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Antarctican: Difference between revisions

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Antarctican (view source)

Revision as of 13:19, 30 January 2013

583 bytes added ,  30 January 2013
m
Fixed issue in rendering IPA
(→‎Consonants: Changed a restriction on the distribution of the palatalised labial approximant, which I realised was inconsistent with some of the morphophonology)
m (Fixed issue in rendering IPA)
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! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
|'''i''' /i/  
|'''i''' /i/  
|'''ue''' /?/  
|'''ue''' /ɨ/  
|'''u''' /u/
|'''u''' /u/
|-
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
! style="" |Close-mid
|'''ie''' /e/  
|'''ie''' /e/  
|'''e''' /?/  
|'''e''' /ɘ/  
| '''uo''' /o/
| '''uo''' /o/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''ae''' /?/  
| '''ae''' /ɛ/  
|'''oe''' /?/  
|'''oe''' /ɜ/  
|'''o''' /?/
|'''o''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
|'''a''' /a/  
|'''a''' /a/  
|   
|   
| '''ao''' /?/
| '''ao''' /ɒ/
|}
|}




And there are 17 diphthongs. 8 of theseend in [j], and another 9 end in [w]:
And there are 17 diphthongs. 8 of these end in [j], and another 9 end in [w]:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
|  
|  
|'''uey''' /?j/  
|'''uey''' /ɨj/  
|'''uy''' /uj/
|'''uy''' /uj/
|-
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
! style="" |Close-mid
|'''iey''' /ej/  
|'''iey''' /ej/  
|'''ey''' /?j/  
|'''ey''' /ɘj/  
| '''uoy''' /oj/
| '''uoy''' /oj/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''aey''' /?j/  
| '''aey''' /ɛj/  
|'''oey''' /?j/  
|'''oey''' /ɜj/  
|
|
|-
|-
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! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
|  
|  
|'''uew''' /?w/
|'''uew''' /ɨw/
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
! style="" |Close-mid
|'''iew''' /ew/  
|'''iew''' /ew/  
|'''ew''' /?w/  
|'''ew''' /ɘw/  
| '''uow''' /ow/
| '''uow''' /ow/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''aew''' /?w/  
| '''aew''' /&#ɛw/  
|'''oew''' /?w/  
|'''oew''' /ɜw/  
|'''ow''' /?w/
|'''ow''' /ɔw/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
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====Vowel phonation====
====Vowel phonation====


Vowels in Antarctican can have either modal, tense or breathy voice. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a glottal stop after the syllable e.g. /a?/) are pronounced with a high or rising pitch, and vowels with breathy voice (marked with a voiced /h/ after the syllable e.g. /a?/) are pronounced with a low or falling pitch. This distinction is phonemic e.g.
Vowels in Antarctican can have either modal, tense or breathy voice. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a glottal stop after the syllable e.g. /aʔ/) are pronounced with a high or rising pitch, and vowels with breathy voice (marked with a voiced /h/ after the syllable e.g. /aɦ/) are pronounced with a low or falling pitch. This distinction is phonemic e.g.


*kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive
*kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive
*kúow /kou?/ - bigot, absolutive
*kúow /kouʔ/ - bigot, absolutive


Tense voice cannot occur on highvowels /i/, /?/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /?/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels.
Tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels.


====Vowel length====
====Vowel length====
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As well as vowel phonation, vowel length is also phonemic, on both monophthongs and diphthongs e.g.
As well as vowel phonation, vowel length is also phonemic, on both monophthongs and diphthongs e.g.


*kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive*kuuow /ko?u/ - a frozen object, absolutive
 
*kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive
 
kuuow /koːu/ - a frozen object, absolutive


====Phonation restrictions====
====Phonation restrictions====
However, not every vowel can have every kind of phonation e.g. tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /?/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Similarly, breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /?/, nor on front vowels, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. The permissible combinations of vowel quality and phonation are listed below:
However, not every vowel can have every kind of phonation e.g. tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Similarly, breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on front vowels, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. The permissible combinations of vowel quality and phonation are listed below:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;"
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| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''i''' /i/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''i''' /i/


| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ue''' /?/ from /i/
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ue''' /ɨ/ from /i/


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''u''' /u/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''u''' /u/
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|
|


