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Mergian: Difference between revisions
→Nouns
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==== Cases ==== | ==== Cases ==== | ||
==== Gender ==== | Mergian retained the nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative cases from Gothic. The vocative, as in Gothic, did not have its own independent suffixing. Instead, the accusative singular could also act as the vocative singular, and the nominative plural could act as the vocative plural. | ||
The description of the cases is as follows: | |||
* The nominative (nom.) case is used to mark the subject of a verb. It is also used in the predicate of the copula and as the dictionary form. | |||
* The vocative (voc.) case is used when addressing someone. | |||
* The accusative (acc.) case is used to mark the object of a verb. Some prepositions govern the accusative. | |||
* The genitive (gen.) case is used to mark possession, measurement, source or other relations between nouns. A small amount of prepositions govern the genitive. | |||
* The dative case (dat.) is used to mark the indirect object of a verb. The patients of causative actions are also in the dative. This is different to English where we would find a direct object instead(e.g. ''Ig '''ima''' (dat.) þangjen tafde '' vs. English "I made '''him''' (acc.) think"). The majority of prepositions govern the dative. | |||
==== Gender and Number ==== | |||
Gothic gender was unpredictable. Over time, the Slavic influence on Mergian caused for the genders to regularize. | |||
Mergian has three genders: the masculine (m), feminine (f) and neuter (n). The masculine is attributed to biologically masculine nouns (e.g. father, son, boy) or nouns ending in a consonant. The feminine is attributed to biologically female nouns (e.g. mother, daughter, girl) or nouns ending in -a, -i or -ij. The neuter is attributed exclusively to intangible nouns (e.g. sky, name, sun) and to nouns ending in -o or a consonant. | |||
Gothic made a distinction between gendered plurals, but Mergian lost this distinction. The new plural number inherited the masculine plural endings. | |||
Gothic's dual number was lost for the most part. However, it replaced the plural series of all pronouns. | |||
==== Pronouns ==== | ==== Pronouns ==== | ||
The personal pronouns were inherited almost exactly from Gothic. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Personal pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! !! 1s !! 2s !! 3sm !! 3sn !! 3sf !! 1p !! 2p !! 3p !! refl. | |||
|- | |||
!Nominative | |||
|| ig || þo || e || rowspan="2" | da || si || við || juð || ið || | |||
|- | |||
!Accusative | |||
|| mig || þog || ina || ja || unge || ing || ins || sig | |||
|- | |||
!Genitive | |||
|| mijne || hijne || colspan="2" | e || izou || ungra || ingra || izei || sijne | |||
|- | |||
!Dative | |||
|| me || þu || colspan="2" | ima || izai || unge || ing || im || se | |||
|} | |||
* The 3p pronoun come from two different sources. The accusative, genitive and dative declensions all come from [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83#Gothic eis], the nominative is an innovation so that it would fit the -ð paradigm of ''við'' and ''juð''. | |||
==== Declension ==== | ==== Declension ==== | ||