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Ckul: Difference between revisions

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Ckul (view source)

Revision as of 04:11, 17 January 2025

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<!--{{construction|date=13:00, 8 January 2025 (UTC)}}-->
<!--{{construction|date=13:00, 8 January 2025 (UTC)}}-->
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name              = Tskxul
|name              = Ckul
|nativename        = Tskxul
|nativename        = Ckul
|pronunciation    = ʦkʼul
|pronunciation    = ʦkʼul
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Tskxul
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Ckul
|state            = None
|state            = None
|setting          = Something distantly related the Avatar movies
|setting          = Something distantly related the Avatar movies
Line 10: Line 10:
|familycolor      = Indo-European
|familycolor      = Indo-European
|fam2              = [[w:Italic languages|Italic]]
|fam2              = [[w:Italic languages|Italic]]
|ancestor          = Proto-Tskxul
|ancestor          = Proto-Ckul
|creator          = Aquatiki
|creator          = Aquatiki
|script1          = Latn
|script1          = Latin
|notice            = IPA
|notice            = IPA
}}
}}


'''Tskxul''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''tskxul''; <small>Tskxul:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Tskxul|[ʦkʼul]]</span>) is a [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]], with strong influence of [[Na'vi]]. It is the result of a prolonged contact among members of the language.
'''Ckul''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''ckul''; <small>Ckul:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Ckul|[ʦkʼul]]</span>) is a [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]], with strong influence of [[Na'vi]]. It is the result of a contact among members of the languages.


While its vocabulary derives for the most part from [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]], Na'vi influence is most notable in its phonology and its some of its grammar.
While its vocabulary derives for the most part from [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]], Na'vi influence is most notable in its phonology and its some of its grammar and vocabular.


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
The language name derives directly from the Latin word for 'exile', suggesting the speakers were isolated from Earth and somehow transported to and transmuted to be able to live on Pandora.  Again, in an unknown way, these people find a way onto our planet and apparently back into human form, so they are twice exiles.  Ultimately from {{mn|la|exsul|t=exile (person)}}, it came to refer to "a person in exile on Earth, after having been exiled on Pandora."
The language name derives directly from the Latin word for 'exile', suggesting the speakers were somehow transported to and transmuted to be able to live on Earth.  After becoming Christianized in the region of North Africa, they were driven to Spanish, so they are indeed exiles twice over.  Ultimately from {{mn|la|exsul|t=exile (person)}}, it came to refer to "a person in exile in Spain, after having been exiled on Earth."


== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==
The Tskxul alphabet consists of 24 symbols, some of which are used to make digraphs.  There seven vowels are and twenty consonant sounds, include the glottal stop written with an apostrophe.
The Tskxul alphabet consists of 26 symbols.  There seven vowels are and twenty consonant sounds, include the glottal stop written with an '''h'''.


