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Antarctican: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 10:32, 30 January 2013

4,513 bytes removed ,  30 January 2013
Cleaned up code in possession section
m (Cleaned up code in case marking sections)
(Cleaned up code in possession section)
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possessive prefixes. The base forms of each are listed in the table below:
possessive prefixes. The base forms of each are listed in the table below:


<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
{| class="wikitable"
style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
|-
mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
! Prefix !! Usage  
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
|-
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
| myi- /m&#690;i/ || 1st person singular, 1st person exclusive plural
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
|-
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
| yiew- /jeu/ || 1st person inclusive plural
  normal'>Prefix
|-
  </td>
| ti- /ti/ || 2nd person
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
|-
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
| wa- /wa/ || 3rd person, topicalised
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
|-
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
| si- /si/ || 3rd person, non-topicalised
  normal'>Usage
|}
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'>myi- /m&#690;i/
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'>1<sup>st</sup> person
  singular, 1<sup>st</sup> person exclusive plural
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'>yeu- /jeu/
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'>1<sup>st</sup>
  person inclusive plural
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'>ti- /ti/
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'>2<sup>nd</sup>
  person
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'>wa- /wa/
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'>3<sup>rd</sup>
  person, topicalised
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'>si- /si/
  </td>
  <td width=319 valign=top style='width:239.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
  normal'>3<sup>rd</sup>
  person, non-topicalised
  </td>
</tr>
</table>


&nbsp;


So, in the absolutive
So, in the absolutive
case, “my clothes” or “our clothes” (not including you) would be myiyuuwíey /m&#690;iju&#720;wei&#660;/,
case, “my clothes” or “our clothes” (not including you) would be myiyuuwíey /m&#690;iju&#720;wei&#660;/, “your clothes” would be tiyuuwíey /tiju&#720;wei&#660;/ etc.
“your clothes” would be tiyuuwíey /tiju&#720;wei&#660;/ etc.


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 1,225: Line 1,140:




kán-kúow
kánkúow /ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive
/ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive
 
 
myíeykán-kúow
/m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive (not
*myikán-kúow)
 


tíeykán-kúow
myíeykán-kúow /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive (not *myikán-kúow)
/tei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - your prisoner, absolutive (not
*tikán-kúow)


tíeykán-kúow /tei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - your prisoner, absolutive (not *tikán-kúow)


pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/
- bridge, absolutive


pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - bridge, absolutive


myùepùelùe
myùepùelùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive (not *myipùelùe)
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive (not
*myipùelùe)


 
tùepùelùe /t&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - your bridge, absolutive (not *tipùelùe)
tùepùelùe
/t&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - your bridge, absolutive (not *tipùelùe)


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


If, for any
If, for any given word, phonation spreads onto one particular prefix, then it will spread
given word, phonation spreads onto one particular prefix, then it will spread
onto any prefix that attaches to that word e.g. there are no words that take
onto any prefix that attaches to that word e.g. there are no words that take
myíey- as their 1<sup>st</sup> person (exclusive) possessive prefix, but ti- or
myíey- as their 1<sup>st</sup> person (exclusive) possessive prefix, but ti- or
Line 1,261: Line 1,162:
&nbsp;
&nbsp;


However,
However, if, in the ergative form, the first vowel changes to no longer have breathy or
if, in the ergative form, the first vowel changes to no longer have breathy or
tense voice (i.e. it now has modal voice), then modally voiced forms of the
tense voice (i.e. it now has modal voice), then modally voiced forms of the
prefixes are always used when talking about possessing a noun in the ergative
prefixes are always used when talking about possessing a noun in the ergative
Line 1,268: Line 1,168:




kán-kúow
kánkúow /ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive
/ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive


kan-gukin /ka&#628;guki&#628;/ - prisoner, ergative


kan-gukin
myíeykán-kúow /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive
/ka&#628;guki&#628;/ - prisoner, ergative


