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====Adjectives==== | ====Adjectives==== | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Jovlish verbs conjugate for person, number, gender, tense (past, present), and mood using simple endings, and for tense (future), aspect, and voice using phrasal constructions. A given verb can fall into one of four categories: | |||
* '''<span style="color:green">Weak verbs</span>''' (''see [[w:Germanic weak verb|Germanic weak verb]]'') | |||
* '''<span style="color:purple">Strong verbs</span>''' (''see [[w:Germanic strong verb|Germanic strong verb]]'') | |||
* '''<span style="color:red">Preterite-present verbs</span>''' (''see [[w:Germanic_verbs#Preterite-presents|Preterite presents]]'') | |||
* '''<span style="color:orange">Irregular verbs</span>''' | |||
====Present==== | ====Present==== | ||
The present tense is used for actions/states happening in the present, future actions/states if context is clear, and ''[[w:telicity|atelic]]'' verbs. Weak and strong verbs share the indicative and imperative endings, but differ on the subjunctive endings. | |||
<div style=display:inline-grid> | <div style=display:inline-grid> | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 1,380: | Line 1,386: | ||
|+ '''Strong verbs''' | |+ '''Strong verbs''' | ||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | | ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | | ||
! colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/ | ! colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/98 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bőn}}] ''bőn'' ("to yield") | ||
! colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/71 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űxn}}] ''űxn'' ("to enlarge") | ! colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/71 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űxn}}] ''űxn'' ("to enlarge") | ||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |- style="font-weight:bold;" | ||
| Line 1,393: | Line 1,399: | ||
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular | ! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}} | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}} | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bő}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''bő<span style="color:purple">ş</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span><span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">ō</span><span style="color:purple">ş</span>'' | ||
| — | | — | ||
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color: | | colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}</span><br>''űx<span style="color:purple">eş</span>'' | ||
| — | | — | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}} | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}} | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bő}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|st}}</span><br>''bő<span style="color:purple">st</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span><span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">ō</span><span style="color:purple">h</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bő}}<br>''bő'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color: | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|est}}</span><br>''űx<span style="color:purple">est</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color: | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eh}}</span><br>''űx<span style="color:purple">eh</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<br>''űx'' | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<br>''űx'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}} | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}} | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bő}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''bő<span style="color:purple">h</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">ō</span>'' | ||
| rowspan="3" | — | | rowspan="3" | — | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color: | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eh}}</span><br>''űx<span style="color:purple">eh</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<br>''űx'' | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<br>''űx'' | ||
| rowspan="3" | — | | rowspan="3" | — | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}} | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}} | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bőq}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''bőq<span style="color:purple">ī</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">ō</span>q<span style="color:purple">ī</span>'' | ||
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color: | | colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''űx<span style="color:purple">ī</span>'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural | ! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}} | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}} | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">ō</span>q<span style="color:purple">é</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span><span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">ō</span><span style="color:purple">né</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color: | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span><br>''űx<span style="color:purple">é</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color: | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''űx<span style="color:purple">né</span>'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}} | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}} | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span><span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|st}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">ō</span><span style="color:purple">st</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span><span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">ō</span><span style="color:purple">n</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">ō</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color: | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|est}}</span><br>''űx<span style="color:purple">est</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color: | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''űx<span style="color:purple">n</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<br>''űx'' | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<br>''űx'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}} | ! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}} | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ö}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">ō</span>q<span style="color:purple">ö</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl| | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ō}}</span><span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">ō</span><span style="color:purple">nö</span>'' | ||
| — | | — | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color: | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ö}}</span><br>''űx<span style="color:purple">ö</span>'' | ||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color: | | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űx}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''űx<span style="color:purple">nö</span>'' | ||
| — | | — | ||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
====Past==== | ====Past==== | ||
The past tense is used for actions/states which happened in the past, regardless of telicity. Weak verbs have dental-[[w:infix|infixed]] endings in the singular, and both weak and strong verbs share the same nasal-infixed endings in the plural. It is of note that weak verbs do not have a distinct past subjunctive from the past indicative and that strong verbs use the same set of endings for the past indicative, present subjunctive, and past subjunctive. | |||
<div style=display:inline-grid> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ '''Weak verbs''' | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/73 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvızn}}] ''şvızn'' ("to close") | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/96 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stüqn}}] ''stüqn'' ("to move") | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! Indicative-only | |||
! Indicative-only | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}} | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|deş}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">deş</span>'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stüq}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|deş}}</span><br>''stüq<span style="color:green">deş</span>'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}} | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|etst}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">etst</span>'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stüq}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|etst}}</span><br>''stüq<span style="color:green">etst</span>'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}} | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|d}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">d</span>'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stüq}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|d}}</span><br>''stüq<span style="color:green">d</span>'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}} | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dī}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">dī</span>'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stüq}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|dī}}</span><br>''stüq<span style="color:green">dī</span>'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}} | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">né</span>'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stüq}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''stüq<span style="color:green">né</span>'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}} | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">n</span>'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stüq}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''stüq<span style="color:green">n</span>'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}} | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''şvız<span style="color:green">nö</span>'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|stüq}}<span style="color:green">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''stüq<span style="color:green">nö</span>'' | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
<div style=display:inline-grid> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ '''Strong verbs''' | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/98 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|bőn}}] ''bőn'' ("to yield") | |||
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/71 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|űxn}}] ''űxn'' ("to enlarge") | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! Indicative | |||
! Subjunctive | |||
! Indicative | |||
! Subjunctive | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" style="font-weight:bold;" | Singular | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}} | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">ī</span><span style="color:purple">ş</span>'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span><span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ş}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">u</span><span style="color:purple">ş</span>'' | |||
| colspan="2" | <span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|x}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}</span><br>''<span style="color:purple">é</span>x<span style="color:purple">eş</span>'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}} | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">ī</span><span style="color:purple">h</span>'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span><span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|h}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">u</span><span style="color:purple">h</span>'' | |||
| colspan="2" | <span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|x}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eh}}</span><br>''<span style="color:purple">é</span>x<span style="color:purple">eh</span>'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}} | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">ī'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">u</span>'' | |||
| colspan="2" | <span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|x}}<br>''<span style="color:purple">é</span>x'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}} | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">ī</span>q<span style="color:purple">ī</span>'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|q}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">u</span>q<span style="color:purple">ī</span>'' | |||
| colspan="2" | <span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|x}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ī}}</span><br>''<span style="color:purple">é</span>x<span style="color:purple">ī</span>'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | Plural | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}} | |||
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span><span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">u</span><span style="color:purple">né</span>'' | |||
| colspan="2" | <span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|x}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|né}}</span><br>''<span style="color:purple">é</span>x<span style="color:purple">né</span>'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}} | |||
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span><span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">u</span><span style="color:purple">n</span>'' | |||
| colspan="2" | <span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|x}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|n}}</span><br>''<span style="color:purple">é</span>x<span style="color:purple">n</span>'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}} | |||
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|b}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|u}}</span><span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''b<span style="color:purple">u</span><span style="color:purple">nö</span>'' | |||
| colspan="2" | <span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|é}}</span>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|x}}<span style="color:purple">{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|nö}}</span><br>''<span style="color:purple">é</span>x<span style="color:purple">nö</span>'' | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
====Compound constructions==== | ====Compound constructions==== | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
==Sample text== | ==Sample text== | ||