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Habyela: Difference between revisions
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2nd person singular /-mə̀/ | 2nd person singular /-mə̀/ | ||
2nd person plural /-ʔaɴʈɨxʷɨ̀/ | 2nd person plural /-ʔaɴʈɨxʷɨ̀/ | ||
3rd person male singular /- | 3rd person male singular /-mɨ̀/ | ||
3rd person female singular /-mà/ | 3rd person female singular /-mà/ | ||
3rd person plural / nonhuman /-ʔaɴʈa/ | 3rd person plural / nonhuman /-ʔaɴʈa/ | ||
These suffixes are used no matter whether or not an explicit possessor phrase is used. For example, /ɖəwə̀- | These suffixes are used no matter whether or not an explicit possessor phrase is used. For example, /ɖəwə̀-mɨ̀/ means "his ear", and /qaẁ ɖəwə̀-mɨ̀/ means "the chief's ear". In both cases, the noun /ɖəwə̀/ takes the 3rd person male singular suffix /-mɨ̀/. | ||
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For example, the restrictive form of the adjective meaning "black" is /qanʷə̀-waw/, while the descriptive form is /qanʷə̀-taɴ/. To say "the black dog" (selecting one out of a group of dogs containing ones with other colours), a Habyela speaker would say /qanʷə̀waw qənə̀bə/. However, in other cases, they would say /qanʷə̀taɴ qənə̀bə/. When an adjective is used predicatively (e.g. to say "the dog is black"), the suffix /çà/ is used for singular subjects, and /çàɴ/ for plural subjects e.g. /qənə̀bə qanʷə̀-çà/ - "the dog is black", or /qənə̀bəɴ qanʷə̀-çàɴ/ - "the dogs are black". | For example, the restrictive form of the adjective meaning "black" is /qanʷə̀-waw/, while the descriptive form is /qanʷə̀-taɴ/. To say "the black dog" (selecting one out of a group of dogs containing ones with other colours), a Habyela speaker would say /qanʷə̀waw qənə̀bə/. However, in other cases, they would say /qanʷə̀taɴ qənə̀bə/. When an adjective is used predicatively (e.g. to say "the dog is black"), the suffix /çà/ is used for singular subjects, and /çàɴ/ for plural subjects e.g. /qənə̀bə qanʷə̀-çà/ - "the dog is black", or /qənə̀bəɴ qanʷə̀-çàɴ/ - "the dogs are black". | ||
===Negation=== | |||
Adjectives are normally negated with the prefix /ʔanə-/ (or /ʔanə̀-/ to be emphatic). For example /ʔanə-qanʷə̀-waw/ - "not black" (restrictive). However, if the adjective root begins with a glottal stop, it is deleted, and the negative prefix is /ʔan-/ e.g. /ʔaɴcà-waw/ - "good" (restrictive) -> /ʔan-aɴcà-waw/ -"not good" (restrictive). | |||
==Verbs== | |||
The verb template is [Aspect / Person] [Negation] Root [Aspect / Verb] [Relativisation / Switch Reference] | |||
===Negation=== | |||
Verbs are negated in the exact same way as adjectives i.e. with the prefix /ʔanə-/ (or /ʔanə̀-/ to be emphatic) e.g. /nama/ - "to sleep" -> /ʔanə-nama/ - "not sleep" | |||
===Telicity=== | |||
Habyela verbs do not inflect for tense at all, but [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telicity Telicity] is very important. Marking of telicity is conflated with subject person / number agreement. Telic verbs take suffixes, and atelic vebs take either prefixes or circumfixes (depending on the person). | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! Telic !! Atelic | |||
|- | |||
| 1st person singular || -qʷɨ || ʔə- | |||
|- | |||
| 1st person plural || -nə || ʔəɴnə- | |||
|- | |||
| 2nd person || -kɨ || tə- ... -wɨ | |||
|- | |||
| 3rd person masculine singular || -ʔə || ɫə̀- | |||
|- | |||
| 3rd person feminine singular || -ʔaɴʈə || tə- | |||
|- | |||
| 3rd person plural / nonhuman || -wɨ || ɫə̀- ... -wɨ | |||
|} | |||