myikan-gukin /m&#690;ika&#628;guki&#628;/ - my prisoner, ergative


myíeykán-kúow
/m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive


pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/- bridge, absolutive


myikan-gukin
bilidlin /bilid&#622;i&#628;/ - bridge, ergative
/m&#690;ika&#628;guki&#628;/ - my prisoner, ergative


myùepùelùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive


pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/
myibilidlin /m&#690;ibilid&#622;i&#628;/ - my bridge, ergative
- bridge, absolutive
 
 
bilidlin
/bilid&#622;i&#628;/ - bridge, ergative
 
 
myùepùelùe
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive
 
 
myibilidlin
/m&#690;ibilid&#622;i&#628;/ - my bridge, ergative


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


However,
However, with other nouns, phonation never spreads e.g.
with other nouns, the phonation spreading is blocked e.g.




támá /ta&#660;ma&#660;/
támá /ta&#660;ma&#660;/ - victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive
- victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive


 
myuetámá /m&#690;&#616;ta&#660;ma&#660;/ - my victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive (not *myíeytámá)
myuetámá
/m&#690;&#616;ta&#660;ma&#660;/ - my victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive
(not *myíeytámá)


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 1,322: Line 1,203:




qámáelái
qámáelái /&#660;a&#660;m&#603;&#660;lai&#660;/ - prey, absolutive
/&#660;a&#660;m&#603;&#660;lai&#660;/ - prey, absolutive
 
 
myiqámáelái
/m&#690;i&#660;a&#660;m&#603;&#660;lai&#660;/ - my prey, absolutive (never
*myíeyqámáelái)


myiqámáelái /m&#690;i&#660;a&#660;m&#603;&#660;lai&#660;/ - my prey, absolutive (never *myíeyqámáelái)


qòepèn /&#660;&#604;&#614;p&#600;&#628;&#614;/
- one who is / was / is to be avenged, absolutive


qòepèn /&#660;&#604;&#614;p&#600;&#628;&#614;/ - one who is / was / is to be avenged, absolutive


myiqòepèn
myiqòepèn /m&#690;i&#660;&#604;&#614;p&#600;&#628;&#614;/ - my one who is / was / is to
/m&#690;i&#660;&#604;&#614;p&#600;&#628;&#614;/ - my one who is / was / is to
be avenged, absolutive (never *myùeqòepèn)
be avenged, absolutive (never *myùeqòepèn)


Line 1,359: Line 1,233:




mòoe /m&#604;&#614;&#720;/
mòoe /m&#604;&#614;&#720;/ - betel nut, absolutive
- betel nut, absolutive
 


pmaagin
pmaagin /pma&#720;gi&#628;/ - betel nut, ergative
/pma&#720;gi&#628;/ - betel nut, ergative


myimòoe /m&#690;im&#604;&#614;&#720;/ - my betel nut, absolutive


myimòoe
/m&#690;im&#604;&#614;&#720;/ - my betel nut, absolutive


Otherwise,
Otherwise,
Line 1,374: Line 1,244:




máláeyáa
máláeyáa /ma&#660;l&#603;&#660;ja&#660;&#720;/ - manners, absolutive
/ma&#660;l&#603;&#660;ja&#660;&#720;/ - manners, absolutive


malieyaaetun /malej&#603;&#720;tu&#628;/ - manners, ergative


malieyaaetun
/malej&#603;&#720;tu&#628;/ - manners, ergative


 
myíeymáláeyáa /m&#690;ei&#660;ma&#660;l&#603;&#660;ja&#660;&#720;/ - my manners, absolutive
myíeymáláeyáa
/m&#690;ei&#660;ma&#660;l&#603;&#660;ja&#660;&#720;/ - my manners,
absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 1,395: Line 1,260:




síeykúow
síeykúow /sei&#660;kou&#660;/ - a small amount, absolutive
/sei&#660;kou&#660;/ - a small amount, absolutive


myisíeykúow /m&#690;isei&#660;kou&#660;/ - my small amount, absolutive (never *myíeysíeykúow)


myisíeykúow
/m&#690;isei&#660;kou&#660;/ - my small amount, absolutive (never
*myíeysíeykúow)


