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Antarctican: Difference between revisions
→Consonants: Added section on distribution of /z/
(→Vowel Mutation: Added IPA transcriptions) |
(→Consonants: Added section on distribution of /z/) |
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*Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. / | *Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /ɟ ~ dʑ/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [ɟ] or [dʑ]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first. | ||
*The glottal stop is unmarked word initially (since all words must begin with consonants), and is marked by a hyphen elsewhere. | *The glottal stop is unmarked word initially (since all words must begin with consonants), and is marked by a hyphen elsewhere. | ||
*Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology. They are only found between syllables with modal vowel phonation (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word). | *Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology. They are only found between syllables with modal vowel phonation (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word). | ||
*The placeless nasal /ɴ/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc. | *The placeless nasal /ɴ/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc. | ||
*Voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) are only found in | *Voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) are only found in four cases. | ||
:#Separating two syllables with modal voice (or a modal voice floating phonation if at the start of a word). | :#Separating two syllables with modal voice (or a modal voice floating phonation if at the start of a word). | ||
:#After a syllable containing breathy phonation (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word) and before a syllable containing modal phonation. | :#After a syllable containing breathy phonation (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word) and before a syllable containing modal phonation. | ||
:#Separating two syllables with breathy voice (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word). In this case they are pronounced with breathy voice, like the murmured/voiced aspirated consonants of many Indian languages. | :#Separating two syllables with breathy voice (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word). In this case they are pronounced with breathy voice, like the murmured/voiced aspirated consonants of many Indian languages. | ||
* | :#/z/ can also be found before vowels with tense voice. | ||
*Fricatives other than /s/ and /z/ (spirant / non-sibilant fricatives) are only found separating two syllables with modal voice (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word), or separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word). | |||
*Ejectives are only ever found separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word). | *Ejectives are only ever found separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word). | ||
*The velar nasals /kŋ/ and /ŋ/ never occur at the beginning of words. | *The velar nasals /kŋ/ and /ŋ/ never occur at the beginning of words. | ||