<center>
<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="24" | Letters of the Tskxul alphabet
! colspan="26" | Letters of the Ckul alphabet
|-
|-
| ' || Aa || Ää || Ee || Ff || (g) || Hh || Ii || Ìì || Kk|| Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Pp || Rr || Ss || Tt || Uu || Vv || Ww || (x) || Yy || Zz
| Aa || Ææ || Bb || Cc|| Dd || Ee || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Kk|| Ll || Mm || Ññ || Nn || Oo || Pp || Rr || Ss || Tt || Uu || Ww || Xx || Yy || Zz
|}
|}
</center>
</center>
* The letter '''x''' is used to make ejectives, named '''kx''', '''px''', and '''tx'''.
* The letter '''æ''' is used to make the 'ash' sound, but in Na'vi it is written '''ä'''
* The letter '''g''' is only used to distinguish '''n''' from '''ng'''.
* The letter '''ñ''' is used to make the /ŋ/ sound, but in Na'vi it is written '''ng'''
* The syllabic consonants are written as doubles of their letter, namely '''rr''' and '''ll'''.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
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|-
|-
! Nasal
! Nasal
| m || n || /ŋ/ '''ng'''  ||  
| /m/ '''m''' || /n/ '''n''' || /ŋ/ '''ñ'''  ||  
|-
|-
! Ejective
! Ejective
| /pʼ/ '''px'''  || /tʼ/ '''tx''' || /kʼ/ '''kx''' ||
| /pʼ/ '''p'''  || /tʼ/ '''t''' || /kʼ/ '''k''' ||
|-
|-
! Stop
! Stop
| p || t || k || /ʔ/ ''' ' '''  
| /p/ '''b''' || /t/ '''d''' || /k/ '''g''' || /ʔ/ '''h'''  
|-
|-
! Fricative v-
! Fricative v-
| f || s || || h
| /f/ '''f''' || /s/ '''s''' || || /h/ '''x'''
|-
|-
! Affricate  
! Affricate  
| || ts || ||
| || /ts/ '''c''' || ||
|-
|-
! Fricative v+
! Fricative v+
| v || z || ||
| || /z/ '''z''' || ||
|-
|-
! Liquid
! Liquid
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|-
|-
! Lateral  
! Lateral  
| || l || ||
| || /l/ '''l''' || ||
|-
|-
! Glide
! Glide
| w || || /j/ '''y''' ||
| /w/ '''w''' || || /j/ '''j''' ||
|}
|}
When in the coda, the voiceless stops are unreleased.  In all positions, the voiceless stops are unaspirated.
When in the coda, the voiceless stops are unreleased.  In all positions, the voiceless stops are unaspirated.
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|-
|-
! High
! High
| i || u
| /i/ '''i''' || /u/ '''u'''
|-
|-
! Near High
! Near High
| /ɪ/ '''ì'''
| /ɪ/ '''y'''
|
|
|-
|-
! Middle
! Middle
| /ɛ/ '''e''' || o
| /ɛ/ '''e''' || /o/ '''o'''
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| /æ/ '''ä''' || /ɑ/ '''a'''
| /æ/ '''æ''' || /ɑ/ '''a'''
|}
|}
There are also five diphthongs and two syllabic consonants: '''ay''', '''aw''', '''ey''', '''ew''', '''oy''', '''rr''', and '''ll'''.
There are also five diphthongs and two syllabic consonants: '''aj''', '''aw''', '''ej''', '''ew''', '''oj''' and '''rr''', and '''ll'''.


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
* Allowed simple onsets: p, t, k, px, tx, kx, ’, m, n, ng, r, l, w, y, f, v, s, z, ts, h, ø
* Allowed simple onsets: b, d, g, p, t, k, h, m, n, ñ, r, l, w, j, f, s, z, c, x, ø
* Allowed complex onsets: {f, s, ts} + {p, t, k, px, tx, kx, m, n, ng, r, l, w, y}
* Allowed complex onsets: {f, s, c} + {b, d, g, p, t, k, m, n, ñ, r, l, w, j}
* Allowed nucleus: a, ä, e, i, ì, o, u, ay, aw, ey, ew, oy, rr, ll
* Allowed nucleus: a, æ, e, i, y, o, u, aj, aw, ej, ew, oj, rr, ll
* Allowed coda: p, t, k, px, tx, kx, ’, m, n, l, r, ng, ø
* Allowed coda: b, d, g, p, t, k, h, m, n, l, r, ñ, ø
The only exception to this formatting is that a syllabic consonant nucleus requires an onset consonant (not null), and may not take a coda consonant.
The only exception to this formatting is that a syllabic consonant nucleus requires an onset consonant (not null), and may not take a coda consonant.