sásaechin /sa&#660;s&#603;ci&#628;/ - stab wound, absolutive


sásaechin
myisásaechin /m&#690;isa&#660;sa&#603;ci&#628;/ - my stab wound, absolutive
/sa&#660;s&#603;ci&#628;/ - stab wound, absolutive
 
 
myisásaechin
/m&#690;isa&#660;sa&#603;ci&#628;/ - my stab wound, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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sòemùe /s&#604;&#614;m&#616;&#614;/
sòemùe /s&#604;&#614;m&#616;&#614;/ - (major) wife, absolutive
- (major) wife, absolutive


zamibyin /zamib&#690;i&#628;/ - (major) wife, ergative


zamibyin
myùesòemùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;s&#604;&#614;m&#616;&#614;/ - my (major) wife, absolutive (not *myisòemùe)
/zamib&#690;i&#628;/ - (major) wife, ergative


myùesòemùe
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;s&#604;&#614;m&#616;&#614;/ - my (major) wife, absolutive
(not *myisòemùe)


But if, in
But if, in
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sòepyùe
sòepyùe /s&#604;&#614;p&#690;&#616;&#614;/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech), absolutive
/s&#604;&#614;p&#690;&#616;&#614;/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech),
absolutive


sabyishin /sab&#690;içi&#628;/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech), ergative


sabyishin
myisòepyùe /m&#690;is&#604;&#614;p&#690;&#616;&#614;/ - my speech (as in words, not a formal speech), absolutive
/sab&#690;içi&#628;/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech), ergative
 
 
myisòepyùe
/m&#690;is&#604;&#614;p&#690;&#616;&#614;/ - my speech (as in words, not a
formal speech), absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 1,461: Line 1,307:




kán-kúow
kánkúow /ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive
/ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive
 
 
kan-gukin
/ka&#628;guki&#628;/ - prisoner, ergative


kan-gukin /ka&#628;guki&#628;/ - prisoner, ergative


myíeykán-kúow
myíeykán-kúow /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive
/m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive




táen /t&#603;&#628;&#660;/
táen /t&#603;&#628;&#660;/ - weather, absolutive
- weather, absolutive


tenchin /t&#600;&#628;ci&#628;/ - weather, ergative


tenchin
myíeytáen /m&#690;ei&#660;t&#603;&#628;&#660;/ - my weather, absolutive
/t&#600;&#628;ci&#628;/ - weather, ergative




myíeytáen
But if the obstruent becomes voiced, then tense phonation cannot spread e.g.
/m&#690;ei&#660;t&#603;&#628;&#660;/ - my weather, absolutive


But if the
obstruent becomes voiced, then tense phonation cannot spread e.g.


támá /ta&#660;ma&#660;/ - victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive


támá /ta&#660;ma&#660;/
damaesin /dama&#603;si&#628;/ - victim of a scam / swindle, ergative
- victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive


 
myitámá /m&#690;ita&#660;ma&#660;/ - my victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive
damaesin
/dama&#603;si&#628;/ - victim of a scam / swindle, ergative
 
 
myitámá
/m&#690;ita&#660;ma&#660;/ - my victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


And vice
And vice versa, if the obstruent becomes voiced in the ergative form, then tense
versa, if the obstruent becomes voiced in the ergative form, then tense
phonation is blocked from spreading but breathy phonation spreads e.g.
phonation is blocked from spreading but breathy phonation spreads e.g.




pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/
pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - bridge, absolutive
- bridge, absolutive
 
 
bilidlin
/bilid&#622;i&#628;/ - bridge, ergative


bilidlin /bilid&#622;i&#628;/ - bridge, ergative


myùepùelùe
myùepùelùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive




pòey /p&#604;i&#614;/
pòey /p&#604;i&#614;/- baby, absolutive
- baby, absolutive


baybyin /baib&#690;i&#628;/ - baby, ergative


baybyin
myùepòey /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#604;i&#614;/ - my baby, absolutive
/baib&#690;i&#628;/ - baby, ergative
 
 
myùepòey
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#604;i&#614;/ - my baby, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 1,536: Line 1,356:




pòey /p&#604;i&#614;/
pòey /p&#604;i&#614;/ - page, absolutive
- page, absolutive
 
 
paydlin
/paid&#622;i&#628;/ - page, ergative


paydlin /paid&#622;i&#628;/ - page, ergative


myipòey
myipòey /m&#690;ip&#604;i&#614;/ - my page, absolutive
/m&#690;ip&#604;i&#614;/ - my page, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 1,551: Line 1,366:
<h4>Irregular Nouns</h4>
<h4>Irregular Nouns</h4>


A handful
A handful of nouns are irregular, taking special forms whenever they are prefixed. These
of nouns are irregular, taking special forms whenever they are prefixed. These
can be divided up into a few categories.
can be divided up into a few categories.


Line 1,564: Line 1,378:




gali
gali /gali/ - hole, absolutive
/gali/ - hole, absolutive
 


myingali
myingali /m&#690;i&#331;ali/ - my hole, absolutive
/m&#690;i&#331;ali/ - my hole, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


In such a
In such a case, if the first vowel has tense or breathy voice, then it always spreads
case, if the first vowel has tense or breathy voice, then it always spreads
onto the prefix e.g.
onto the prefix e.g.




kùe /k&#616;&#614;/
kùe /k&#616;&#614;/ - goods, absolutive
- goods, absolutive


myùengùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;&#331;&#616;&#614;/ - my goods, absolutive


myùengùe
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;&#331;&#616;&#614;/ - my goods, absolutive


kíeyváy /kei&#660;&#613;ai&#660;/ - tongue, absolutive


kíeyváy
myíeyngíeyváy /m&#690;ei&#660;&#331;ei&#660;&#613;ai&#660;/ - my tongue, absolutive
/kei&#660;&#613;ai&#660;/ - tongue, absolutive
 
 
myíeyngíeyváy
/m&#690;ei&#660;&#331;ei&#660;&#613;ai&#660;/ - my tongue, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 1,597: Line 1,401:
<h5>Syllable Insertion</h5>
<h5>Syllable Insertion</h5>


For a few
For a few nouns, an additional syllable is inserted between the prefix and the stem. The
nouns, an additional syllable is inserted between the prefix and the stem. The
consonant is unpredictable and depends on the noun, but the vowel is always
consonant is unpredictable and depends on the noun, but the vowel is always
modally voiced /i/ and is never followed by /&#628; /. For any given noun, this
modally voiced /i/ and is never followed by /&#628; /. For any given noun, this
Line 1,604: Line 1,407:




bun /bu&#628;/
bun /bu&#628;/ - pants, absolutive
- pants, absolutive
 
 
myizibun
/m&#690;izibu&#628;/ - my pants, absolutive


myizibun /m&#690;izibu&#628;/ - my pants, absolutive


tizibun
tizibun /tizibu&#628;/ - your pants, absolutive
tizibu&#628;/ - your pants, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


Tense voice
Tense voice is always blocked from spreading in such cases e.g.
is always blocked from spreading in such cases e.g.
 


tlíeynáe
/t&#620;ei&#660;n&#603;&#660;/ - business, absolutive


tlíeynáe /t&#620;ei&#660;n&#603;&#660;/ - business, absolutive


myibyitlíeynáe
myibyitlíeynáe /m&#690;ib&#690;it&#620;ei&#660;n&#603;&#660;/ - my business, absolutive
/m&#690;ib&#690;it&#620;ei&#660;n&#603;&#660;/ - my business,
absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


But breathy
But breathy voice will always spread onto both the prefix and the inserted syllable e.g.
voice will always spread onto both the prefix and the inserted syllable e.g.
 


pùey /p&#616;i&#614;/
- section, absolutive


pùey /p&#616;i&#614;/ - section, absolutive


myùetlùepùey
myùetlùepùey /m&#690;&#616;&#614;t&#620;&#616;&#614;p&#616;i&#614;/ - section, absolutive
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;t&#620;&#616;&#614;p&#616;i&#614;/ - section,
absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 1,647: Line 1,435:
<h5>Syllable Insertion and Nasalisation</h5>
<h5>Syllable Insertion and Nasalisation</h5>


