exná [ɛɕˈɲa] | ||
* -FA and -LA conjugation verbs delete the final -CV, apply | * -FA and -LA conjugation verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut to the remaining stem, and append ná. | ||
*: safá → sawná | *: safá → sawná | ||
*: ralí → rawná | *: ralí → rawná | ||
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*: elér → elexná | *: elér → elexná | ||
* -T conjugation verbs remove the final consonant, or change final long ē to short e. Then, they apply | * -T conjugation verbs remove the final consonant, or change final long ē to short e. Then, they apply w-ablaut, and finally append ná. | ||
*: enák → enawná | *: enák → enawná | ||
*: hē → hyo-ná → hyoná | *: hē → hyo-ná → hyoná | ||
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: kurú → kuqún | : kurú → kuqún | ||
* -LA verbs delete the final -CV, apply | * -LA verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut to the remaining vowel, and append kún. | ||
: ralí → rawkún | : ralí → rawkún | ||
* -FA verbs delete the final -CV, apply | * -FA verbs delete the final -CV, apply w-ablaut to the remaining vowel, and append -qún. | ||
: safá → sawqún | : safá → sawqún | ||