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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Kawdzjan Consonant Phonemes
|+ Kawǧan Consonant Phonemes
! Manner \ Place || Labial || Alveolar || Palatal || Velar  
! Manner \ Place || Labial || Alveolar || Palatal || Velar  
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! Fricative (voiceless)
! Fricative (voiceless)
| /f/ || /s/ || /ʃ/ '''x''' || /x~h/ '''h'''  
| /f/ || /s/ || /ʃ/ '''x''' || /x~h~ɦ/ '''h'''  
|-
|-
! Fricative (voiced)
! Fricative (voiced)
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| || /r/ '''rr''' || ||  
| || /r/ '''rr''' || ||  
|}
|}
Voicing spreads in consonant cluster, and is usually written.
Voicing spreads in consonant cluster, and is usually written.  '''h''' voices intervocalically.  Men tend to velarize it as /x/, while /h/ is typically viewed as more feminine.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Kawdzjan Vowel Phonemes
|+ Kawǧan Vowel Phonemes
! Height \ Backness || Front || Central || Back
! Height \ Backness || Front || Central || Back
|-
|-
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Aragonese has many historical traits in common with Catalan and Aragonese. Some are conservative features that are also shared with the Asturleonese languages and Galician–Portuguese, where Spanish innovated in ways that did not spread to nearby languages.  It also has many conservative vocabulary items in common with Sardinian.
Aragonese has many historical traits in common with Catalan and Aragonese. Some are conservative features that are also shared with the Asturleonese languages and Galician–Portuguese, where Spanish innovated in ways that did not spread to nearby languages.  It also has many conservative vocabulary items in common with Sardinian.