Some words
Some words undergo both of the above changes when they take a prefix e.g.
undergo both of the above changes when they take a prefix e.g.




gay /gai/
gay /gai/ - gift, absolutive
- gift, absolutive


 
myibyigay /m&#690;ib&#690;i&#331;ai/ - my gift, absolutive
myibyigay
/m&#690;ib&#690;i&#331;ai/ - my gift, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


If the
If the initial syllable of the unprefixed word has tense voice, then this spreads onto
initial syllable of the unprefixed word has tense voice, then this spreads onto
the inserted syllable, but not onto the actual prefix e.g.
the inserted syllable, but not onto the actual prefix e.g.




kúow /kou&#660;/
kúow /kou&#660;/ – bigot, absolutive
– bigot, absolutive


 
myipyíeyngúow /m&#690;ip&#690;ei&#660;&#331;ou&#660;/ – my bigot, absolutive (not *myíeypyíeykúow)
myipyíeyngúow
/m&#690;ip&#690;ei&#660;&#331;ou&#660;/ – my bigot, absolutive (not
*myíeypyíeykúow)


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


If the
If the initial syllable of the unprefixed noun has breathy voice, then this spreads on
initial syllable of the unprefixed noun has breathy voice, then this spreads on
to both the inserted syllable and the prefix:
to both the inserted syllable and the prefix:




kùeròe /k&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;/
kùeròe /k&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;/- grudge, absolutive
- grudge, absolutive


 
myùepyùengùeròe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#690;&#616;&#614;&#331;&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;/
myùepyùengùeròe
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#690;&#616;&#614;&#331;&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;/
- my grudge, absolutive
- my grudge, absolutive


Line 1,692: Line 1,467:
<h5>First Syllable Deleted</h5>
<h5>First Syllable Deleted</h5>


A
A considerable number of nouns lose their initial syllable when they take a prefix.
considerable number of nouns lose their initial syllable when they take a prefix.
In such cases, the prefix always has tense voice e.g.
In such cases, the prefix always has tense voice e.g.




puekaay
puekaay /p&#616;ka&#720;i/ - star, absolutive
/p&#616;ka&#720;i/ - star, absolutive


myíeykaay /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#720;i/ - my star, absolutive


myíeykaay
/m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#720;i/ - my star, absolutive


fuekirami /f&#616;ki&#641;ami/ - swelling, absolutive


fuekirami
myíeykirami /m&#690;ei&#660;fiki&#641;ami/ - my swelling, absolutive
/f&#616;ki&#641;ami/ - swelling, absolutive
 
 
myíeykirami
/m&#690;ei&#660;fiki&#641;ami/ - swelling, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


The only
The only words that undergo this process are ones that begin with a voiceless obstruent
words that undergo this process are ones that begin with a voiceless obstruent
(oral stop, fricative or affricate), immediately followed by modally voiced /&#616;/
(oral stop, fricative or affricate), immediately followed by modally voiced /&#616;/
or /i/, immediately followed by a second voiceless
or /i/, immediately followed by a second voiceless
Line 1,726: Line 1,493:




sitùen
sitùen /sit&#616;&#628;&#614;/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish),
/sit&#616;&#628;&#614;/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish),
absolutive
absolutive


 
myíeytùen /m&#690;ei&#660;t&#616;&#628;&#614;/ - my wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or
myíeytùen
/m&#690;ei&#660;t&#616;&#628;&#614;/ - my wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or
a jellyfish), absolutive
a jellyfish), absolutive




suekiraeypi
suekiraeypi /s&#616;ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - a scrape, absolutive
/s&#616;ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - a scrape, absolutive


 
myíeykiraypi /m&#690;ei&#660;ki&#641;aipi/ - my scrape, absolutive
myíeykiraypi
/m&#690;ei&#660;ki&#641;aipi/ - my scrape, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 1,747: Line 1,508:
<h5>Syllable Deletion with Ejectivisation</h5>
<h5>Syllable Deletion with Ejectivisation</h5>


