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{{construction}} | |||
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|{{PAGENAME}}-English lexicon]]<br/> | |||
[[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]] | |||
{{Infobox language | |||
|image = | |||
|imagesize = | |||
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | |||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |||
|nativename = ''θensārimem'' | |||
|pronunciation= /θensaːrimem/ | |||
|region = Talmy | |||
|extinct = 220 v.T. | |||
|familycolor=PfK | |||
|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]] | |||
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] | |||
|iso3=qth | |||
|notice=IPA | |||
}} | |||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is the the ancestor of all living [[Talmic languages]]. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, grammatically by Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Native American languages. | |||
==Todo== | |||
*PQ ''a'' > Thn. ''o'' (?) | |||
==Notes on notation== | |||
===Glossary=== | |||
*<sup>CLF</sup>: classifier tone pattern (non-desinential or desinential) | |||
*''H'': vowel hiatus with next syllable | |||
*''N'': denotes a homorganic nasal | |||
*''Z'': denotes ''r'' before a vowel or voiced C, ''s'' before a voiceless C, null before ''z'' | |||
*''~'': cognate to | |||
==Background== | |||
:''See also: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum]].'' | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
{{PAGENAME}} used 22 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! |Labial | |||
! |Dental | |||
! |Alveolar | |||
! |Palatal | |||
! |Velar | |||
! |Radical | |||
! |Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | |||
| '''m''' /m/ | |||
|colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/ | |||
| | |||
| <span style="color:gray;">'''n''' [ŋ]</span> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Plosive | |||
! |<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| '''p''' /p/ | |||
|colspan="2"| '''t''' /t/ | |||
| | |||
| '''c''' /k/ | |||
| '''ȝ''' /ʡ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''b''' /b/ | |||
|colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/ | |||
| | |||
| '''g''' /g/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative | |||
! |<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| '''f''' /f/ | |||
| '''θ''' /θ/ | |||
| '''s''' /s/ | |||
| | |||
| '''χ''' /x/ | |||
| '''ħ''' /ħ~ʜ/ | |||
|rowspan="2" | '''h''' /h~ɦ/ | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>voiced</small> | |||
| | |||
| '''δ''' /ð/ | |||
| '''z''' /z/ | |||
| | |||
| '''γ''' /ɣ/ | |||
| <span style="color:gray;">'''ȝ''' [ʕ~ʢ]</span> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Trill | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''r''' /r/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Approximant | |||
| '''v''' /w~ʋ/ | |||
| '''l''' /l/ | |||
| | |||
| '''j''' /j/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
;Notes | |||
*Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated. | |||
*/r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠]. | |||
*/l/ is mildly velarized dental [l̪ˠ]. | |||
====Conditioned allophony==== | |||
Allophony in {{PAGENAME}} is limited. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 570px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 120px; "|Phoneme | |||
! style="width: 120px; " |Allophone | |||
! style="width: 120px; " |Condition(s) | |||
|- | |||
|rowspan="2"| /n/ | |||
| [ŋ] | |||
| _C[+velar, +plosive] | |||
|- | |||
| [ɱ] | |||
| _C[+labiodental] | |||
|- | |||
| C[+obstruent, ±voiced] | |||
| C[+obstruent, ∓voiced] | |||
| _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced] | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
Classical {{PAGENAME}} has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic ''i/y'' which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae. <!-- | |||
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;" | |||
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;" | |||
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front''' | |||
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back''' | |||
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close''' | |||
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"> | |||
