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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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* (active) sole si so þiuþanu þ’ordene gevasse. → Only if the king gave the order. | * (active) sole si so þiuþanu þ’ordene gevasse. → Only if the king gave the order. | ||
* (passive) sole si s’ordene þamma þiuþana gevata fosse. → Only if the order were given by the king. | * (passive) sole si s’ordene þamma þiuþana gevata fosse. → Only if the order were given by the king. | ||
====Perfect==== | |||
The perfect tense in Luthic is characterised by a split morphological formation that depends on its grammatical voice. In the active voice, the perfect is a fusional tense, using a distinct set of endings applied directly to the verb stem. Conversely, in the passive voice, it is constructed analytically, with the present indicative of the auxiliary verb ‘to be’ combined with the past participle. | |||
The perfect tense covers the semantic range of the preterite (a completed action in the past) and the present perfect (a past action with present relevance), the distinction is not marked morphologically and is instead determined by the context. | |||
* (preterite active) rogí vacosa. → He said something. | |||
* (perfect active) rogí vacosa. → He has said something. | |||
* (preterite passive) vacosa è rogita e. → Something was said by him. | |||
* (perfect passive) vacosa è rogita e. → Something has been said by him. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:40%; table-layout:fixed;" | |||
|+ Indicative active | |||
! style="width:20%;" | Indicative active | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -are | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ere | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ore | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ire | |||
|- | |||
! ec | |||
| -ái || -éi, -etti || -ói || -íi | |||
|- | |||
! þú | |||
| -asti || -esti || -osti || -isti | |||
|- | |||
! e | |||
| -ò || -é, -ette || -ò || -í | |||
|- | |||
! ve | |||
| -íi || -íi || -íi || -íi | |||
|- | |||
! gio | |||
| -aze || -eze || -oze || -ize | |||
|- | |||
! vi | |||
| -ammu || -emmu || -ommu || -immu | |||
|- | |||
! giu | |||
| -aste || -este || -oste || -iste | |||
|- | |||
! i | |||
| -arono || -erono || -orono || -irono | |||
|} | |||
In addition, an optional analytic construction also exists, mirroring the compound past tenses of other Romance languages. This form is constructed using the present indicative of the auxiliary verb ‘to have’ followed by the past participle. | |||
====Pluperfect==== | |||
The pluperfect is used to express a “past-in-the-past.” Its function is to denote an action that had already been completed before another past event or a specific point in time, thus placing it further in the past than an action expressed by the perfect tense. | |||
Similar to the perfect tense, the pluperfect’s passive voice is formed by an auxiliary verb. This construction combines the imperfect tense of the verb ‘to be’ with the past participle of the main verb. | |||
* (active) arrivammu van sa þiuþana þa lettera segelara. → We arrived when the queen had sealed the letter. | |||
* (passive) sa lettera vá segelata þesi þiuþane van arrivammu. → The letter had been sealed by the queen when we arrived. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:40%; table-layout:fixed;" | |||
|+ Indicative active | |||
! style="width:20%;" | Indicative active | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -are | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ere | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ore | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ire | |||
|- | |||
! ec | |||
| -aro || -ero || -oro || -iro | |||
|- | |||
! þú | |||
| -ari || -eri || -ori || -iri | |||
|- | |||
! e | |||
| -ara || -era || -ora || -ira | |||
|- | |||
! ve | |||
| -ari || -eri || -ori || -iri | |||
|- | |||
! gio | |||
| -araze || -eraze || -oraze || -iraze | |||
|- | |||
! vi | |||
| -aramu || -eramu || -oramu || -iramu | |||
|- | |||
! giu | |||
| -arate || -erate || -orate || -irate | |||
|- | |||
! i | |||
| -arano || -erano || -orano || -irano | |||
|} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||