A similar
A similar but separate sound change applies to a few words, all of which have íey as
but separate sound change applies to a few words, all of which have íey as
their first vowel, with the second vowel having tense voice. Like before, the
their first vowel, with the second vowel having tense voice. Like before, the
first vowel is deleted and the prefix takes tense voice. However, the consonant
first vowel is deleted and the prefix takes tense voice. However, the consonant
Line 1,754: Line 1,514:




síeypyíey
síeypyíey /sei&#660;p&#690;ei&#660;/ - spit, absolutive
/sei&#660;p&#690;ei&#660;/ - spit, absolutive


míeyppyíey /m&#690;ei&#660;p&#700;&#690;ei&#660;/ - my spit, absolutive


míeyppyíey
/m&#690;ei&#660;p&#700;&#690;ei&#660;/ - my spit, absolutive


líeyká /lei&#660;ka&#660;/ - square, absolutive


líeyká
myíeykká /m&#690;ei&#660;k&#700;a&#660;/ - my square, absolutive
/lei&#660;ka&#660;/ - square, absolutive
 
 
myíeykká
/m&#690;ei&#660;k&#700;a&#660;/ - my square, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


If the
If the second syllable begins with /l/, then this always converts to /ts&#700;/ rather
second syllable begins with /l/, then this always converts to /ts&#700;/ rather
than /t&#620;&#700;/ e.g.
than /t&#620;&#700;/ e.g.




chilúow
chilúo /cilou&#660;/ - banner, absolutive
/cilou&#660;/ - banner, absolutive
 


myíeyttsúow
myíeyttsúow /m&#690;ei&#660;ts&#700;ou&#660;/ - my banner, absolutive
/m&#690;ei&#660;ts&#700;ou&#660;/ - my banner, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 1,787: Line 1,537:
<h5>Other irregular nouns</h5>
<h5>Other irregular nouns</h5>


There are
There are other nouns that behave in other ways to those described above when they take a
other nouns that behave in other ways to those described above when they take a
prefix. What happens needs to be remembered for each noun, however note that
prefix. What happens needs to be remembered for each noun, however note that
the prefixes for irregular nouns always take tense voice e.g.
the prefixes for irregular nouns always take tense voice e.g.




kíey /kei&#660;/
kíey /kei&#660;/ - mouth, absolutive
- mouth, absolutive


 
myíeytli /m&#690;ei&#660;t&#620;i/ - my mouth, absolutive
myíeytli
/m&#690;ei&#660;t&#620;i/ - my mouth, absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 1,805: Line 1,551:


Antarctican
Antarctican
distinguishes alienable and inalienable possession (<a
distinguishes alienable and inalienable possession ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)#Alienable_and_inalienable ). Both are marked with prefixes on the possessed noun. These are wiey- for alienable possession and nu- for inalienable possession (the possessor always takes the absolutive case):
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)#Alienable_and_inalienable)"><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)#Alienable_and_inalienable)</a><span
lang=EN-AU style='mso-ansi-language:. Both are marked with prefixes on
the possessed noun, wiey- for alienable possession and nu- for inalienable
possession (the possessor always takes the absolutive case):




kùeròetùu
kùeròetùu /k&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;tu&#614;&#720;/ - bone, absolutive
/k&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;tu&#614;&#720;/ - bone, absolutive


yini /jini/ - dog, absolutive


yini
wieykùeròetùu yini /weik&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;tu&#614;&#720; jini/ - the
/jini/ - dog, absolutive
 
 
wieykùeròetùu
yini /weik&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;tu&#614;&#720; jini/ - the
dog’s bone, absolutive, alienable (i.e. the one that it eats, buries etc.)
dog’s bone, absolutive, alienable (i.e. the one that it eats, buries etc.)


