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Saxuma: Difference between revisions
→Evidentiality
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In Saxuma, evidentiality can be expressed through verbal prefixes. Their morphology is much simpler than the various ending forms, and act with no regard to the verb class of the stem. | In Saxuma, evidentiality can be expressed through verbal prefixes. Their morphology is much simpler than the various ending forms, and act with no regard to the verb class of the stem. | ||
* '''Unmarked''' evidentiality indicates something that the speaker feels they can reasonably report as true, with no particular implication one way or another. | |||
* '''Inferential''' information that seems to be the case based on some evidence, but which the speaker is not necessarily certain of, is expressed by the prefix ''kan-'' on all verbs. | |||
*: torá → kantorá | |||
*: exí → kanexí | |||
*: gir → kangír | |||
* '''Hearsay''', information that the speaker has learned from another person but which they do not necessarily personally vouch for, is expressed by the prefix ''la-'' before r-initial verbs, ''lex-'' before other consonant-initial verbs, and ''lar-'' before vowel-initial verbs. | |||
*: torá → lextorá | |||
*: ryu → laryú | |||
*: uzá → laruzá | |||
* '''Definitive''' information that the speaker wants to emphasize that they know for certain to be factual is expressed with the prefix ''tom-'' on verbs beginning with consonants, ''tam-'' on verbs beginning with round vowels, and ''tamw-'' on verbs beginning with other vowels. | |||
*: torá → tomtorá | |||
*: ōná → tamōná | |||
*: exí → tamwexí | |||
* '''Intuitive''' information is that which the speaker believes or feels confidently, but based primarily on instinctual leanings rather than any clear evidence or reasoning. It is indicated with the prefix ''eny-'' before vowel-initial verbs, ''nye-'' before initial labial consonants or /r/, and ''en-'' before initial palatal consonants. Before other consonants, the prefix ''en-'' is used, and also a palatalizing mutation occurs on the initial vowel. | |||
*: bulíx → nyebulíx | |||
*: ryu → nyeryú | |||
*: exí → enyexí | |||
*: yos → enyós | |||
*: torá → entyorá | |||
*: gir → engyír | |||
*: liré → enlyiré | |||
*: hanú → enhyanú | |||
==Sample Texts== | ==Sample Texts== | ||