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Dama Diwan: Difference between revisions
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It allows wonderful freedom of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(linguistics) word order] within the frame of the head-final syntax. Well worth to devote one week to learn it. | It allows wonderful freedom of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(linguistics) word order] within the frame of the head-final syntax. Well worth to devote one week to learn it. | ||
== Grammar == | == Grammar / kiwo nijo == | ||
If you know the meaning of Dama Diwan words and the head-final word order, you don't need to know any other grammar. | If you know the meaning of Dama Diwan words and the head-final word order, you don't need to know any other grammar. | ||
Every stem can take one of the 3 affixes o / a / e, which can be further expanded to on, an, en. | Every stem can take one of the 3 affixes o / a / e, which can be further expanded to on, an, en. | ||
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:-en : raso. (ben, nen, biben, nujen…). Marks a verb which is going to be followed by its direct object. | :-en : raso. (ben, nen, biben, nujen…). Marks a verb which is going to be followed by its direct object. | ||
=== -a / -an adverbials === | === -a / -an adverbials / jino juno === | ||
The difference between -e / -en, -o / -on, has been sufficiently explained. | The difference between -e / -en, -o / -on, has been sufficiently explained. | ||
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If there is no question whether the adverb joins primarily to the previous or to the next, -a is taken to mean "of" or "in relation to" the word it marks, while -an is taken to mean "with" / "at" / "to" the word it marks. | If there is no question whether the adverb joins primarily to the previous or to the next, -a is taken to mean "of" or "in relation to" the word it marks, while -an is taken to mean "with" / "at" / "to" the word it marks. | ||
==== Informal Dama Diwan ==== | ==== Informal Dama Diwan / jiro nijo wuwa Dama Diwan ==== | ||
Informal Dama Diwan can | jiro nijo wuwa Dama Diwan kiwo jan sen wa wiko mujo: 1."jume", 2."i kiban", 3."kaso", 4."nanon". | ||
Informal Dama Diwan can express four "degrees" (mujo) which bear the native names : 1."jume", 2."i kiban", 3."kaso", 4."nanon". | |||
This is done by expressive usage of vowels, as follows: | |||
*1."jume", means that informal Dama can lengthen (double, triple, or even more) the first or only vowel of a word in order to show enlargement, e.g. baako =a big body (bako), taaamo =the huge sky, muuko =a big volume, wiiiwo =huge water (ocean), and so on. | |||
*2."i kiban", which, in theory, means that only the lengthened suffix (of dissyllabic words only) is emphasized according to the lengthening of its vowel; in practice, this is asserting the grammatical function of the word on the cost of its stem; so e.g. if we say raboo, this means we assert it is a noun, an extant thing, because the extant thing in this case is very small and tends to be neglected, so raboo means a small tree (rabo), and likewise taroo= a small animal (taro), jutooo is a tiny piece of skin (juto). It works the same way with verbs and adverbs; so, if we say "jajee" (it means that (s/he) gave money indeed, but it was so little money (jaj-). An example with an adverb is sunaaa "in the past", which is very very near past. So this function lessens, makes light, or even makes fun, of the stem meaning. | |||
:Formal Dama uses no enlargement / diminutive devices unless adjectives as miwo (big) and sano (small). | |||
Formal Dama does not use the vrddhi (augmented vowel) function; instead, it uses "buwo" for color, "rano" for similarity, and "kawa" for outer appearance. | *3."kaso", is the "vrddhi" function which is formed as "vrddhi" in Sanskrit; that is, an "a" is added immediately after the first consonant (before the stem vowel) of a disyllabic word, so e.g. "niwo" becomes "naiwo" and "wajo" becomes "wa'ajo". | ||
Note that if an "a" is marked with another "a" in vrddhi function, there must be a separatiting mark (') after the first "a" (wa'aro, na'amo etc.), which is shown in pronunciation by a glottal stop or an "h" or a similar "light" laryngeal sound. | |||
The usefulness of the vrddhi (a+vowel) word is primarily to express a color, e.g. tino =a blue gem, taino =blue; (some other common colors are wauko =yellow, i.e. of citrus fruit, taiko =green [of plants], saito =red [of blood], maimo [of fire] or saujo [of the sun] =golden color, jauso [of the moon] =silvery white). | |||
If the original word cannot be used for its color, the vrddhi is used for its similarity, e.g. buso =a dog, bauso =an animal similar to a dog, e.g. the Tasmanian tiger; or for outer appearance, as in nuro =normal, nauro =something that seems to be normal, ordinary. | |||
