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| {{Infobox language
| | '''Nurian''' is a [[Ramanuric languages|Ramanuric]] language (related to [[Thensarian]] and [[Ramanujan]]) spoken in [[Verse:Tricin]]. It's inspired by Italian, Pali, Arabic and Lithuanian. |
| |image =
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| |imagesize =
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| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
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| |name = {{PAGENAME}}
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| |nativename = ''nūrimēs''
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| |pronunciation= /ˈn̪ˠʊɚrʲɪmʲæːs/
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| |region = Nūria
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| |extinct = 220 v.T.
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| |familycolor=PfK
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| |fam1= [[Proto-Pfeuno-K'aitian|Pfeuno-K'aitian]]
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| |fam2= [[Proto-Quame|Quame]]
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| |fam3= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
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| |script={{PAGENAME}} script
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| |iso3=qth
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| |notice=IPA
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| }}
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| | |
| '''Nurian''' (''gaħēs nūrimēs'' /ˈgɐħæːs ˈn̪ˠʊɚrʲɪmʲæːs/) is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] descending from [[Thensarian]], aesthetically inspired by Lithuanian, Arabic, Italian and English. | |
| | |
| ==Introduction==
| |
| Nurian is spoken on the west coast of the continent called ''Kuderau'' by Wiebians. It is easily the most conservative [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] language, though with signficant Meetzarric influences. It is spoken alongside Meetzarric languages, Clofabic languages and New World Reber Wiebian.
| |
| | |
| ==Historical phonology==
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| *Cl > Cj > Cʲ (Italian style): pl bl ml fl cl gl ngl chl ghl > pi bi mi fi ci gi ngi chi ghi
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| **Exceptions: ''ħl ȝl''; ''nl, rl'' > ''ll''
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| *C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub> > C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub> (similarly to Italian)
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| *mlīd - conclusion, end > ''mīd'' /mʲiːdˠ/
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| *ar- > aC- (ar- before vowels); as- > s-
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| | |
| ==Numbers==
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| *1: ''cēma'' /ˈt͡ʃæːmˠɐ/
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| *2: ''tiħōr'' /tʲɪˈħɔɚ/
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| *3: ''narge'' /ˈnˠɑɚd͡ʒ/
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| *4: ''dhaufe'' /ˈðˠɐʊfʲ/
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| *5: ''saliħe'' /sˠɐˈlʲɪħ/
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| *6: ''stāma'' /ˈsˠtˠɑːmɐ/
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| *7: ''rōde'' /ˈrˠoːdʲ/
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| *8: ''loreħe'' /ɫɔɚˈrʲæħ/
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| *9: ''farve'' /ˈfˠɑɚvʲ/
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| *10: ''ħiler'' /ˈħɪlʲɛɚ/ (influenced by Meetzarri ''ulyerre'')
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| *11: ''cēmara'' /ˈt͡ʃæːmˠɑɚrˠɐ/ (< Themsarian ''cēmiħiore'', influenced by Meetzarri ''emarra'')
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| *12: ''pide'' /ˈpʲɪdʲ/ (Zutarl pirdi)
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| *144: ''tarþe'' /ˈtˠɑɚθʲ/
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| *1728: ''ūbyc'' /ˈuːbˠɪ̞k/
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| | |
| ==Phonology==
| |
| The standard [Standard A] Nurian consonant inventory contains around 42 consonants and 12 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic palatalization in hard-soft pairs, similar to Lithuanian; however, the Fiuschērian dialect or accent is an exception in that the hard-soft distinction is realized as pharyngealization versus lack of pharygealization. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.
| |
| ===Accent 1===
| |
| | |
| ====Consonants====
| |
| | |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
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| |-
| |
| |+'''Consonant phonemes in Nurian [Accent 1]'''
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| !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
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| !colspan="2" | Labial
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| !colspan="2" | Dental
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| !colspan="2" | Alveolar
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| !rowspan="2" | Palatal
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| !rowspan="2" | Velar
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| !rowspan="2" | Radical
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| !rowspan="2" | Glottal
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| |-
| |
| ! <small>hard</small>
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| ! <small>soft</small>
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| ! <small>hard</small>
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| ! <small>soft</small>
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| ! <small>hard</small>
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| ! <small>soft</small>
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| |-
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| !colspan="2"| Nasal
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| | mˠ || mʲ
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| | n̪ˠ ||
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| | || nʲ
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| | ɲ~ɲ̄
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| | ŋ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !rowspan="2" | Stop
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| !<small>tenuis</small>
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| | pˠ || pʲ
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| | t̪ˠ ||
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| | || tʲ
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| | tʃ
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| | k
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !<small>voiced</small>
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| | bˠ || bʲ
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| | d̪ˠ ||
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| | || dʲ
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| | dʒ
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| | ɡ
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !rowspan="2"|Fricative
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| !<small>voiceless</small>
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| | fˠ || fʲ
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| | θˠ || θ
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| | sˠ || sʲ
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| | ʃ
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| | x
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| | ħ
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| | h
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| |-
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| !<small>voiced</small>
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| | vˠ || vʲ
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| | ðˠ || ð
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| | zˠ || zʲ
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| | ʒ
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| | ɣ
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| | ʕ
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| |
| |
| |-
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| !colspan=2| Trill
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| | ||
| |
| | ||
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| | rˠ || rʲ
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !rowspan=2| Approximant
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| !<small>central</small>
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| | j
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !<small>lateral</small>
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| | ||
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| | ɫ ||
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| | || lʲ
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| |
| |
| |
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| |
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| |}
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| | |
| ====Vowels====
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| Nurian shows an unusual vowel system, with rhotic vowels and a relative lack of phonemic front vowels. There is a three-way contrast between short, long and rhotic vowels. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low short and rhotic vowels.