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"| | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;">ʉ̜</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">e̞</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">o̞</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div> | |||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div> | |||
|} | |||
</div></div> | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-close''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open''' | |||
|}--> | |||
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div> | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| '''i''' /i/ | |||
| '''ī''' /iː/ | |||
| '''y''' /ÿ/ | |||
| '''ȳ''' /ÿː/ | |||
| '''u''' /u/ | |||
| '''ū''' /uː/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| '''e''' /e/ | |||
| '''ē''' /eː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''o''' /o/ | |||
| '''ō''' /oː/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''a''' /a/ | |||
| '''ā''' /aː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
Diphthongs: '''ae au ui''' | |||
;Notes | |||
*/ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ]. | |||
*/e eː o oː/ are mid vowels. | |||
===Suprasegmentals=== | |||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
===Syllable structure and morphophonology=== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | |||
! rowspan=2 | 1st Consonant | |||
! colspan=20| Last Consonant | |||
|- | |||
! m | |||
! n | |||
! p | |||
! t | |||
! k | |||
! b | |||
! d | |||
! g | |||
! s | |||
! š | |||
! tl | |||
! ts | |||
! tš | |||
! h | |||
! x | |||
! w | |||
! ǧ | |||
! y | |||
! l | |||
! r | |||
|- | |||
! m | |||
| mm | |||
| mb | |||
| mb | |||
| nd | |||
| ng | |||
| mb | |||
| nd | |||
| ng | |||
| ss | |||
| šš | |||
| ndr | |||
| ns | |||
| nš | |||
| mm | |||
| nǧ | |||
| mm | |||
| nǧ | |||
| ny | |||
| lm | |||
| ndr | |||
|- | |||
! n | |||
| nd | |||
| nn | |||
| mb | |||
| nd | |||
| ng | |||
| mb | |||
| nd | |||
| ng | |||
| ss | |||
| šš | |||
| ndr | |||
| ns | |||
| nš | |||
| nn | |||
| nǧ | |||
| mm | |||
| nǧ | |||
| nn | |||
| lm | |||
| ndr | |||
|- | |||
! p | |||
| | |||
| | |||
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|- | |||
! t | |||
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|- | |||
! k | |||
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|- | |||
! b | |||
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|- | |||
! d | |||
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|- | |||
! g | |||
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|- | |||
! s | |||
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|- | |||
! š | |||
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|- | |||
! tl | |||
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|- | |||
! ts | |||
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|- | |||
! tš | |||
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|- | |||
! h | |||
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|- | |||
! x | |||
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|- | |||
! w | |||
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|- | |||
! y | |||
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|- | |||
! l | |||
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|- | |||
! r | |||
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|} | |||
===Phonological diachronics=== | |||
====Simple consonant correspondences==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
! PTal | |||
! {{recon|m}} | |||
! {{recon|p}} | |||
! {{recon|b}} | |||
! {{recon|ɸ}} | |||
! {{recon|n}} | |||
! {{recon|t}} | |||
! {{recon|d}} | |||
! {{recon|s}} | |||
! {{recon|z}} | |||
! {{recon|r}} | |||
! {{recon|θ}} | |||
! {{recon|ł}} | |||
! {{recon|λ}} | |||
! {{recon|l}} | |||
! {{recon|j}} | |||
! {{recon|k}} | |||
! {{recon|g}} | |||
! {{recon|x}} | |||
! {{recon|kʷ}} | |||
! {{recon|gʷ}} | |||
! {{recon|xʷ}} | |||
! {{recon|w}} | |||
! {{recon|q}} | |||
! {{recon|χ}} | |||
! {{recon|ʁ}} | |||
! {{recon|ʔ}} | |||
! {{recon|h}} | |||
|- | |||
! Thm. | |||
| ''m'' | |||
| ''p'' | |||
| ''b'' | |||
| ''f'' | |||
| ''n'' | |||
| ''t'' | |||
| ''d'' | |||
| ''s'' | |||
| ''z'', ''-r-'' | |||
| ''r'' | |||
| ''θ'' | |||
| ''θ'' | |||
| ''δ'' | |||
| ''l'' | |||
| ''j'' | |||
| ''c'' | |||
| ''g'' | |||
| ''χ'' | |||