:Formal Dama does not use the vrddhi (augmented vowel) function; instead, it uses "buwo" for color, "rano" for similarity, and "kawa" for outer appearance. | |||
*4."nanon". This can apply only to the dissyllabic words with i/e or u/o in their stem; then the stem vowel (other than "a") can take an "a" after it, thus the stem vowel becomes a semivowel (j / w, not different from i/e and u/o respectively, only that the stem vowel must be weaker or not stronger than the added "a"); thus, nimo → njamo / niamo, kiwo → kjawo / kiawo, tube → twabe / tuabe, nuwe → nwawe / nuawe, etc. | |||
This expresses the negative or opposite of the stem; e.g. nimo =meat, niamo =meatless, kiwo =word, kiawo =without words, tube =give, twabe =not give, refuse, nuwe =to make unclear, nuawe =to clarify. | |||
:Formal Dama uses instead the negative particle "un" and the stem bim- "to undo, reverse". | |||
: | |||
:So, informal Dama can form long vowels and diphthongs which are absent in formal Dama; moreover informal Dama is known for its possibility to omit a weak o/u, except in case of a possible confusion when a final o/u is preceded by a nasal (n/m). | |||
: | |||
Informal Dama may only be used in spoken language when one has to be very quick in expressing something. In written texts, informal Dama may appear in order to render accurately some informally spoken phrases, or in poetry for metric reasons. | |||
===== Correctness, personalization and limitations / jeto jino, wiso jino, nejo mijo ===== | |||
===== Correctness, personalization and limitations ===== | |||
The whole Dama Diwan language has already been described. Everything expressed '''according to the above rules''' is considered perfectly correct, as long as it can be understood. | The whole Dama Diwan language has already been described. Everything expressed '''according to the above rules''' is considered perfectly correct, as long as it can be understood. | ||
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:These limitation define the acoustic "flavor" and character of Dama, just like a Pythagorean or analogous musical scale that has limited positions so that everything played on it sounds pleasant and harmonious. | :These limitation define the acoustic "flavor" and character of Dama, just like a Pythagorean or analogous musical scale that has limited positions so that everything played on it sounds pleasant and harmonious. | ||
== Invitation == | == Invitation / wono == | ||
[https://www.facebook.com/dama.diwan/posts/854946541215013 Here is the invitation] to Dama Diwan language, and if interested you can be a member [https://www.facebook.com/groups/omado.sosti.matiko/ of the open group]. | [https://www.facebook.com/dama.diwan/posts/854946541215013 Here is the invitation] to Dama Diwan language, and if interested you can be a member [https://www.facebook.com/groups/omado.sosti.matiko/ of the open group]. | ||
== Phonology and phonotactics == | == Phonology and phonotactics / kumo sijo, kumo nijo == | ||
Dama has 3 vowel phonemes: a, i/e, u/o. It is also possible to use two allophones of "a" like Hungarian "a" and "á", for native speakers of such a language. | Dama has 3 vowel phonemes: a, i/e, u/o. It is also possible to use two allophones of "a" like Hungarian "a" and "á", for native speakers of such a language. | ||
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There are many possible allophones, such as /v/ or /ɸ/ for w, but the use of "p" and especially of "l" (lateral sounds articulated with the tongue) is not acceptable. The word final -n is best pronounced as /ŋ/ if possible, or it can conform to the articulatory position of the following consonant. | There are many possible allophones, such as /v/ or /ɸ/ for w, but the use of "p" and especially of "l" (lateral sounds articulated with the tongue) is not acceptable. The word final -n is best pronounced as /ŋ/ if possible, or it can conform to the articulatory position of the following consonant. | ||
=== Writing | === Writing systems / kiwon rijo === | ||
The aforementioned 16 letters of the Latin alphabet are permitted to be used for Dama. | *The aforementioned 16 letters of the Latin alphabet are permitted to be used for Dama. | ||
Words, mainly proper names, inserted from other languages, follow their original spelling and are written with only their first letter capital, while the true Dama words use only lower or only upper case letters. | Words, mainly proper names, inserted from other languages, follow their original spelling and are written with only their first letter capital, while the true Dama words use only lower or only upper case letters. | ||
Every other writing system can also be used for writing Dama; however, the Latin alphabet is preferred. | *Every other writing system can also be used for writing Dama; however, the Latin alphabet is preferred. | ||
