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| ===Initials=== | | ===Initials=== |
| Middle Wiobian pinyin:
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| <poem> | | <poem> |
| Tones: Cantonese tones, numbered as in Cantonese
| | Wiobian Consonant Shift: |
| | p > f / V_V, |
| | p > f / V_C |
| | p > pf / #_, {l,m,n,r}_ |
| | pp > pf |
| | t > ss or ß / V_ |
| | t > tz or z / #_, {l,m,n,r}_ |
| | tt > tz |
| | k > ch / V_ |
| | bb > pp / |
| | d > t |
| | þ > d |
| | f > b / V_V, l_ |
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| Initials:
| | p pʰ b m mʰ f v w |
| labials: ƀ /ɓ/ b /p/ p /pʰ/ m /m/ f /f/
| | pˁ pˁʰ bˁ mˁ mʰˁ fˁ vˁ |
| dentals: đ /ɗ/ d /t/ t /tʰ/ n /n/ s /s/ z /z/
| | t tʰ d n nʰ s z l nˡ |
| laterals: dź /tɬ/ ć /tɬʰ/ ś /ɬ/ l /l/ ł /ɫ/
| | tˁ tˁʰ dˁ nˁ nʰˁ sˁ zˁ |
| retroflexes: dż /tʂ/ cz /tʂʰ/ sz /ʂ/ ż /ʐ/ nz /ɳ/
| | tɬ tɬʰ dɮ nˡ nˡʰ ɬ ɮ |
| co-articulated: gq /!/ q /!ʰ/ sj /ɧ/ zj /ɧ̬/ nq /ŋ!/
| | ! !ʰ g! ŋ! ŋʰ! ɧ ɧ̬ |
| palatals: dzi /tɕ/ ci /tɕʰ/ si /ɕ/ zi /ʑ/ ni /ɲ/ j /j/
| | !ˁ !ˁʰ g!ˁ ŋ!ˁ ŋʰ!ˁ ɧˁ ɧ̬ˁ |
| velars: g /k/ k /kʰ/ ch /x/ ng /ŋ/
| | k kʰ g ŋ ŋʰ x ɣ |
| labiovelars: gw /kʷ/ kw /kʷʰ/
| | q qʰ ɢ ɴ ɴʰ χ ʁ |
| laryngeals: (null) /ʔ/ h /h/
| | h ʔ ħ ʕ |
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| Vowels: a /a/ e /ɛ/ i /i/ o /ɔ/ u /u/ y /ɨ/ ơ /œ/ ư /y/
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| Finals: -p /p/ -t /t/ -k /k/ -m /m/ -n /n/ -ng /ŋ/ -i /j/ -u /w/
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| </poem> | | </poem> |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 800px; text-align: center;"
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| |+ '''{{PAGENAME}} initials'''
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| ! colspan="2"|
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| ! | Labial
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| ! | Alveolar
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| ! | Lateral
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| ! | Retroflex
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| ! | Coarticulated
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| ! | Palatal
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| ! | Velar
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| ! | Labiovelar
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| ! | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" | Nasal
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| | /m/
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| | /n/
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| | /ɳ/
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| | /ŋ!/
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| | /ɲ/
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| | /ŋ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" |Plosive
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| ! | <small>plain</small>
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| | /p/
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| | /t/
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| | /!/
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| | /k/
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| | /kʷ/
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| | /ʔ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>aspirated</small>
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| | /pʰ/
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| | /tʰ/
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| | /!ʰ/
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| | /kʰ/
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| | /kʷʰ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>implosive</small>
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| | /ɓ/
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| | /ɗ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Affricate
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| ! | <small>plain</small>
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| | /pf/
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| | /tɬ/
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| | /ʈʂ/
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| | /tɕ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>aspirated</small>
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| | /tɬʰ/
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| | /ʈʂʰ/
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| | /tɕʰ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Fricative
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| ! | <small>plain</small>
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| | /f/
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| | /s/
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| | /ɬ/
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| | /ʂ/
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| | /ɧ/
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| | /ɕ/
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| | /x/
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| | /h/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| | /v/
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| | /z/
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| | /ʐ/
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| | /ɧ̬/
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| | /ʑ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | /l/, /ɫ/
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| | /j/
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| |}
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| ====Rimes====
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| A whole rime dictionary would be necessary to describe all the rimes, since the rules are so complex/irregular. Sorry
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| ====Nucleus====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''{{PAGENAME}} monophthongs'''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 180px; " |Front
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
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| ! colspan="1" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | /i/
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| | /y/
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| | [ɨ]<sup>1</sup>
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| | /u/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | /e/
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| | /ø/
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| | /o/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | /a/
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| |}
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| <sup>1</sup> Allophone of /i/ and /y/ after dental and retroflex initials.<br/>
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| <sup>2</sup> Allophone of /æ/ after retroflex consonants.
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| Short vowels (which only occured in closed syllables) are fairly stably preserved.
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| ====Umlaut==== | | ====Umlaut==== |
| *short ''u'' /u/ i-umlauts to short ''ü'' /y/ | | *short ''u'' /u/ i-umlauts to short ''ü'' /y/ |