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| ==Historical phonology==
| | '''Ike''', natively ''tōkı{{cdb}} ı{{ctb}}ke̱'' /to˦ki˧ i˦˥˨ke˨/, is a [[Tricin|Trician]] language with minimalistic consonants, vowels and phonotactics but with 10 tones. It is a parody of Toki Pona. |
| <poem>
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| s, ł > h
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| z > 0
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| l > ɭ
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| λ > l
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| ƛ/c ƛ'/c' > c c'
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| k kw > k, q qw > q
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| sp > p'
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| Consonant assimilations similar to Pali
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| mb nd ng > mm nn ŋŋ
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| h > ŋ
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| b d, etc > p' t' etc.
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| t > T then c > t
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| </poem>
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| ===Finnishy subfamily===
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| <poem>
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| ay > ää
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| ey > ee
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| ew, oi > öö
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| iw, uy > üü
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| aw > åå
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| ow > oo
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| </poem>
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| ==Numbers== | | == Phonology == |
| kēma, ʈiŋōr, nakkʼē, laupʼē, taɭiŋ, ʈʼāma, rōʈʼē, ɭojʈʼē, pʼakkʼē, qʼeyōr
| | === Phonotactics === |
| | {{SUBPAGENAME}} segments and phonotactics are identical to those of Toki Pona. /n/ codas are treated as moraic nasals, as in Japanese. |
| | /i/ is romanized as {{angbr|ı̣}} unless there is a diacritic below the letter. |
| | === Tone === |
| | {{SUBPAGENAME}} morae have 10 possible tones: /˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ ˧˩ ˦˥˨ ˦˥˦ ˧˥ ˩˧/, romanized {{angbr|'''ā̄ ā a a̱ a̱̱ a̖ a̰ ȧ á a̗'''}}. Only /˧ ˨/ tones may occur on non-word-initial morae. |
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| ==Phonology== | | == Grammar == |
| ===Consonants=== | | Analytic |
| Perhaps most strikingly, most Kammalic languages have simple syllables and are devoid of fricatives or aspirates. The following is the consonant inventory of Proto-Kammalic:
| | == Vocabulary == |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | | * mí{{cdb}} 'who' |
| |+ '''Proto-Kammalic consonants'''
| | * mı{{cgb}} 'I, me' |
| |-
| | * mı{{ceb}} 'from' |
| ! colspan="2"|
| | * mı{{cdb}} 'in' |
| ! |Labial
| | * mı{{ctb}} 'with' |
| ! |Dental
| | * mi{{cdb}} 'for' |
| ! |Retroflex
| | * ja̰n{{cll}} 'window' |
| ! |Palatal
| | * jȧn 'to yawn' |
| ! |Velar
| | * ní{{cdb}}mı{{cll}} 'to take' |
| ! |Uvular
| | * mama 'mother' |
| |-
| | * papa 'father' |
| ! colspan="2" | Nasal
| | * tu 'you' |
| | '''m''' /m/
| | * tu̇ 'fifteen' |
| | '''n''' /n/
| | * walo 'kiln' |
| | '''rn''' /ɳ/
| | * wa̱̱lı{{cdb}} 'heavy' |
| |
| | * wálo 'light' |
| |colspan="2"| '''ng''' /ŋ~ɴ/
| | * wa{{cab}}lo{{cll}} 'eight' |
| |-
| | * wālo{{cll}} 'brave; valid' |
| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
| | * lȧko 'bear' |
| ! | <small>plain</small>
| | * na̗wa 'to go out' |
| | '''p''' /p~b/
| | * na{{cgb}}wa{{cll}} 'to give' |
| | '''t''' /t~d/
| | * kén '(slang) yep' |
| | '''rt''' /ʈ~ɖ/
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| | '''k''' /k~g/
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| | '''q''' /q~ɢ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>ejective</small>
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| | '''pʼ''' /pʼ/
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| | '''tʼ''' /tʼ/
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| | '''rtʼ''' /ʈʼ/
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| | '''kʼ''' /kʼ/
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| | '''qʼ''' /qʼ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Trill
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| | '''r''' /r/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | '''w''' /w/
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| | '''l''' /l/
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| | '''rl''' /ɭ/
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| | '''y''' /j/
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| |}
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| ===Vowels===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |
| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''ī''' /iː/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| | '''ū''' /uː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close-mid
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| | '''e''' /e~ə/
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| | '''ē''' /eː/
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| | '''o''' /o/