| ''c'' | |||
| ''v'' | |||
| ''f'' | |||
| ''v'' | |||
| ''ʒ'' | |||
| ''ħ'' | |||
| ''γ'' | |||
| 0- | |||
| ''h-'' | |||
|} | |||
====Consonant clusters==== | |||
*''tp, tb, tk, tg'' > ''rp, rb, rc, rg''? | |||
====Vowel reflexes==== | |||
Usually: | |||
*{{recon|''a''}} > ''o'' | |||
*{{recon|''ə''}} > ''e'' | |||
*{{recon|''i''}} > ''i'' | |||
*{{recon|''u''}} > ''u'' (or ''o'' if {{recon|''a''}} should > ''a'') | |||
*{{recon|''ay''}} > ''ȳ'' | |||
*{{recon|''əy''}} > ''ae'' | |||
*{{recon|''uy''}} > ''ū'' | |||
*{{recon|''iy, iʔ, ix''}} > ''ī'' | |||
*{{recon|''aw''}} > ''au'' | |||
*{{recon|''əw''}} > ''iō'' | |||
*{{recon|''iw''}} > ''iū'' | |||
*{{recon|''uw''}} > ''ū'' | |||
*{{recon|''Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ''}} > ''Ca'' | |||
*{{recon|''Cxʷ''}} > ''Co'' | |||
*{{recon|''Cx''}} > ''Cy'' | |||
*{{recon|''əx, ix̌''}} > ''ē'' | |||
**or {{recon|''ix̌''}} > ''iā/ia/ea''? | |||
*{{recon|''ux̌, x̌u''}} > ''ō'' for sure | |||
*{{recon|''axʷ, ax̌ʷ''}} > ''au''? | |||
*{{recon|''ix̌ʷ''}} > ''iō''? | |||
*{{recon|''ux̌ʷ''}} > ''ō''? | |||
*{{recon|''iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ''}} > ''iā'' | |||
==Orthography== | |||
[[Image:Ŧā́thimā́ script.jpg|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}} runic script.|240px]] | |||
The standardized {{PAGENAME}} alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length. | |||
The alphabetical order is as follows: | |||
#'''R:''' | |||
#'''D:''' | |||
#'''Z:''' | |||
#'''I:''' | |||
#'''Γ:''' | |||
#'''A:''' | |||
#'''Ħ:''' | |||
#'''F:''' | |||
#'''M:''' | |||
#'''L:''' | |||
#'''G:''' | |||
#'''C:''' | |||
#'''H:''' | |||
#'''B:''' | |||
#'''S:''' | |||
#'''V:''' | |||
#'''O:''' | |||
#'''J:''' | |||
#'''Ȝ:''' | |||
#'''Δ:''' | |||
#'''Y:''' | |||
#'''Χ:''' | |||
#'''T:''' | |||
#'''N:''' | |||
#'''Θ:''' | |||
#'''P:''' | |||
#'''E:''' | |||
#'''U:''' | |||
==Morphology== | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of {{PAGENAME}} grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template: | |||
#switch-reference marker | |||
#applicative or derivational prefixes | |||
#object prefix | |||
#(prefix or reduplication for some TAMs) | |||
#'''STEM''' | |||
#voice suffix | |||
#TAM + subject | |||
#emphatic suffix ''-is'' | |||
Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic ''-is'', which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements. | |||
====TAM + subject markers==== | |||
Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices. | |||
*Consonant stems: (-y-) | |||
*Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-? | |||
=====Present===== | |||
*1sg ''-n(is)'' | |||
*2sg ''-r(is)'' | |||
*3sg.m ''-m(is)'' | |||
*3sg.f ''-si(s)'' | |||
*3sg.n ''-((i)s)''? | |||
*1ex ''-maeχ(is)'' | |||
*1in ''-nte(s)'' | |||
*2pl ''-sce(s)'' | |||
*3pl ''-ti(s)'' | |||
=====Preterite===== | |||
*1sg: ''-nno(s)'' | |||
*2sg: ''-rȳ(s)'' | |||
*3sg.m: ''-smi(s)'' | |||
*3pl.f: ''-ssi(s)''? | |||
*3sg.n: ''-so(s)''? | |||
*1ex: ''-mer(is)'' | |||
*1in: ''-ter(is)'' | |||
*3pl: ''-scer(is)'' | |||
*3pl: ''-ster(is)'' | |||
=====Future===== | |||
*1sg ''-tēn(is)'' | |||
*2sg ''-tēr(is)'' | |||
*3sg.m ''-tēm(is)'' | |||
*3sg.f ''-tēsi(s)'' | |||
*3sg.n ''-tē(s)''? | |||
*1ex ''-tēmaeχ(is)'' | |||
*1in ''-tēnt(is)'' | |||
*2pl ''-tēsce(s)'' | |||
*3pl ''-tēti(s)'' | |||
=====Subjunctive===== | |||
*1sg: ''-nae(s)'' | |||
*2sg: ''-rae(s)'' | |||
*3sg.m: ''-mior(is)'' | |||
*3sg.f: ''-sior(is)'' | |||
*3sg.n: ''-ior(is)'' | |||
*1ex: ''-nχae(s)'' | |||
*1in: ''-ntae(s)'' | |||
*2pl: ''-scae(s)'' | |||
*3pl: ''-tior(is)'' | |||
=====Optative===== | |||
*1sg ''-von(is)''? | |||
*2sg ''-vor(is)'' | |||
*3sg.m ''-vom(is)'' | |||
*3sg.f ''-vosi(s)'' | |||
*3sg.n ''-vo((i)s)'' | |||
*1ex ''-vomaeχ(is)'' | |||
*1in ''-vunt(is)'' | |||
*2pl ''-vosce(s)'' | |||
*3pl ''-voti(s)'' | |||
=====Imperative===== | |||
*2sg: ''-e(s)''/''-(is)'' | |||
*1pl.in: ''-ntē(s)'' | |||
*2pl: ''-scē(s)'' | |||
==Syntax== | |||
Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds). | |||
===Constituent order=== | |||
===Noun phrase=== | |||
===Verb phrase=== | |||
===Sentence phrase=== | |||
===Dependent clauses=== | |||
<!-- etc. etc. --> | |||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:{{PAGENAME}}|*]][[Category:Hussmauch]] |
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