* Romance initial ''f-'' is preserved, e.g. ''fīlium'' > ''fillo ('son', Sp. ''hijo'', Cat. ''fill'', Pt. ''filho'').
* Romance initial ''f-'' is preserved, e.g. ''fīlium'' > ''fillo'' ('son', Sp. ''hijo'', Cat. ''fill'', Pt. ''filho'').
* ''cl-'', ''fl-'', ''pl-'' are never preserved, becoming ''zh-'', ''x-'', ''br-''.
* ''cl-'', ''fl-'', ''pl-'' are never preserved, becoming ''zh-'', ''x-'', ''br-''.
* Romance palatal approximant (''ge-'', ''gi-'', ''i-'') consistently became medieval [ʒ], unlikely medieval Catalan and Portuguese.
* Romance palatal approximant (''ge-'', ''gi-'', ''i-'') consistently became medieval [ʒ], unlikely medieval Catalan and Portuguese.
* Romance groups ''-lt-'', ''-ct-'' result in [jt], e.g. ''factum'' > ''fèjto'' ('done', Sp. ''hecho'', Cat. ''fet'', Gal./Port. ''feito''), ''multum'' > ''mwito'' ('many, much', Sp. ''mucho'', Cat. ''molt'', Gal. ''moito'', Port. ''muito'').
* Romance groups ''-lt-'', ''-ct-'' result in [jt], e.g. ''factum'' > ''fèjto'' ('done', Sp. ''hecho'', Cat. ''fet'', Gal./Port. ''feito''), ''multum'' > ''mwito'' ('many, much', Sp. ''mucho'', Cat. ''molt'', Gal. ''moito'', Port. ''muito'').
* Romance groups ''-x-'', ''-ps-'', ''scj-'' result in voiceless palatal fricative '''sj'' [ʃ], e.g. ''coxu'' > ''coxo'' ('crippled', Sp. cojo, Cat. coix), ''ipse'' > ''èxe'', ''scientia'' > ''exènca''.
* Romance groups ''-x-'', ''-ps-'', ''scj-'' result in voiceless palatal fricative '''sj'' [ʃ], e.g. ''coxu'' > ''koxo'' ('crippled', Sp. cojo, Cat. coix), ''ipse'' > ''èxe'', ''scientia'' > ''exènca''.
* Romance groups ''-lj-'', ''-c'l-'', ''-t'l-'' result in palatal lateral ''lj'' [ʎ], e.g. ''muliere'' > ''muller'' ('woman', Sp. ''mujer'', Cat. ''muller''), ''acuc'la'' > ''agulla'' ('needle', Sp. ''aguja'', Cat. ''agulla'').
* Romance groups ''-lj-'', ''-c'l-'', ''-t'l-'' result in palatal lateral ''lj'' [ʎ], e.g. ''muliere'' > ''muller'' ('woman', Sp. ''mujer'', Cat. ''muller''), ''acuc'la'' > ''agulla'' ('needle', Sp. ''aguja'', Cat. ''agulla'').
* Open ''o'', ''e'' from Romance result systematically in diphthongs [we], [je], e.g. ''vet'la'' > ''vièlla'' ('old woman', Sp. ''vieja'', Cat. ''vella'', Pt. ''velha''). This includes before a palatal approximant, e.g. ''octō'' > ''wèjto'' ('eight', Sp. ''ocho'', Cat. ''vuit'', Pt. ''oito''). Spanish diphthongizes except before yod, whereas Catalan only diphthongizes before yod.
* Open ''o'', ''e'' from Romance result systematically in diphthongs [we], [je], e.g. ''vet'la'' > ''vièlla'' ('old woman', Sp. ''vieja'', Cat. ''vella'', Pt. ''velha''). This includes before a palatal approximant, e.g. ''octō'' > ''wèjto'' ('eight', Sp. ''ocho'', Cat. ''vuit'', Pt. ''oito''). Spanish diphthongizes except before yod, whereas Catalan only diphthongizes before yod.  Kawǧan is unique in the uniformity of these changes.
* Voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ lenited to approximants [β, ð, ɣ].  This continues through the present, so it is sometimes written, sometimes not.
* Voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ lenite to approximants [β, ð, ɣ] intervocalically.
* Loss of neither final unstressed ''-e'' nor ''-o'', e.g. ''grande'' > ''grande'' ('big'), ''factum'' > ''fèjto'' ('done'). Catalan loses both ''-e'' and ''-o'' (Cat. ''gran'', ''fet''); Spanish preserves ''-o'' and sometimes ''-e'' (Sp. ''hecho'', ''gran ~ grande'').  Aragonese loses ''-e'' but not ''-o''.
* Loss of neither final unstressed ''-e'' nor ''-o'', e.g. ''grande'' > ''grande'' ('big'), ''factum'' > ''fèjto'' ('done'). Catalan loses both ''-e'' and ''-o'' (Cat. ''gran'', ''fet''); Spanish preserves ''-o'' and sometimes ''-e'' (Sp. ''hecho'', ''gran ~ grande'').  Aragonese loses ''-e'' but not ''-o''.
* Unlike Spanish and Aragonese, voiced sibilants do not become voiceless.
* Unlike Spanish and Aragonese, voiced sibilants do not become voiceless.
* The palatal /j/ is often realized as a fricative [ʝ].
* The palatal /j/ is often realized as a fricative [ʝ].
* Latin ''-b-'' became ''-v-'' in past imperfect endings of verbs of the second and third conjugations: ''teneva'', ''teniva'' ('he had', Sp. ''tenía'', Cat. ''tenia''), ''dormiva'' ('he was sleeping', Sp. ''dormía'', Cat. ''dormia'').
* Latin ''-b-'' became ''-v-'' in past imperfect endings of verbs of the second and third conjugations: ''teneva'', ''teniva'' ('he had', Sp. ''tenía'', Cat. ''tenia''), ''dormiva'' ('he was sleeping', Sp. ''dormía'', Cat. ''dormia'').
* Voicing of many intervocalic stop consonants, e.g. ''cletam'' > ''zjeda'' ('sheep hurdle', Cat. ''cleda'', Fr. ''claie''), ''cuculliatam'' > ''coguljada'' ('crested lark', Sp. ''cogujada'', Cat. ''cogullada'').
* Voicing of many intervocalic stop consonants, e.g. ''cletam'' > ''zheda'' ('sheep hurdle', Cat. ''cleda'', Fr. ''claie''), ''cuculliatam'' > ''koguljada'' ('crested lark', Sp. ''cogujada'', Cat. ''cogullada'').
* Latin geminate ''-ll-'' became [ʎ].
* Latin geminate ''-ll-'' became [ʎ].
* Initial [r] is trilled.
* Initial [r] is trilled.  Latin geminate [rr] is also preserved.
* Latin [nn] and [ni] became ñ.
* Like English and unlike Spanish, word-final vowels followed by word-initial vowels get a glottal stop inserted.
 
Stress is assumed to be penultimate.  Other locations are marked with an acute.


== Nouns ==
== Nouns ==
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