Thangha': Difference between revisions

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===Case===
===Case===


Thangha' has three cases, Absolutive (unmarked), Genitive (marked with the prefix /wa-), and Ergative (marked with the prefix /-/).
Thangha' has three cases, Absolutive (unmarked), Genitive (marked with the prefix /wa-), and Ergative (marked with the prefix /-/).


e.g. /ˈməsa/ (H) - [ˈmə̋sá] - "mother" -> /wa-ˈməsa/ (H) - [wáˈmə̋sá] - "of the mother" -> /-ˈməsa/ (H) - [bə́ˈmə̋sá]
e.g. /ˈməsa/ (H) - [ˈmə̋sá] - "mother" -> /wa-ˈməsa/ (H) - [wáˈmə̋sá] - "of the mother" -> /-ˈməsa/ (H) - [pə́ˈmə̋sá]


However, if the noun root begins with a voiceless obstruent, it becomes voiced e.g. /ˈtʷoʀa/ (L) [ˈtʷòʀɑ̄] - "shaman" -> /waˈdʷoʀa/ (L) [wāˈdʷòʀɑ̀] - "of the shaman" (not */waˈyʷoʀa/ (L)) -> /-ˈdʷoʀa/ (L) [bə̄ˈdʷòʀɑ̄] - "shaman" (ergative).
However, if the noun root begins with a voiceless obstruent, it becomes voiced e.g. /ˈtʷoʀa/ (L) [ˈtʷòʀɑ̄] - "shaman" -> /waˈdʷoʀa/ (L) [wāˈdʷòʀɑ̀] - "of the shaman" (not */waˈyʷoʀa/ (L)) -> /-ˈdʷoʀa/ (L) [pə̄ˈdʷòʀɑ̄] - "shaman" (ergative).




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The construction for alienable possession is the same as that for alienable possession, except that the possessor is marked with the Ergative case e.g.
The construction for alienable possession is the same as that for alienable possession, except that the possessor is marked with the Ergative case e.g.


/ˈpəʔwəⁿ -ˈdʷogə/ (HL) (HL)
/ˈpəʔwəⁿ -ˈdʷogə/ (HL) (HL)


[ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀]
[ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ pʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀]


bone ERG-dog
bone ERG-dog
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/-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈɕeɳə/ (HL) (HL) (HL)
/-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈɕeɳə/ (HL) (HL) (HL)


[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈɕéɳʌ̀]
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈɕéɳʌ̀]
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/-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə wȁⁿ ˈpəʔwəⁿ/ (HL) (HL) (L) (HL)
/-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə wȁⁿ ˈpəʔwəⁿ/ (HL) (HL) (L) (HL)


[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ waⁿ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ]
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ waⁿ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ]
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The reciprocal patientive pronoun is used where English would say "each other" or "one another". For example:
The reciprocal patientive pronoun is used where English would say "each other" or "one another". For example:


/-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈɕaⁿkfə/ (HL) (HL) (HL)
/-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈɕaⁿkfə/ (HL) (HL) (HL)


[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈɕǽŋkfə̀]
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈɕǽŋkfə̀]
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/-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈtəʔʎə ˈpəʔwəⁿ/ (HL) (HL) (HL) (HL)
/-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈtəʔʎə ˈpəʔwəⁿ/ (HL) (HL) (HL) (HL)


[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtɪ́ʎ̰ɪ̀ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ]
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtɪ́ʎ̰ɪ̀ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ]
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/-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈpəʔwəⁿ/ (HL) (HL) (HL)
/-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈpəʔwəⁿ/ (HL) (HL) (HL)


[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ]
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ]
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This sentence differs from the previous one (which has the ergative marker -) in that, without -, it simply describes the dog and what it is doing, whereas with -, it is more likely to be an answer to a question (overt or implied) asking something like "Who / What was biting the bone?"
This sentence differs from the previous one (which has the ergative marker -) in that, without -, it simply describes the dog and what it is doing, whereas with -, it is more likely to be an answer to a question (overt or implied) asking something like "Who / What was biting the bone?"




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/ˈpəʔwəⁿ -ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə/ (HL) (HL) (HL)
/ˈpəʔwəⁿ -ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə/ (HL) (HL) (HL)


[ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀]
[ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀]
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/-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈtʷoʀa/ (HL) (HL) (L)
/-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈtʷoʀa/ (HL) (HL) (L)


[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄/
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄/
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/-ˈdʷogə ʎəka-ˈbedˤə ˈxeⁿda tə=ˈtʷoʀa/
/-ˈdʷogə ʎəka-ˈbedˤə ˈxeⁿda tə=ˈtʷoʀa/


[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́káˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀  ˈχɛ̋ndá tʊ̄ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄/
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́káˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀  ˈχɛ̋ndá tʊ̄ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄/
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/-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈtʷoʀa/ (HL) (HL) (L)
/-ˈdʷogə ʎə-ˈbedˤə ˈtʷoʀa/ (HL) (HL) (L)


[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄/
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄/
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/-ˈdʷogə ʎəpaⁿ-ˈbedˤə ˈʔɲəʔja ˈɕəʀə ˈtaⁿtə təʔ=ˈtʷoʀa/ (HL) (HL) (H) (L) (HL) (L)
/-ˈdʷogə ʎəpaⁿ-ˈbedˤə ˈʔɲəʔja ˈɕəʀə ˈtaⁿtə təʔ=ˈtʷoʀa/ (HL) (HL) (H) (L) (HL) (L)


[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́pám-ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ɲ̰ɪ́j̰æ̀ʔ ˈɕɘ̏ʀɘ̄ ˈtântə̀ tʊ̄ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄]
[bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀ ʎɪ́pám-ˈbɛ́dˤʌ̀ ɲ̰ɪ́j̰æ̀ʔ ˈɕɘ̏ʀɘ̄ ˈtântə̀ tʊ̄ˈtʷȍʀɑ̄]
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/ʎə-ˈʔe ˈjiːtəʔ =ˈdʷokəʔta/  
/ʎə-ˈʔe ˈjiːtəʔ =ˈdʷokəʔta/  


[ʎɪˈʔe ˈjiːtəʔ bʊdʷukətːa]
[ʎɪˈʔe ˈjiːtəʔ bʊdʷukətːa]