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''Vowel phonemes in Nurian [Accent 1]'''
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style=""|
| |
| ! colspan="3" style="" |Front
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Central
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| ! colspan="3" style="" |Back
| |
| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Close
| |
| | /ɪ~ɪ̞/
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| | /iː/
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| | /ɪ˞/
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| |
| |
| |
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| | /ʊ/
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| | /uː/
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| | /ʊ˞/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| |rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ]
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| |
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| | [ɛ˞]
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| | [ə]
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| | /ɝ/
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| | /ɔ/
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| | /oː/
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| | /ɔ˞/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | [æː]
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| |
| |
| | /ɐ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
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| | /ɑː/
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| | [ɑ˞]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Diphthongs:''' /ɐɪ/ /ɐʊ/ /iə~iɛ/
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| | |
| *Short /ɪ/ is lowered to [ɪ̞] after hard consonants.
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| */a aː/ has two allophones:
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| **[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after hard consonants
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| **[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants
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| */ɝ/ has three allophones:
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| **[ɑ˞] after hard consonants (in or before a stressed syllable)
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| **[ɛ˞] after soft consonants (in or before a stressed syllable)
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| **[a˞] after radicals
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| **[ɝ] in posttonic positions
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| *[ə] occurs as an epenthetic vowel after word-final geminates except before another vowel.
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| | |
| ===Accent 2===
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| Polishy - ended up quite Mandarin-esque due to the rhotic vowels and palatalization!
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| *ci gi chi ghi = [tʂ dʐ ʂ ʐ]
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| *sci = [ʂtʂ]
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| *ti di si zi = [tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ]
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| *thi dhi = [ts dz]
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| *ni ngi > [ɲ]
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| *li > [ʎ]
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| *ri > [ʐ]
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| | |
| ====Consonants====
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
| |
| |-
| |
| |+'''Consonant phonemes in Standard Nurian [Accent 2]'''
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| !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
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| !colspan="2" | Labial
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| !rowspan="2" | Dental
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| !rowspan="2" | Alveolar
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| !rowspan="2" | Retroflex
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| !rowspan="2" | Palatal
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| !rowspan="2" | Velar
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| !rowspan="2" | Radical
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| !rowspan="2" | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! <small>hard</small>
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| ! <small>soft</small>
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| |-
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| !colspan="2"| Nasal
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| | m || mʲ
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| |colspan="2"|n
| |
| |
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| | ɲ
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| | ŋ
| |
| |
| |
| |
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| |-
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| !rowspan="2" | Stop
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| !<small>tenuis</small>
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| | p || pʲ
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| | t
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| | ts
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| | tʂ
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| | tɕ
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| | k
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !<small>voiced</small>
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| | b || bʲ
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| | d
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| | dz
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| | dʐ
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| | dʑ
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| | ɡ
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| |
| |
| |
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| |-
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| !rowspan="2"|Fricative
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| !<small>voiceless</small>
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| | f || fʲ
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| | θ
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| | s
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| | ʂ
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| | ɕ
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| | x
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| | ħ
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| | h
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| |-
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| !<small>voiced</small>
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| | v || vʲ
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| | ð
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| | z
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| | ʐ
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| | ʑ
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| | ɣ
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| | ʕ
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !colspan=2| Trill
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| | ||
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| |
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| | ɾ
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2| Approximant
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| !<small>central</small>
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| | ||
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| | ||
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| | ||
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| | j
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| |
| |
| |
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| |-
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| !<small>lateral</small>
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| | ||
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| | l ||
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| | ||
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| | ʎ