 
nukùeròetùu yini /nuk&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;tu&#614;&#720; jini/ - the dog’s bone,
nukùeròetùu
yini /nuk&#616;&#614;&#641;&#604;&#614;tu&#614;&#720; jini/ - the dog’s bone,
absolutive, inalienable (i.e. the one that is a part of it)
absolutive, inalienable (i.e. the one that is a part of it)


Line 1,840: Line 1,574:
/&#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628;/ - food, absolutive
/&#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628;/ - food, absolutive


 
wieyqaaehaan yini /wei&#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628; jini/ - dog food,
wieyqaaehaan
yini /wei&#660;&#603;&#720;&#967;a&#720;&#628; jini/ - dog food,
absolutive
absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


Whatever
Whatever voice spreads from a noun onto a pronominal possessive prefix, also always does
voice spreads from a noun onto a pronominal possessive prefix, also always does
so to an alienable or inalienable possessive prefix e.g.
so to an alienable or inalienable possessive prefix e.g.




kán-kúow
kánkúow /ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive
/ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive


myíeykánkúow /m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive


myíeykán-kúow
wáeykán-kúow /w&#603;i&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive,
/m&#690;ei&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - my prisoner, absolutive
 
 
wáeykán-kúow
/w&#603;i&#660;ka&#628;&#660;kou&#660;/ - prisoner, absolutive,
alienable possessive
alienable possessive




pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/
pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - bridge, absolutive
- bridge, absolutive
 
 
myùepùelùe
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive


myùepùelùe /m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive


wèypùelùe
wèypùelùe /w&#600;i&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - bridge, absolutive, alienable
/w&#600;i&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - bridge, absolutive, alienable
possessive
possessive




mòoe /m&#604;&#614;&#720;/
mòoe /m&#604;&#614;&#720;/ - betel nut, absolutive
- betel nut, absolutive
 


myimòoe
myimòoe /m&#690;im&#604;&#614;&#720;/ - my betel nut, absolutive
/m&#690;im&#604;&#614;&#720;/ - my betel nut, absolutive


wieymòoe /weim&#604;&#614;&#720;/ - betel nut, absolutive, alienable possessive


wieymòoe
/weim&#604;&#614;&#720;/ - betel nut, absolutive, alienable possessive


pmaagin /pma&#720;gi&#628;/ - betel nut, ergative


pmaagin
myuepmaagin /m&#690;&#616;pma&#720;gi&#628;/ - my betel nut, ergative
/pma&#720;gi&#628;/ - betel nut, ergative


 
weypmaagin /w&#600;ipma&#720;gi&#628;/ - betel nut, ergative, alienable possessive
myuepmaagin
/m&#690;&#616;pma&#720;gi&#628;/ - my betel nut, ergative
 
 
weypmaagin
/w&#600;ipma&#720;gi&#628;/ - betel nut, ergative, alienable possessive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 1,905: Line 1,616:
<h3>Reciprocal Possession</h3>
<h3>Reciprocal Possession</h3>


In
In Antarctican, there is no singular vs. plural marking. However, some nouns that imply
Antarctican, there is no singular vs. plural marking. However, some nouns that imply
a relationship (e.g. friend, brother, enemy, coworker), have special forms to
a relationship (e.g. friend, brother, enemy, coworker), have special forms to
indicate a pair or group of people / things where that relationship is
indicate a pair or group of people / things where that relationship is
Line 1,917: Line 1,627:




buraza
buraza /bu&#641;aza/ - brother, absolutive
/bu&#641;aza/ - brother, absolutive
 
 
buburaza
/bubu&#641;aza/ -
brothers (of each other), absolutive


buburaza /bubu&#641;aza/ - brothers (of each other), absolutive


yieruoy
/je&#641;oi/ - ally, absolutive


yieruoy /je&#641;oi/ - ally, absolutive


yieyieruoy
yieyieruoy /je&#641;oi/ - allies (of each other), absolutive
/je&#641;oi/ - allies (of each other), absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


However,
However, the inserted syllable cannot have a long vowel, a diphthong, or end in /&#628;/.
the inserted syllable cannot have a long vowel, a diphthong, or end in /&#628;/.
If it would do so then it is truncated e.g.
If it would do so then it is truncated e.g.