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùe''' /??/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùe''' /ɨɦ/


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ù''' /u?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ù''' /uɦ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|Close-mid
! rowspan="3"|Close-mid
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| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ie''' /e/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ie''' /e/


| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''e''' /?/ from /e/
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''e''' /ɘ/ from /e/


| style="background-color: pink;"| '''uo''' /o/ from /u/
| style="background-color: pink;"| '''uo''' /o/ from /u/
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! style="" |Tense
! style="" |Tense


| style="background-color: orange;"|'''íe''' /e?/
| style="background-color: orange;"|'''íe''' /eʔ/


| style="background-color: orange;"|'''é''' /??/
| style="background-color: orange;"|'''é''' /ɘʔ/


| style="background-color: orange;"| '''úo''' /o?/
| style="background-color: orange;"| '''úo''' /oʔ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Breathy
! style="" |Breathy
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|
|


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''è''' /??/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''è''' /ɘɦ/


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''ùo''' /o?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''ùo''' /oɦ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|Open-mid
! rowspan="3"|Open-mid
! style="" |Modal
! style="" |Modal


| style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''ae''' /?/ from /a/
| style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''ae''' /ɛ/ from /a/


|
|


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''o''' /?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''o''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Tense
! style="" |Tense


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áe''' /??/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áe''' /ɛʔ/


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''óe''' /??/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''óe''' /ɜʔ/


| style="background-color: orange;"|'''ó''' /??/
| style="background-color: orange;"|'''ó''' /ɔʔ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Breathy
! style="" |Breathy
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|
|


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òe''' /??/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òe''' /ɜɦ/


|
|
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|
|


| style="background-color: pink;"| '''ao''' /?/ from /?/
| style="background-color: pink;"| '''ao''' /ɒ/ from /ɔ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Tense
! style="" |Tense


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''á''' /a?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''á''' /aʔ/


|
|
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Antarctican uses reduplication in its morphology, however it only partially reduplicates diphthongs, reducing them to monophthongs in the reduplicated syllable e.g.
Antarctican uses reduplication in its morphology, however it only partially reduplicates diphthongs, reducing them to monophthongs in the reduplicated syllable e.g.


*kúowntátu /kou??ta?tu/ – acquaintance, absolutive
*kúowntátu /kouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintance, absolutive
*kúokúowntátu /ko?kou??ta?tu/ – acquaintances (of each other), absolutive
*kúokúowntátu /koʔkouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintances (of each other), absolutive


When such diphthongs are truncated, it is always only the first part of it that is preserved e.g. /ei?/ and /eu?/ both shorten to /ei?/, /oi?/ and /ou?/ both shorten to /o?/ etc.
When such diphthongs are truncated, it is always only the first part of it that is preserved e.g. /eiʔ/ and /euʔ/ both shorten to /eiʔ/. /oiʔ/ and /ouʔ/ both shorten to /oʔ/ etc.


Vowels marked with an asterisk do not contrast for length.
Vowels marked with an asterisk do not contrast for length.
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|
|


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùe''' /??/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùey''' /ɨiɦ/


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùy''' /ui?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùy''' /uiɦ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|Close-mid
! rowspan="3"|Close-mid
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| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''iey''' /ei/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''iey''' /ei/


| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ey''' /?i/
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ey''' /ɘi/


| style="background-color: pink;"| '''uoy''' /oi/
| style="background-color: pink;"| '''uoy''' /oi/
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! style="" |Tense
! style="" |Tense


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''íey''' /ei?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''íey''' /eiʔ/


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''éy''' /?i?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''éy''' /ɘiʔ/


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''úoy''' /oi?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''úoy''' /oiʔ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Breathy
! style="" |Breathy
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|
|


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''èy''' /?i?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''èy''' /ɘiɦ/


|
|
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! style="" |Modal
! style="" |Modal


| style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''aey''' /?i/
| style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''aey''' /ɛi/


|
|
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! style="" |Tense
! style="" |Tense


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áey''' /?i?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áey''' /ɛiʔ/


|
|
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|
|


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òey''' /?i?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òey''' /ɜiɦ/


|
|
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! style="" |Tense
! style="" |Tense