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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Consonant
! Consonant
| px || tx || kx || p || t || k || ts || '
| p || t || k || b || d || g || c || h
|-
|-
! Mutation
! Mutation
| p || t || k || f || s || h || s  || ø
| b || d || g || f || s || x || s  || ø
|}
|}
==== Simplifications ====
==== Simplifications ====
* Because identical vowels cannot occur next to each other, they contract
* Because identical vowels cannot occur next to each other, they contract.
* It is possible for the syllabic consonants to occur immediately after their consonant-counterpart.  When this happens in an unstressed syllable, the pseudovowel disappears.  In a stressed syllable, the infix disappears. Pseudovowels in monosyllables behave as though unaccented.
* It is possible for the syllabic consonants to occur immediately after their consonant-counterpart.  When this happens in an unstressed syllable, the pseudovowel disappears.  In a stressed syllable, the infix disappears. Pseudovowels in monosyllables behave as though unaccented.
* In rapid speech final -e is frequently elided when the following word starts with a vowel.
* In rapid speech final -e is frequently elided when the following word starts with a vowel.


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
Tskxul has singular, dual, plural.  All are formed by prefix
Ckul has singular, dual, plural.  All are formed by prefix
* '''tu+''' (from ''duo'') makes the dual
* '''du+''' (from ''duo'') makes the dual
* '''plu+''' (from ''plūrēs'') makes the plural
* '''flu+''' (from ''plūrēs'') makes the plural


=== Affixes ===
=== Affixes ===
=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
Tskxul nouns show three case endings (absolutive, ergative, and dative), and two case-like structures (genitive and topical).  There are three numbers: singular, dual, and plural.
Ckul nouns show three case endings (absolutive, ergative, and dative), and two case-like structures (genitive and topical).  There are three numbers: singular, dual, and plural.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
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|-
|-
! Absolutive
! Absolutive
| '''{{C|pxätxrr}}''' - ''a father'' || '''tupätxrr''' - ''two father'' || '''flupätxrr''' - ''fathers''
| '''{{C|pädrr}}''' - ''a father'' || '''dubädrr''' - ''two father'' || '''flubädrr''' - ''fathers''
|-
|-
! Ergative
! Ergative
| '''pxätxrun''' - ''a father did...'' || '''tupätxrun''' - ''two fathers did...'' || '''flupätxrun''' - ''fathers did...''
| '''pädrun''' - ''a father did...'' || '''dubädrun''' - ''two fathers did...'' || '''flubädrun''' - ''fathers did...''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| '''pxätxri''' - ''to a father'' || '''tupätxrri''' - ''to two fathers'' || '''flupätxri''' - ''to fathers''
| '''pädri''' - ''to a father'' || '''dubädrri''' - ''to two fathers'' || '''flubädri''' - ''to fathers''
|-
|-
! {{C|te}}
! {{C|de}}
| '''te pxätxrr''' / '''pxätxrrte''' - ''of a father'' || '''te tupätxrr''' / '''tupätxrrte''' - ''of two fathers'' || '''te flupätxrr''' / '''flupätxrrte''' - ''of fathers''
| '''de pädrr''' / '''pädrrde''' - ''of a father'' || '''de dubädrr''' / '''dubädrrde''' - ''of two fathers'' || '''de flubädrr''' / '''flubädrrde''' - ''of fathers''
|-
|-
! {{C|fpi+}}
! {{C|fbi+}}
| '''fpipätxrr''' - ''as for a father'' || '''fpitupätxrr''' - ''as for two fathers'' || '''fpiflupätxrr''' - ''as for fathers''
| '''fbibädrr''' - ''as for a father'' || '''fbidubädrr''' - ''as for two fathers'' || '''fbiflubädrr''' - ''as for fathers''
|}
|}


The mutating prenoun '''{{C|lì+}}''' can mean "this" or "the".  Similarly, '''{{C|tsì+}}''' can mean "that" or "this".  Other determiners include possessive pronouns, and quantifiers:
The mutating prenoun '''{{C|ly+}}''' can mean "this" or "the".  Similarly, '''{{C|cy+}}''' can mean "that" or "this".  Other determiners include possessive pronouns, and quantifiers:


=== Pronoun ===
=== Pronoun ===
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|-
|-
! 1st excl
! 1st excl
| '''{{C|yo}}''' || '''{{C|yon}}''' || '''{{C|yoy}}'''  
| '''{{C|jo}}''' || '''{{C|jon}}''' || '''{{C|joj}}'''  
| '''{{C|tuno}}''' || '''{{C|tunon}}''' || '''{{C|tunoy}}'''  
| '''{{C|duno}}''' || '''{{C|dunon}}''' || '''{{C|dunoj}}'''  
| '''{{C|no}}''' || '''{{C|non}}''' || '''{{C|noy}}'''  
| '''{{C|no}}''' || '''{{C|non}}''' || '''{{C|noj}}'''  
|-
|-
! 1st incl
! 1st incl
|  colspan="3" |  
|  colspan="3" |  
| '''{{C|'ämfno}}''' || '''{{C|'ämfnon}}''' || '''{{C|'ämfnoy}}'''  
| '''{{C|hæmfno}}''' || '''{{C|hæmfnon}}''' || '''{{C|hæmfnoj}}'''  
| '''{{C|ngo}}''' || '''{{C|ngon}}''' || '''{{C|ngoy}}'''  
| '''{{C|ño}}''' || '''{{C|ñon}}''' || '''{{C|ñoj}}'''  
|-
|-
! Second
! Second
| '''{{C|txu}}''' || '''{{C|txun}}''' || '''{{C|txi}}'''  
| '''{{C|tu}}''' || '''{{C|tun}}''' || '''{{C|ti}}'''  
| '''{{C|'ämftxu}}''' || '''{{C|'ämftxun}}''' || '''{{C|'ämftxi}}'''  
| '''{{C|hæmftu}}''' || '''{{C|hæmftun}}''' || '''{{C|hæmfti}}'''  
| '''{{C|wo}}''' || '''{{C|won}}''' || '''{{C|woy}}'''  
| '''{{C|wo}}''' || '''{{C|won}}''' || '''{{C|woj}}'''  
|-
|-
! 3rd ani
! 3rd ani
| '''{{C|ya}}''' || '''{{C|yan}}''' || '''{{C|yay}}'''  
| '''{{C|ja}}''' || '''{{C|jan}}''' || '''{{C|jaj}}'''  
| '''{{C|tua}}''' || '''{{C|tuan}}''' || '''{{C|tuay}}'''  
| '''{{C|dua}}''' || '''{{C|duan}}''' || '''{{C|duaj}}'''  
| '''{{C|ear}}''' || '''{{C|ean}}''' || '''{{C|eay}}'''  
| '''{{C|ear}}''' || '''{{C|ean}}''' || '''{{C|eaj}}'''  
|-
|-
! 3rd inanim
! 3rd inanim
| '''{{C|yì}}'''  || '''{{C|yìn}}''' || '''{{C|yìi}}'''  
| '''{{C|jy}}'''  || '''{{C|jyn}}''' || '''{{C|jyi}}'''  
| '''{{C|tuì}}''' || '''{{C|tuìn}}''' || '''{{C|tui}}'''  
| '''{{C|duy}}''' || '''{{C|duyn}}''' || '''{{C|dui}}'''  
| '''{{C|eor}}''' || '''{{C|eon}}''' || '''{{C|eoy}}'''
| '''{{C|eor}}''' || '''{{C|eon}}''' || '''{{C|eoj}}'''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! 1st excl
! 1st excl
| '''{{C|mea}}''' || '''{{C|mean}}''' || '''{{C|meay}}'''  
| '''{{C|mea}}''' || '''{{C|mean}}''' || '''{{C|meaj}}'''  
| '''{{C|tum}}''' || '''{{C|tumun}}''' || '''{{C|tumi}}'''  
| '''{{C|dum}}''' || '''{{C|dumun}}''' || '''{{C|dumi}}'''  
| '''{{C|noytsrr}}''' || '''{{C|noytsrun}}''' || '''{{C|noytsri}}'''  
| '''{{C|nojcrr}}''' || '''{{C|nojcrun}}''' || '''{{C|nojcri}}'''  
|-
|-
! 1st in
! 1st in
| colspan="3" |  
| colspan="3" |  
| '''{{C|'ämpor}}''' || '''{{C|'ämpon}}''' || '''{{C|'ämpori}}'''  
| '''{{C|hæmbor}}''' || '''{{C|hæmbon}}''' || '''{{C|hæmbori}}'''  