Dama can also be written by using only the 10 numerical digits, as follows: | *Dama can also be written by using only the 10 numerical digits, as follows: | ||
:1 =I, i, e, j | :1 =I, i, e, j | ||
:2 =N, n | :2 =N, n | ||
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:0 =O, o, u, w. | :0 =O, o, u, w. | ||
So the 10 digits are quite enough to write the 12 phonemes of Dama Diwan language. | So the 10 digits are quite enough to write the 12 phonemes of Dama Diwan language. | ||
Such a small number of indispensable digits to represent Dama means we can use only those for Morse code, so if we symbolise a dot by | *Such a small number of indispensable digits to represent Dama means we can use only those for Morse code, so if we symbolise a dot by “.” and a dash by “-”, the necessary Morse symbols (by order of brevity, the shorter for the more frequent) are: | ||
: | : . =0 =O, o, u, w. | ||
: | : - =1 =I, i, e, j | ||
: | : .. =4 =A, a | ||
: | : -. =2 =N, n | ||
: | : .- =3 =M, m | ||
: | : -- =8 =R, r | ||
: | : ... =7 =T, t, d | ||
: | : -.. =5 =S, s | ||
: | : .-. =9 =g, G, k | ||
: | : ..- =6 =b, B | ||
:(In Dama, the difference between i/e, u/o is not phonemic. J and W as phonemes are different, but Dama words only start with CONSONANTS (including j, w), and then there is always a vowel after each consonant with the exception of final n (which is better, but not compulsory, to be pronounced as ŋ). Therefore, 14102 can only be jajon or jajun, both correct in Dama; and the same happens with all other Dama words: they can be rendered totally correctly by the use of only the 10 digits, that is with a pad of only 10 digits plus a space key. The connection of the 10 digits to Latin letters is obvious, based on similarity of shape.) | :(In Dama, the difference between i/e, u/o is not phonemic. J and W as phonemes are different, but Dama words only start with CONSONANTS (including j, w), and then there is always a vowel after each consonant with the exception of final n (which is better, but not compulsory, to be pronounced as ŋ). Therefore, 14102 can only be jajon or jajun, both correct in Dama; and the same happens with all other Dama words: they can be rendered totally correctly by the use of only the 10 digits, that is with a pad of only 10 digits plus a space key. The connection of the 10 digits to Latin letters is obvious, based on similarity of shape.) | ||
Dama Braille (described in the last pages of https://www.academia.edu/12434367/theory_history) also uses only 10 symbols and it can be learnt in 3 minutes, while formal Braille has a repertoire of 256 possible signs and requires at least 3 months to be learnt with the quickest teaching course. | *Dama Braille (described in the last pages of https://www.academia.edu/12434367/theory_history) also uses only 10 symbols and it can be learnt in 3 minutes, while formal Braille has a repertoire of 256 possible signs and requires at least 3 months to be learnt with the quickest teaching course. | ||
*Dama is also unique in having its own writing system which is logographic and phonemic at the same time, as explained in https://www.academia.edu/12434367/theory_history . | |||
== Links and tools for learning the Dama Diwan language == | == Links and tools for learning the Dama Diwan language / muno, tano, man kije sagen Dama Diwan kiwo sijo == | ||
1) http://users.sch.gr/ioakenanid/kuba%20no%20reja.pps to start discovering by yourself; | 1) http://users.sch.gr/ioakenanid/kuba%20no%20reja.pps to start discovering by yourself; | ||
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and in https://crete.academia.edu/GiannhsKenanidhs/Dama-Diwan-Language, including the [https://www.academia.edu/12434367/theory_history explanation why] Dama is not really a language constructed by a person or people. Although Dama Diwan is a perfect language, human knowledge of it is still (2015) not perfect; We know that it is the ideal international auxiliary language because it has already been proven capable to create many good texts conveying successfully knowledge of any kind. | and in https://crete.academia.edu/GiannhsKenanidhs/Dama-Diwan-Language, including the [https://www.academia.edu/12434367/theory_history explanation why] Dama is not really a language constructed by a person or people. Although Dama Diwan is a perfect language, human knowledge of it is still (2015) not perfect; We know that it is the ideal international auxiliary language because it has already been proven capable to create many good texts conveying successfully knowledge of any kind. | ||
== Sample texts == | == Sample texts / kiwo rano == | ||
:[johuwax] | :[johuwax] | ||
:jetu wanu nomu bomu rora / jito wano numo bumo rura / 1170 0420 2030 6030 8084 | :jetu wanu nomu bomu rora / jito wano numo bumo rura / 1170 0420 2030 6030 8084 | ||