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áy''' /ai?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áy''' /aiʔ/


|
|
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|
|


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùew''' /?u?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùew''' /ɨuɦ/


|
|
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| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''iew''' /ew/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''iew''' /ew/


| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ew''' /?u/
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ew''' /ɘu/


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''uow''' /ou/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''uow''' /ou/
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|
|


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''úow''' /ou?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''úow''' /ouʔ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Breathy
! style="" |Breathy
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|
|


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''èw''' /?u?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''èw''' /ɘuɦ/


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùow '''/ou?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùow '''/ouɦ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|Open-mid
! rowspan="3"|Open-mid
! style="" |Modal
! style="" |Modal


| style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''aew''' /?u/
| style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''aew''' /ɛu/


|
|


| style="background-color: pink;"|'''ow''' /?u/
| style="background-color: pink;"|'''ow''' /ɔu/
|-
|-
! style="" |Tense
! style="" |Tense


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áew''' /?u?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áew''' /ɛuʔ/


|
|


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ów''' /?u?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ów''' /ɔuʔ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Breathy
! style="" |Breathy
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|
|


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òew''' /?u?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òew''' /ɜuɦ/


|
|
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! style="" |Tense
! style="" |Tense


| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áw''' /au?/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áw''' /auʔ/


|
|
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|'''m''' /m/
|'''m''' /m/


|'''my '''/m?/
|'''my '''/mʲ/


|'''n''' /n/
|'''n''' /n/
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|
|


|'''ny '''/?/
|'''ny '''/ɲ/


|'''ng '''/?/
|'''ng '''/ŋ/


|'''n''' [?]
|'''n''' /ɴ/


|-
|-
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|'''pm''' /pm/
|'''pm''' /pm/


|'''pmy '''/pm?/
|'''pmy '''/pmʲ/


|'''tn '''/tn/
|'''tn '''/tn/
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|
|


|'''cn '''/c?/
|'''cn '''/cɲ/


|'''kn '''/k?/
|'''kn '''/kŋ/




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|'''pp '''/p'/
|'''pp '''/p'/


|'''ppy '''/p'?/
|'''ppy '''/p'ʲ/


|'''tt '''/t'/
|'''tt '''/t'/


|'''ttl '''/t??' ~ t'?/
|'''ttl '''/tɬ'/


|'''cch '''/t??' ~ c'/
|'''cch '''/c' ~ tɕ'/


|'''kk '''/k'/
|'''kk '''/k'/
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|'''p '''/p/
|'''p '''/p/


|'''py '''/p?/
|'''py '''/pʲ/


|'''t''' /t/
|'''t''' /t/


|'''tl '''/t?? ~ t?/
|'''tl '''/tɬ/


|'''ch '''/t?? ~ c/
|'''ch '''/c ~ tɕ/


|'''k''' /k/
|'''k''' /k/


|'''q''' /?/
|'''q''' /ʔ/


|-
|-
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|'''b '''/b/
|'''b '''/b/


|'''by '''/b?/
|'''by '''/bʲ/


|'''d''' /d/
|'''d''' /d/


|'''dl '''/d?? ~ d?/
|'''dl '''/dɮ/


|'''j''' /d?? ~ ?/
|'''j''' /ɟ ~ dʑ/


|'''g''' /g/
|'''g''' /g/
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|
|


|'''tts '''/t?s' ~ s'/
|'''tts '''/ts' ~ s'/


|
|
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|'''f''' /f/
|'''f''' /f/


|'''fy '''/f?/
|'''fy '''/fʲ/


|'''s''' /t?s ~ s/
|'''s''' /s ~ ts/


|'''hl '''/?/
|'''hl '''/ɬ/


|'''sh '''/ç ~ ?/
|'''sh '''/ç ~ ɕ/


|'''h''' /? ~ x/
|'''h''' /χ ~ x/


|
|
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|
|


|'''z''' /d?z ~ z/
|'''z''' /z ~ dz/


|
|
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|'''w''' /w/
|'''w''' /w/


|'''v''' /?/
|'''v''' /ɥ/


| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''l''' /l ~ ? ~ ?/
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''l''' /l ~ ɹ ~ ʎ/


| '''y''' /j/
| '''y''' /j/


|'''r''' /? ~ ?/
|'''r''' /ʁ ~ ʀ/


|
|
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