duuolaa
duuolaa /do&#720;la&#720;/ - coworker, absolutive
/do&#720;la&#720;/ - coworker, absolutive


duoduuolaa /dodo&#720;la&#720;/ - coworkers (of each other), absolutive


duoduuolaa
/dodo&#720;la&#720;/ - coworkers (of each other), absolutive


nayba /naiba/ - neighbour, absolutive


nayba
nanayba /nanaiba/ - neighbours (of each other), absolutive
/naiba/ - neighbour, absolutive




nanayba
kúowntátu /kou&#628;&#660;ta&#660;tu/ – acquaintance, absolutive
/nanaiba/ - neighbours (of each other), absolutive




kúowntátu
kúokúowntátu /ko&#660;kou&#628;&#660;ta&#660;tu/– acquaintances (of each other), absolutive
/kou&#628;&#660;ta&#660;tu/ – acquaintance, absolutive
 
 
kúokúowntátu
/ko&#660;kou&#628;&#660;ta&#660;tu/– acquaintances (of each other), absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


The same
The same rules about spreading and non-spreading of phonation onto possessive prefixes,
rules about spreading and non-spreading of phonation onto possessive prefixes,
and the resultant vowel changes, also apply to the possessive prefixes e.g.
and the resultant vowel changes, also apply to the possessive prefixes e.g.




sátuozii
sátuozii /sa&#660;tozi&#720;/ – enemy, absolutive
/sa&#660;tozi&#720;/ – enemy, absolutive
 
 
myisátuozii
/m&#690;isa&#660;tozi&#720;/ – my enemy, absolutive
 
 
sasátuozii
/sasa&#660;tozi&#720;/ - enemies (of each other), absolutive
 
 
rùy /&#641;ui&#614;/
- rival, absolutive


myisátuozii /m&#690;isa&#660;tozi&#720;/ – my enemy, absolutive


myùerùy
sasátuozii /sasa&#660;tozi&#720;/ - enemies (of each other), absolutive
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;&#641;ui&#614;/ - my rival, absolutive




rùrùy /&#641;u&#614;&#641;ui&#614;/
rùy /&#641;ui&#614;/- rival, absolutive
- rivals (of each other), absolutive


myùerùy /m&#690;&#616;&#614;&#641;ui&#614;/ - my rival, absolutive


firiendun
rùrùy /&#641;u&#614;&#641;ui&#614;/ - rivals (of each other), absolutive
/fi&#641;e&#628;du&#628;/ – friend, ergative




myuefiriendun
firiendun /fi&#641;e&#628;du&#628;/ – friend, ergative
/m&#690;&#616;fi&#641;e&#628;du&#628;/ – my friend, ergative


myuefiriendun /m&#690;&#616;fi&#641;e&#628;du&#628;/ – my friend, ergative


fuefiriendun
fuefiriendun /f&#616;fi&#641;e&#628;du&#628;/ – friends (of each other), ergative
/f&#616;fi&#641;e&#628;du&#628;/ – friends (of each other), ergative


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


A few nouns
A few nouns have irregular reciprocal possessive forms e.g.
have irregular reciprocal possessive forms e.g.




wùerèn /w&#616;&#614;&#640;&#600;&#628;&#614;/
wùerèn /w&#616;&#614;&#640;&#600;&#628;&#614;/ - friend, absolutive
- friend, absolutive


fiwùerèn /fiw&#616;&#614;&#640;&#600;&#628;&#614;/ - friends (of each other), absolutive


fiwùerèn
These arise from when the first vowel has breathy or tense voice, but the first consonant is underlyingly a voiced stop, a prestopped nasal, or a fricative other than /s/. These can only occur before modally voiced vowels, and are thus modified before the vowel with breathy or tense voice. But if the voicing is blocked from spreading onto the prefix, then the underlying consonant will surface there.
/fiw&#616;&#614;&#640;&#600;&#628;&#614;/ - friends (of each other), absolutive


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Natlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Natlangs]]
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