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| | '''ō''' /oː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /a/
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| | '''ā''' /aː/
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| |}
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| a e i o u
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| ā ē ī ō ū
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| ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua
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| āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa
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| ==Composition==
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| *Proto-Kammalic: kēma, ʈiŋōr, nakkʼē, laupʼē, taɭiŋ, ʈʼāma, rōʈʼē, ɭojʈʼē, pʼakkʼē, qʼeyōr
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| **Branch with plosive cyclic shift: 1. s~ts < k < q; q < ʈ < t < ts; 3. ʀ < ɭ < l < r (tēma, qinōr, ɳattʼē, ɭaupʼē, ʈaʀin, qʼāma, lōqʼē, ʀojqʼē, pʼattʼē, kʼeyōr)
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| ***first i'll merge the long and short diphthongs
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| ***Umlaut: a o u > æ ø y; á ó ú > ǽ ǿ ý; e i > å ø y; é í > ǿ ý; øw, øj > øy
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| ***First Khmerization: before geminates
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| ***Second plosive cycle shift q > k > t > ʈ > q completes; p p' > b p
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| ***Second Khmerization: breathy voice | |
| ***Grimm's law or satemization
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| ***Third Khmerization: final stops/fricatives
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| **Geminates > ejectives: kēma, ʈiŋōr, nakʼē, laupʼē, taɭiŋ, ʈʼāma, rōʈʼē, ɭojʈʼē, pʼakʼē, qʼeyōr
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| ***[[Dholuomite]]: cemæ, tɪŋor, n̪æcè, læwpè, t̪æɹɪŋ, tɑ̀mæ, rotè, ɹɑjtè, pæ̀cè, kæ̀jor
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| ***xaapa-U, ʃikuu-U, nakii, luupii, sati-U, ʃaama-U, ruutii, viitii, faxii, χeyuu-U (U = f > p > m, s > ts > n, sh > t > n, x > k > ŋ, χ > q > ɴ)
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| ****xap-U, ʃku-U, nki, lupi, stə-U, ʃam-U, ruti, viti, fxi, χju-U
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| ***something with creaky voice: an idea for a kammalolang: l > dark l > R (uvular r), L > light l
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| ***[[Ubyxe Deluxe]]:
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| ****Vowel changes: a e i o u > ˁə ə ə ˁʷə ʷə; ā ē ī ō ū > ˁa a i ˁʷa ʷu; ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua > ˁi ˁu i u u ˁʷi ˁʷu ʷi a ʷa; āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa > ˁi ˁʷu i i u ˁʷi ˁʷu ʷi a ʷa
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| ****m mˁ mʷ mʷˁ n nˁ nʷ nʷˁ ɳ ɳˁ ɳʷ ɳʷˁ ŋ ŋʷ ɴ ɴʷ b bˁ bʷ bʷˁ d dˁ dʷ dʷˁ ɖ ɖˁ ɖʷ ɖʷˁ g gʷ ɢ ɢʷ p pˁ pʷ pʷˁ t tˁ tʷ tʷˁ ʈ ʈˁ ʈʷ ʈʷˁ k kʷ q qʷ qˁ qʷˁ pʼ pˁʼ pʷʼ pʷˁʼ tʼ tˁʼ tʷʼ tʷˁʼ ʈʼ ʈˁʼ ʈʷʼ ʈʷˁʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ qˁʼ qʷˁʼ w wˁ j ɥ ɹ ɹʷ r rˁ rʷ rʷˁ l lˁ lʷ lʷˁ ɭ ɭˁ ɭʷ ɭʷˁ a ə i u (jˁ > ɹ, *jʷˁ > ɥˁ > ɹʷ)
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| ****Numbers: kamˁə, ʈəɴʷar, nˁəka, lˁupʼa, təɭəŋ, ʈˁamˁə, rˁʷəʈʼa, ɭˁʷiʈʼa, pˁʼəka, qʼəɹʷar
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| **Both geminates and ejectives
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| ***ejectives > creaky voice > phar'd vowel
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| ***Bantu gib stage: semá, chíŋoró, nánse, lómpe, tálíŋí, njamá, ronje, lenje, mbánse, ŋgéyoró
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| ****smá, tíongra, náiz, lóibe, táilnge, dmá, raidé, lidé, báiz, géar | |
| *****Afrikaans gib: smaa, stiengra, naazj, locht, taalngie, dwaa, razdee, lizdee, baazj, jeera
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| ***Primitive Hmooby-Doo: Primitive Terg pseudo-gib
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| ****[[Hmooby-Doo]]: geev /geːv/, dxij /g!ɪj/, nag /nag/, schlawb /ɬaub/, deuj /dəɨj/, txaav /!aːv/, rood /roːd/, lööd /løːd/, pag /pag/, qia /qia/
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| ***Ejectives > geminates
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| **[[Czechmate]]: zamńa, žŋir, ńaca, ľuba, ďaňeŋ, čomńa, ridža, ňedža, pľaca, ćijir
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| **Talsmic-esque: Pyr Chilse's law followed by f > kw, sz > X > q, s > x > k; x, X > 0, k > q, q > qˁ; p t ʈ k kʷ q qˁ r l m n ɲ ŋ; words ending in : and ::: trigger raddooppiiaaammeennttoo
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| ***Kammalic^2: qemm, rtingorr, naa, laukw, tarling, qamm, roqq, rleqq, kwaa, eyorr (rl = /ɺ/)
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| **[[Kammalian]]: géma, rdingór, nakké, lawapé, darling, rtáma, rórté, rloyorté, pakké, qeyór
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| ==Grammar==
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| Quasi-polysynthetic with big clitic complexes or verbs
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| [[Category:Pfeuno-K'aitian languages|K]][[Category:Proto-languages|K]][[Category:Quame languages|K]]
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