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m (→Consonants) |
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!rowspan="2"|Fricative | !rowspan="2"|Fricative | ||
!<small>voiceless</small> | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| f || s || ɬ || x | | f || s || ɬ || ç~x | ||
|rowspan="3"| χ~ʁ~ʀ || h | |rowspan="3"| χ~ʁ~ʀ || h | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| v || z || ɮ || ɣ | | v || z || ɮ || j~ɣ | ||
|| | || | ||
|- | |- | ||
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*/s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek counterparts. | */s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek counterparts. | ||
*/ŋ, kʰ, k/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, k], but are often uvular [ɴ, qʰ, q] next to /ʀ/ and /ʟ/. /kʰʀ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ]. | */ŋ, kʰ, k/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, k], but are often uvular [ɴ, qʰ, q] next to /ʀ/ and /ʟ/. /kʰʀ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ]. | ||
*/x, ɣ/ palatalize to [ç, j] before /iː yː ɪ ʏ eː øː/. | |||
*/ʟ/ is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant or a backed uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L. (This article uses /ʟ/ for simplicity.) | */ʟ/ is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant or a backed uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L. (This article uses /ʟ/ for simplicity.) | ||
** It is vocalized in unstressed syllables to [ɤˁ]. | ** It is vocalized in unstressed syllables to [ɤˁ]. | ||
** In classical singing and some dialects [ɫ] is used. | ** In classical singing and some dialects [ɫ] is used. | ||
*/ʀ/ is a trill [ʀ] in careful speech. It is a fricative [ʁ] in casual speech which devoices to [χ] word-finally or after an aspirate or another fricative. The main features distinguishing /ʀ/ from /ʟ/ are greater frication and absence of pharyngealization in the former. | */ʀ/ is a trill [ʀ] in careful speech. It is a fricative [ʁ] in casual speech which devoices to [χ] word-finally or after an aspirate or another fricative. The main features distinguishing /ʀ/ from /ʟ/ are greater frication and absence of pharyngealization in the former. | ||
** In classical singing and some dialects [r] is used. | **In classical singing and some dialects [r] is used. | ||
====Mutations==== | ====Mutations==== |
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