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Vowels====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ '''Vowel phonemes in Nurian [Accent 2]'''
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style=""|
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| ! colspan="3" style="" |Front
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Central
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| ! colspan="3" style="" |Back
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | /ɪ~ɪ̞/
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| | /iː/
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| | /i˞/
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| |
| |
| |
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| | /ʊ/
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| | /uː/
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| |rowspan="2"| /o˞/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| |rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ]
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| |
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| | [e˞]
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| | [ə]
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| | /ɚ/
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| | /ɔ/
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| | /oː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | [æː]
| |
| |
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| | /ɐ/
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| | /aː/
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| |
| |
| | [ɑː]
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| | [ɒ˞]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Many vowels are centralized after retroflexes: /a aː ɝ i iː ɪɚ/ become [ä äː ɐɚ ɨ ɨː ɘɚ]
| |
| | |
| ===Accent 3===
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| Fiuschēra [fuʃˈʃæːrˁɑ] accent (Arabic-esque)
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| *Hard consonants > pharyngealized; soft consonants > plain
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| *''o'' and ''ō'' are centralized
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| *θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ
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| *Non-rhotic
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| ====Consonants====
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
| |
| |-
| |
| |+'''Consonant phonemes in Fiuschēran Nurian'''
| |
| !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
| |
| !colspan="2" | Labial
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| !colspan="2" | Dental
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| !colspan="2" | Alveolar
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| !rowspan="2" | Palatal
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| !rowspan="2" | Postvelar
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| !rowspan="2" | Radical
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| !rowspan="2" | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! <small>hard</small>
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| ! <small>soft</small>
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| ! <small>hard</small>
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| ! <small>soft</small>
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| ! <small>hard</small>
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| ! <small>soft</small>
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| |-
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| !colspan="2"| Nasal
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| | mˁ || m
| |
| | nˁ ||
| |
| | || n
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| | ɲ
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| | ŋ̠
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !rowspan="2" | Stop
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| !<small>tenuis</small>
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| | pˁ || p
| |
| | tˁ ||
| |
| | || t
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| | tʃ
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| | k̠
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | bˁ || b
| |
| | dˁ ||
| |
| | || d
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| | dʒ
| |
| | ɡ̄
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="2"|Fricative
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| !<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | fˁ || f
| |
| | || θ
| |
| | sˁ || s
| |
| | ʃ
| |
| | x~χ
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| | ħ
| |
| | h
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | vˁ ||
| |
| | || ð
| |
| | zˁ || z
| |
| | ʒ
| |
| | ɣ~ʁ
| |
| | ʕ
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| Trill
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
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| | rˁ || r
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| !rowspan=2| Approximant
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| !<small>central</small>
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| | wˁ || w
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| | j
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>lateral</small>
| |
| | ||
| |
| | ||
| |
| | || l
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Vowels====
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ '''Vowel phonemes in Fiuschēran Nurian'''
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style=""|
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Front
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Central
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Back
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| |-
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Close
| |
| | /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| |
| | /iː/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | /ʊ/
| |
| | /uː/
| |
| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| |rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ]
| |
| |
| |
| | /ə/
| |
| | /ɵː/
| |
| | [ɤ]
| |
| | [oː]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Open
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| | [æː]
| |
| | /a/
| |
| | /aː/
| |
| | [ɑ]
| |
| | [ɑː]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| /ɐɪ ɐʊ iə~iɛ iɚ uɚ ɛɚ ɔɚ ɑɚ/ = /ɐj ɐw iə iə uə ɛə~æə əː ɑə/
| |
| | |
| ===Accent 4===
| |
| Conservative
| |
| *ci gi chi ghi = [kʲ gʲ xʲ ɣʲ]
| |
| *sci = [skʲ]
| |
| | |
| ===Accent 5===
| |
| Scottish Gaelic pseudo-gib
| |
| ===Stress===
| |
| Nurian stress is derived from a particular pattern of weight-sensitive stress (similar to Arabic) in a dialect of late Thensarian:
| |
| *A short final vowel cannot be stressed.
| |
| *Only one of the last 3 syllables can be stressed.
| |
| *the last heavy syllable is stressed if not the final syllable; if there is a final heavy syllable, the penult is stressed. (e.g. ''burgent'' [ˈbʊɚdʒænt])
| |
| *If no heavy syllables, the 3rd from last is stressed.
| |
| | |
| Stress is marginally phonemic in Nurian, due to the loss of vowel length preceding /r/.
| |
| | |
| ==Orthography==
| |
| ===Consonants===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| |+ '''Consonants'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Grapheme
| |
| !''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''v''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''s''!!''z''!!''r''!!''l''!!''ng''!!''c''!!''g''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''ħ''!!''ȝ''!!''h''!!''j''
| |
| |-
| |
| !Hard
| |
| |/mˠ/||/pˠ/||/bˠ/||/fˠ/||/vˠ/||/nˠ/||/tˠ/||/dˠ/||/θˠ/||/ðˠ/||/sˠ/||/zˠ/||/rˠ/||/ɫ/||/ŋ/||/k/||/ɡ/||/x/||/ɣ/
| |
| |rowspan="2"|/ħ/
| |
| |rowspan="2"|/ʕ/
| |
| |rowspan="2"|/h/
| |
| |rowspan="2"|/j/
| |
| |-
| |
| !Soft
| |
| |/mʲ/||/pʲ/||/bʲ/||/fʲ/||/vʲ/||/nʲ/||/tʲ/||/dʲ/||/θ/||/ð/||/sʲ/||/zʲ/||/rʲ/||/lʲ/||/ɲ/||/t͡ʃ/||/d͡ʒ/||/ʃ/||/ʒ/
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''r''' = r-coloring before a consonant or word-finally
| |
| | |
| ==Grammar==
| |
| Somewhat unusually, Nurian is verb-final with prepositions and modifier-modified order.
| |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| Sgv-clv-plv system.
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Pfeuno-K'aitian languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]]
| |