| '''{{C|ngoytsrr}}''' || '''{{C|ngoytsrun}}''' || '''{{C|ngoytsri}}'''  
| '''{{C|ñojcrr}}''' || '''{{C|ñojcrun}}''' || '''{{C|ñojcri}}'''  
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| '''{{C|we'}}''' || '''{{C|we'an}}''' || '''{{C|we'i}}'''  
| '''{{C|weh}}''' || '''{{C|wehan}}''' || '''{{C|wehi}}'''  
| '''{{C|'ämnge}}''' || '''{{C|'ämngen}}''' || '''{{C|'ämngi}}'''  
| '''{{C|hæmñe}}''' || '''{{C|hæmñen}}''' || '''{{C|hæmñi}}'''  
| '''{{C|weytsrr}}''' || '''{{C|weytsrun}}''' || '''{{C|weytsri}}'''  
| '''{{C|wejcrr}}''' || '''{{C|wejcrun}}''' || '''{{C|wejcri}}'''  
|-
|-
! 3rd ani  
! 3rd ani  
| '''{{C|sa}}''' || '''{{C|san}}''' || '''{{C|say}}'''  
| '''{{C|sa}}''' || '''{{C|san}}''' || '''{{C|saj}}'''  
| '''{{C|tuv}}''' || '''{{C|tuvan}}''' || '''{{C|tuvay}}'''  
| '''{{C|duv}}''' || '''{{C|duvan}}''' || '''{{C|duvaj}}'''  
| '''{{C|lor}}''' || '''{{C|lon}}''' || '''{{C|loy}}'''  
| '''{{C|lor}}''' || '''{{C|lon}}''' || '''{{C|loj}}'''  
|-
|-
! 3rd inan
! 3rd inan
| '''{{C|sì}}''' || '''{{C|sìn}}''' || '''{{C|sìi}}'''  
| '''{{C|sy}}''' || '''{{C|syn}}''' || '''{{C|syi}}'''  
| '''{{C|tuk}}''' || '''{{C|tukan}}''' || '''{{C|tukay}}'''  
| '''{{C|duk}}''' || '''{{C|dukan}}''' || '''{{C|dukaj}}'''  
| '''{{C|lu}}''' || '''{{C|lun}}''' || '''{{C|lui}}'''  
| '''{{C|lu}}''' || '''{{C|lun}}''' || '''{{C|lui}}'''  
|}
|}
Line 222: Line 221:
=== Adjectives ===
=== Adjectives ===
=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
Lexical entries for verbs look different from other words because the contain middle dots where the second and third infix locations are.  For example, sa.ngftxì.
Lexical entries for verbs look different from other words because the contain middle dots where the second and third infix locations are.  


== Sample Texts ==
== Sample Texts ==
=== Our Father ===
=== Our Father ===
{{Col-begin|50%}}
{{Col-begin|60%}}
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
<poem>
<poem>
<u>Pxä</u>txrr <u>ngoy</u>tsrr tswo sto ìn skxäl,
Pædrr ñojcrr cwo sdo myskæl
sì<u>sa</u>stingftxì nom txu
sysasdiñcyfyg nom tu
sì'at<u>weng</u> reng txu
syædwenir reñ tu
sì<u>fi</u> wo<u>lung</u> txu,
syfi wolunda tu,  
fre<u>tswom</u> ìn skxäl tswom ìn txrr.
frecwom myskæl cwom mysrr
Pxan <u>ngoy</u>tsrr kxotxi<u>tstan</u> sì<u>ton</u> noy oy,
pan ñojcrr kodizan donar nowi oz
'ì' sì<u>pxrr</u>ton ngoy flu<u>se</u>pìtx <u>ngoy</u>tsrr,
tswom non <u>pxrr</u>ton
'ì'


<u>A</u>men.
 
 
 
Amen.
</poem>
</poem>
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
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